CONTENTS

Preface xv
List of Symbols xvii

1 Introduction 1
1.1 Action of Soils Around a Driven Pile, 3
1.2 Displacements of Ground and Buildings Caused by
Pile Driving, 9
1.3 Group Action in Piles, 10
1.4 Negative Skin Friction, 14
1.5 Settlement of Pile Groups, 16
1.6 Load Test on Piles, 17
1.7 Behavior of Piles in Pullout, 18
1.8 Action of Piles Under Lateral Loads, 19
1.8.1 Single Pile Under Lateral Loads, 19
1.8.2 Pile Groups Under Lateral Loads, 23
1.9 Buckling of Piles, 27
1.10 Behavior of Piles Under Dynamic Loads, 28
1.11 Action of Soil Around a Bored Pile, 31
1.11.1 Bored Piles in Clay, 32
1.11.2 Bored Piles in Sand, 32
References, 33

2 Types of Piles and Pile Materials 35

2.1 Classification Criteria, 35
2.2 Timber Piles, 37
vii

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viii CONTENTS

2.2.1 Use of Timber Piles, 38

2.2.2 Material Specifications, 39
2.2.3 Material Deterioration and Protection, 39
2.3 Concrete Piles, 40
2.3.1 Types and Use of Concrete Piles, 40
2.3.2 Material Specifications, 50
2.3.3 Material Deterioration and Protection, 5 1
2.4 Steel Piles, 52
2.4.1 Types and Use of Steel Piles, 52
2.4.2 Material Specifications, 55
2.4.3 Material Deterioration and Protection, 56
2.5 Composite Piles, 59
2.5.1 Types and Use of Composite Piles, 59
2.5.2 Material Specifications, 59
2.6 Special Types of Piles, 59
2.6.1 Expanded Base Compacted Piles (Franki Piles), 60
2.6.2 Thermal Piles, 61
2.6.3 Other Pile Types, 64
2.7 Selection Criteria and Comparison of Pile Type, 65
2.7.1 Timber Piles, 65
2.7.2 Concrete Piles, 66
2.7.3 Steel Piles, 66
2.7.4 Composite Piles, 67
2.7.5 Special Types of Piles, 67
References, 67

3 Piling Equipment and Installation 70

3.1 General Installation Criteria, 70
3.2 Equipment for Driven Piles, 72
3.2.1 Rigs, 74
3.2.2 Hammers, 74
3.2.3 Vibratory Pile Drivers, 77
3.2.4 Other Driving Accessories, 83
3.3 Equipment for Bored Piles, 84
3.3.1 Drilling Rigs, 84
3.3.2 Other Drilling (Boring) Accessories, 89
3.4 Procedure for Pile Installation, 90
3.4.1 Planning Prior to Installation, 90
3.4.2 Installation of Driven Piles, 92
3.4.3 Installation of Bored Piles, 103
3.4.4 Installation of Special Types of Piles, 106
3.5 Installation Records, 109
3.5.1 Driving Records, 109
3.5.2 Drilling Records, 112

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 CONTENTS ix

3.5.3 Other Records, 112

References, 113

4 Soil Parameters for Pile Analysis and Design 115

4.1 Soil Parameters for Static Design, 115
4.1.1 Scope of Foundation Investigation, 116
4.1.2 Soils Investigation and Testing Methods, 119
4.1.3 Design Parameters, 153
4.2 Soil Parameters for Dynamic Design, 159
4.2.1 Elastic Constants of Soils, 161
4.2.2 Factors Affecting Dynamic Modulus, 162
4.2.3 Laboratory Methods, 169
4.2.4 Field Methods, 176
4.2.5 Selection of Design Parameters, 179
4.3 Soil Parameters for Permafrost, 185
4.3.1 Northern Engineering Basic Consideration, 185
4.3.2 Properties of Frozen Soils, 188
4.4 Modulus of Horizontal Subgrade Reaction, 196
4.4.1 Validity of Subgrade Modulus Assumption and Size
Effects, 198
4.4.2 Recommended Design Values of Soil Modulus, 200
4.5 Overview, 206
References, 209

5 Analysis and Design of Pile Foundations for Vertical

Static Loads 218
5.1 Piles Subjected to Axial Compression Loads, 218
5.1.1 Bearing Capacity of a Single Pile in Cohesionless
Soils, 221
5.1.2 Wave Equation Analysis and Dynamic Pile
Drivability, 235
5.1.3 Bearing Capacity of Pile Groups in Cohesionless
Soils, 247
5.1.4 Settlement of a Single Pile in Cohesionless Soils, 249
5.1.5 Settlement of Pile Groups in Cohesionless Soils, 253
5.1.6 Design Procedure for Piles in Cohesionless Soils, 256
5.1.7 Bearing Capacity of a Single Pile in Cohesive Soils, 264
5.1.8 Bearing Capacity of Pile Groups in Cohesive Soils, 269
5.1.9 Settlement of a Single Pile in Cohesive Soils, 272
5.1.10 Settlement of Pile Groups in Cohesive Soils, 272
5.1.11 Design Procedure for Piles in Cohesive Soils, 277
5.1.12 Pile Design for Negative Skin Friction, 284
5.1.13 Piles in Swelling and Shrinking Soils, 289
5.1.14 Piles in a Layered Soil System, 291

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5.1.15 Design of Franki Piles, 294

5.1.16 Piles on Rock, 297
5.2 Piles Subjected to Pullout Loads, 305
5.2.1 Pullout Capacity of a Single Pile in Cohesionless
Soils, 306
5.2.2 Pullout Capacity of Pile Groups in Cohesionless
Soils, 307
5.2.3 Design Computations for Pullout in Cohesionless
Soils, 308
5.2.4 Pullout Capacity of a Single Pile in Cohesive Soils, 311
5.2.5 Pullout Capacity of Pile Groups in Cohesive Soils, 313
5.2.6 Design Computations for Pullout in Cohesive Soils, 313
5.2.7 Pullout Capacity of H Piles, 315
5.2.8 Pullout Capacity of Belled Piles, 315
5.3 Overview, 316
References, 3 18

6 Analysis and Design of Pile Foundations Under

Lateral Loads 322
6.1 Vertical Pile Under Lateral Load in Cohesionless Soil, 335
6.1.1 Ultimate Lateral Load Resistance of a Single Pile in
Cohesionless Soil, 335
6.1.2 Ultimate Lateral Load Resistance of Pile Groups in
Cohesionless Soil, 342
6.1.3 Lateral Deflection of a Single Pile in Cohesionless Soil:
Subgrade Reaction Approach, 343
6.1.4 Application of p - y Curves to Cohesionless Soils, 354
6.1.5 Lateral Deflection of a Single Pile in Cohesionless Soil:
Elastic Approach, 365
6.2 Lateral Deflection of Pile Groups in Cohesionless Soil, 373
6.3 Design Procedure for Piles in Cohesionless Soil, 374
6.4 Ultimate Lateral Load Resistance of a Single Pile in Cohesive
Soils, 388
6.5 Ultimate Lateral Load Resistance of Pile Groups in Cohesive
Soil, 392
6.6 Lateral Deflection of a Single Pile in Cohesive Soils, 393
6.6.1 Subgrade Reaction Approach, 393
6.6.2 Application of p - y Curves to Co.hesive Soils, 397
6.6.3 Application of the Elastic Approach, 405
6.7 Lateral Deflection of Pile Groups in Cohesive Soil, 411
6.8 Design Procedure for Piles in Cohesive Soils, 415
6.9 Lateral Resistance and Deflection of Piles in a Layered
System, 417
6.9.1 Ultimate Resistance in Layered Systems, 417

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 CONTENTS xi

6.9.2 Lateral Deflection of Laterally Loaded Piles in Layered

Systems, 418
6.10 Design Procedure for Piles in Layered System, 430
6.11 Piles Subjected to Eccentric and Inclined Loads, 436
6.11.1 Statical or Traditional Method, 438
6.1 1.2 Theory of Subgrade Reaction Solution for a
Pile Group, 441
6.11.3 Pile Group Solution with Soil as an Elastic
Medium, 445
6.11.4 Bearing Capacity of Piles Under Eccentric and
Inclined Loads: Interaction Relationship, 445
6.12 Vertical Piles Subjected to Eccentric and Inclined Loads in
Cohesionless Soil, 445
6.12.1 Ultimate Capacity Under Eccentric Vertical Loads, 447
6.12.2 Ultimate Capacity Under Central Inclined Loads, 449
6.12.3 Ultimate Capacity Under Eccentric Inclined Loads, 45 1
6.12.4 Ultimate Load Capacity due to Partial Embedment, 451
6.12.5 Pile Stiffness, 452
6.12.6 Pile Groups, 452
6.12.7 Ultimate Eccentric Vertical Load, 453
6.12.8 Ultimate Central Inclined Load, 454
6.12.9 Ultimate Load due to Partial Embedment, 454
6.13 Vertical Piles Subjected to Eccentric and Inclined Loads
in Cohesive Soil, 458
6.13.1 Ultimate Capacity Under Eccentric Vertical Load, 460
6.13.2 Ultimate Capacity Under Central Inclined Load, 461
6.13.3 Ultimate Capacity Under Eccentric Inclined Load, 461
6.13.4 Ultimate Load Capacity due to Partial Embedment, 462
6.13.5 Ultimate Eccentric Vertical Loads, 463
6.13.6 Ultimate Central Inclined Loads, 463
6.13.7 Eccentric Inclined Loads, 464
6.13.8 Ultimate Load due to Partial Embedment, 464
6.14 Batter Piles Subjected to Eccentric and Inclined Loads, 464
6.15 Limit State Analysis for Pile Foundation Design, 467
6.15.1 Ultimate Limit States, 467
6.15.2 Serviceability Limit States, 469
6.16 Overview, 469
References, 472

7 Pile Foundations Under Dynamic Loads 475

7.1 Piles Under Vertical Vibrations, 479
7.1.1 End-Bearing Piles, 48 1
7.1.2 Friction Piles, 484
7.2 Piles Under Lateral Vibrations, 488

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xii CONTENTS

7.2.1 Range of Variables, 492

7.2.2 Natural Frequencies, 493
7.3 Aseismic Design of Piles, 496
7.4 Novaks Dynamic Analysis of Piles, 501
7.4.1 Vertical Vibrations, 501
7.4.2 Lateral Vibrations, 513
7.4.3 Torsional Vibrations, 516
7.5 Group Action Under Dynamic Loading, 522
7.5.1 Vertical Vibrations, 522
7.5.2 Lateral Vibrations, 525
7.6 Design Procedure of Piles Under Dynamic Loads, 526
7.7 Centrifuge Model Tests on Piles, 530
7.7.1 Studies of a Model and a Prototype, 531
7.7.2 Studies of Model Piles and Pile Groups, 537
7.8 Examples, 549
7.9 Comparison of Predicted Response with Observed Response
of Single Piles and Pile Groups, 570
7.9.1 Tests of Full-Size Single Piles, 570
7.9.2 Tests on Groups of Model Piles, 572
7.9.3 Horizontal Response, 573
7.9.4 Concept of Equivalent Pier, 574
7.10 Piles in Liquefying Sands, 577
7.1 1 Overview, 580
References, 585

8 Analysis and Design of Pile Foundation in Permafrost

Environments 589
8.1 Definitions, 589
8.2 General Design Considerations, 592
8.2.1 Load-Settlement Behavior of Foundation in Frozen
Soils, 593
8.2.2 Frost Heave and Adfreeze Forces, 597
8.2.3 Frost Heave Control Methods, 599
8.2.4 Freezeback of Piles, 600
8.3 Piles Subjected to Axial Compression Loads, 603
8.3.1 Axial Compression Pile Load Capacity, 605
8.3.2 Pile Settlement, 608
8.3.3 Downdrag due to Permafrost Thawing, 618
8.4 Piles Subjected to Lateral Loads, 619
8.4.1 Free-headed Short Rigid Piles, 619
8.4.2 Laterally Loaded Flexible Piles, 624
8.5 Recommendations for Design, 625
8.6 Design Example, 627

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 CONTENTS xiii

8.7 Overview, 629

References, 63 1

9 Pile Load Tests 634

9.1 Axial Compression Pile Load Tests, 634
9.1.1 Test Equipment and Instruments, 635
9.1.2 Test Procedures, 643
9.1.3 Interpretation of Test Data, 646
9.1.4 Example of a Pile Load Test, 652
9.2 Pullout Pile Load Tests, 655
9.2.1 Test Equipment and Instruments, 655
9.2.2 Test Procedures, 658
9.2.3 Interpretation of Test Data, 658
9.2.4 Example of a Pile Load Test, 659
9.3 Lateral Pile Load Tests, 661
9.3.1 Test Equipment and Instruments, 661
9.3.2 Test Procedures, 663
9.3.3 Interpretation of Test Data, 665
9.3.4 Example of a Pile Load Test, 665
9.4 Dynamic Pile Load Tests, 668
9.4.1 Test Equipment and Instruments, 668
9.4.2 Test Procedures, 670
9.4.3 Interpretation of Test Data, 67 1
9.4.4 Example of a Pile Load Test, 673
9.5 Overview, 673
References, 674

10 Buckling Loads of Slender Piles 677

10.1 Fully Embedded Piles, 677
10.2 Partially Embedded Piles, 686
10.3 Effect of Axial Load Transfer, 689
10.3.1 Fully Embedded Piles, 690
10.3.2 Partially Embedded Piles, 690
10.4 Group Action, 693
References, 693

11 Case Histories 695

11.1 Piles Subjected to Axial Compression Loads, 695
11.1.1 Cast-in-Place Belled and Bored Piles, 696
11.1.2 Expanded Base Compacted (Franki) Piles, 698
11.1.3 Driven Closed-ended Steel Pipe Piles, 702
11.2 Piles Subjected to Pullout Loads, 704

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xiv CONTENTS

11.3 Piles Under Lateral Loads, 712

1 I .4 Piles Under Dynamic Loads, 71 7
11.5 Overview, 717
References, 720

Author Index, 723

Subject Index, 729

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