Blood type laboratory

Members:
Kittikhom Wannapak
Klah Kanittanon
11-05
Abstract:

In the experiment, a sample of blood was taken and analyzed by using the antibody to

identify the samples blood type, which in human blood, there are A, B, AB, and O as the type of

blood group . We identified the blood type by dropping a single blood drop from puncturing a

student's finger on microscope slide and made a sample with different antibody to see the effects

and coagulation on the blood. The result was that, the blood sample did not coagulate with

Antibody-A, Antibody-B and Antibody-AB so, the sample blood is blood type O.

Introduction:

Blood is the red liquid in most animals that is circulating inside the blood vessel, by

depend on the pumping of the heart and the main organ of human body to create the corpuscle

which is marrow. The main functions of blood are deliver the oxygen from lungs to cells

throughout the body and also transports carbon dioxide from other cells to lungs. Moreover,

blood also plays role in transporting substances such as amino acids, vitamins, hormones to cells

throughout the body.

In 1901, Karl Landsteiner, the Austrian biologist first discovered and identified human

blood in different group and also created the system of blood group during in his experiment.

Multiple allele is when two or more allele influence or control gene, which multiple allelic has

the obvious example that is the human blood type. There are four types of blood group which are
A, B, O, AB, identified by antigens and antibodies in itself. Blood type A has A antigens in red

blood cells and B antibodies. B blood type has B antigens and A antibodies. O blood type has no

antigens but has both A and B antibodies. While, AB blood type has both A and B antigens but

no antibodies. In addition, antibodies are the proteins molecule from human body that defences

the other substance which is antigen. So when the antigens come out, the body will produce

antibodies to fight against the antigens. This means that, if there are the substitution of blood

between different blood type, for example giving blood type B to the person who has blood type

A and also B antibodies. The B antibodies of blood type A will not allow the B antigens to stay

which it can harm all of the human. On the other hand, there is AB blood type that can receive all

of blood type including A,B,O. The reason is AB has no antibodies to fight against another

antigen, this is why AB can receive the blood from all type. Lastly, blood type O or the donor

has no antigen so this blood type can give the blood to every blood group. The purpose of this

experiment is to find out a blood type and understanding the way of finding out blood type.

Materials:

- 2 Microscope Slides

- Anti-A, -B, -AB

- Markers

- Lancets

- Lancet Device

- Ethanol

- Cotton Ball

- 3 toothpicks
Procedure:

1. Draw two circles of side by side on each slide (1 cm. diameter)

2. Mark each of circle by putting control, anti-A, anti-B and anti-AB.

3. Wait for Ms. Sophie to come and use the lancet to puncture students finger.

4. Drop a single blood in each circle.

5. Dont put any antibody in control.

6. In the circle marked as:

a. Anti-A : drop a single blood of anti-A

b. Anti-B : drop a single blood of anti-B

c. Anti-AB :drop a single blood of anti-AB

7. Mix the blood and the antibody by using the toothpick mix and use different toothpick

for different drop of blood

8. Wait for 10 seconds and look at the result and observe it.

9. Put the results in the table.

Results:

Blood after mixed with Antibodies

Table:

State : Coagulation/ No coagulation

Control Coagulation

Anti-A No coagulation

Anti-B No coagulation

Anti-AB No coagulation

Discussion:

We tested the blood type by drop the blood into a microscope slide to see an effect of

coagulation of blood and the result that we get is the blood type group O or genotype ii because

our blood sample did not coagulate with circle-A that dropped with A-antibodies, circle-B that

dropped with B-antibodies and circle-AB which it is dropped by AB-antibodies because the

antibodies A, B , AB have no react in with the blood that has no antigen like blood type O in

coagulation. Therefore, it would be the one left which is control circle. It is identified as blood

type O.

Subsequently, the genotype of the experimenters father and mother blood type are used

in Punnett square to find out the possibility of the experimenters blood genotype. The result of

experimenter blood type is O blood type so his only possible blood genotype is ii. By both of his

father and mother has blood type B. Therefore, the only possible genotype for experimenters

parent to have a child with blood type O is heterozygous allele blood type b or Ibi for the

genotype of both.
Punnett square : Possibility from Mother who has heterozygous allele (Ibi) and Father who also

has heterozygous allele (Ibi).

Father Ib Father i

Mother Ib IbIb Ibi

Mother i Ibi ii

According to Punnett square table, the possible genotype of the offspring from father (Ibi)
and mother (Ibi) is 25% come up with I bI b which is blood type b in Homozygous genotype,
50% of a chance to have blood type b in heterozygous allele or Ibi and finally, 25% chance of the
offspring to have ii genotype which is blood type O. So there is 25% to be a result of possible
blood genotype of the experimenter.

Conclusion: The result of the experiment is blood type O which the genotype is ii.
 References

(1) Karl Landsteiner. (n.d.). Retrieved June 17, 2016, from

http://www.famousscientists.org/karl-landsteiner/

(2) Choi, J. Biology Teacher, Advanced Biology, Section 5. (Mahidol University

Demonstration International School: Nakorn Patom, Thailand.). June 2016.

(3) What is blood? (n.d.). Retrieved June 17, 2016, from

http://www.americasblood.org/about-blood/what-is-blood.aspx