(Chapters 1, 9, 17)
Implementations of momentum transfer,
heat transfer and mass transfer principles
Fluid mechanics Heat transfer
(momentum operation (heat
transport due to transport due to
velocity difference) temperature
(momentum balance, difference)
Momentum
flow in conduits, pumps (conduction,
andtransfer
compressors, convection,
boundary layer, particle radiation)
separation by gravity and
by centrifugal forces,
fixed bed, fluidised bed,
entrainment) Masstransfer
operation (mass
transport due to
concentration
difference)
(distillation,
absorption, extraction,
humidification)
MOMENTUM TRANSPORT due to
velocity in fluid inside the pipe
Newtons Momentum
transfer, occurs
law on
when faster
viscosity molecules diffuse
their momentum
across a fluid
area below
Higher velocity
incurs higher
velocity gradient
near the pipe wall,
which consequently
increases pump
power and vice
versa
The higher the reflux ratio R (ratio of reflux to distillate product) of the
distillation column, the higher is the concentration between equilibrium
curve and operating line. This incurs higher utility cost (steam cost). At
lower R, column becomes higher (capital cost higher) due to more plates
required; at higher reflux ratio, column diameter becomes bigger (capital
cost higher). There is an optimised R to get minimum total cost.
temperature in heat recovery of heat exchangers
Heat recovery at larger T
Larger hot
utility load Heat
at larger T
transfer
Larger cold
utility load at Heat recovery at smaller T
larger T
14
Therefore, the momentum is imparted by upper layer
to lower layer and constitutes as a velocity. All this is
to keep momentum conserved.
That is, the mass flow rate of helium per unit area (or
mass flux) is proportional to the mass fraction
difference divided by the plate thickness.
Here is the density of the silica-helium system, and
the proportionality factor DAB is the diffusivity of the
silica-helium system.
We now rewrite Eq. 17.1-1 for a differential element
within the slab:
.