{a} The bumpers shall have sufficient energy absorbing (1) Brakes for hoists.
capacity to stop the crane when traveling at a speed of at least (i) Each independent hoisting unit of a crane shall be
40 percent of rated load speed. equipped with at least one self-setting brake, hereafter referred
{b} The bumper shall be so mounted that there is no to as a holding brake, applied directly to the motor shaft or
direct shear on bolts. some part of the gear train.
(ii) Bumpers shall be so designed and installed as to (ii) Each independent hoisting unit of a crane, except
minimize parts falling from the crane in case of breakage. worm-geared hoists, the angle of whose worm is such as to
(3) Trolley bumpers. prevent the load from accelerating in the lowering direction
(i) A trolley shall be provided with bumpers or other auto- shall, in addition to a holding brake, be equipped with control
matic means of equivalent effect, unless the trolley travels at braking means to prevent overspeeding.
a slow rate of speed, or is not operated near the ends of bridge (2) Holding brakes.
(i) Holding brakes for hoist motors shall have not less
and trolley travel, or is restricted to a limited distance of the
than the following percentage of the full load hoisting torque
runway and there is no hazard of striking any object in this at the point where the brake is applied.
limited distance, or is used in similar operating conditions. {a} 125 percent when used with a control braking means
The bumpers shall be capable of stopping the trolley (not other than mechanical.
including the lifted load) at an average rate of deceleration {b} 100 percent when used in conjunction with a me-
not to exceed 4.7 ft/s/s when traveling in either direction at chanical control braking means.
one-third of the rated load speed. {c} 100 percent each if two holding brakes are provided.
(ii) When more than one trolley is operated on the same (ii) Holding brakes on hoists shall have ample thermal
bridge, each shall be equipped with bumpers or equivalent capacity for the frequency of operation required by the service.
on their adjacent ends. (iii) Holding brakes on hoists shall be applied automati-
(iii) Bumpers or equivalent shall be designed and installed cally when power is removed.
(iv) Where necessary holding brakes shall be provided
to minimize parts falling from the trolley in case of age.
with adjustment means to compensate for wear.
(4) Rail sweeps. Bridge trucks shall be equipped with (v) The wearing surface of all holding-brake drums or
sweeps which extend below the top of the rail and project in discs shall be smooth.
front of the truck wheels. (vi) Each independent hoisting unit of a crane handling
(5) Guards for hoisting ropes. hot metal and having power control braking means shall be
(i) If hoisting ropes run near enough to other parts to equipped with at least two holding brakes.
make fouling or chafing possible, guards shall be installed to (3) Control braking means.
prevent this condition. (i) A power control braking means such as regenerative,
(ii) A guard shall be provided to prevent contact between dynamic or countertorque braking, or a mechanically con-
bridge conductors and hoisting ropes if they could come into trolled braking means shall be capable of maintaining safe
contact. lowering speeds of rated loads.
(ii) The control braking means shall have ample thermal
(6) Guards for moving parts.
capacity for the frequency of operation required by service.
(i) Exposed moving parts such as gears, set screws, (4) Brakes for trolleys and bridges.
projecting keys, chains, chain sprockets, and reciprocating (i) Foot-operated brakes shall not require an applied force
components which might constitute a hazard under normal of more than 70 pounds to develop manufacturers rated brake
operating conditions shall be guarded. torque.
(ii) Guards shall be securely fastened. (ii) Brakes may be applied by mechanical, electrical,
(iii) Each guard shall be capable of supporting without pneumatic, hydraulic, or gravity means.
permanent distortion the weight of a 200-pound person unless (iii) Where necessary brakes shall be provided with ad-
the guard is located where it is impossible for a person to step justment means to compensate for wear.
on it. (iv) The wearing surface of all brake drums or discs shall
be smooth.
(v) All foot-brake pedals shall be constructed so that the
operators foot will not easily slip off the pedal.
(vi) Foot-operated brakes shall be equipped with auto-
matic means for positive release when pressure is released
from the pedal.
35 2012 CIA, Inc. Illegal to reproduce without written permission.
1910.179(f) Brakes (contd) (iii) Guards for live parts shall be substantial and so lo-
cated that they cannot be accidently deformed so as to make
(vii) Brakes for stopping the motion of the trolley or bridge contact with the live parts.
shall be of sufficient size to stop the trolley or bridge within a (3) Controllers.
distance in feet equal to 10 percent of full load speed in feet (i) Cranes not equipped with spring-return controllers
per minute when traveling at full speed with full load. or momentary contact pushbuttons shall be provided with
(viii) If holding brakes are provided on the bridge or a device which will disconnect all motors from the line on
trolleys, they shall not prohibit the use of a drift point in the
failure of power and will not permit any motor to be restarted
control circuit.
until the controller handle is brought to the off position, or
(ix) Brakes on trolleys and bridges shall have ample ther-
mal capacity for the frequency of operation required by the a reset switch or button is operated.
service to prevent impairment of functions from overheating. (ii) Lever operated controllers shall be provided with a
(5) Application of trolley brakes. notch or latch which in the off position prevents the handle
(i) On cab-operated cranes with cab on trolley, a trolley from being inadvertently moved to the on position. An off
brake shall be required as specified under paragraph (f)(4) of detent or spring return arrangement is acceptable.
this section. (iii) The controller operating handle shall be located
(ii) A drag brake may be applied to hold the trolley in a within convenient reach of the operator.
desired position on the bridge and to eliminate creep with the (iv) As far as practicable, the movement of each controller
power off. handle shall be in the same general directions as the resultant
(6) Application of bridge brakes.
movements of the load.
(i) On cab-operated cranes with cab on bridge, a bridge
(v) The control for the bridge and trolley travel shall be
brake is required as specified under paragraph (f)(4) of this
section. so located that the operator can readily face the direction of
(ii) On cab-operated cranes with cab on trolley, a bridge travel.
brake of the holding type shall be required. (vi) For floor-operated cranes, the controller or control-
(iii) On all floor, remote and pulpit-operated crane bridge lers if rope operated, shall automatically return to the off
drives, a brake of noncoasting mechanical drive shall be provided. position when released by the operator.
(vii) Pushbuttons in pendant stations shall return to the
off position when pressure is released by the crane operator.
1910.179(g) Electric equipment (viii) Automatic cranes shall be so designed that all mo-
tions shall failsafe if any malfunction of operation occurs.
(1) General. (ix) Remote-operated cranes shall function so that if the
(i) Wiring and equipment shall comply with subpart S of control signal for any crane motion becomes ineffective the
this part. crane motion shall stop.
(ii) The control circuit voltage shall not exceed 600 volts (4) Resistors.
for a.c. or d.c. current. (i) Enclosures for resistors shall have openings to provide
(iii) The voltage at pendant push-buttons shall not exceed adequate ventilation, and shall be installed to prevent the ac-
150 volts for a.c. and 300 volts for d.c. cumulation of combustible matter too near to hot parts.
(iv) Where multiple conductor cable is used with a sus- (ii) Resistor units shall be supported so as to be as free as
pended pushbutton station, the station must be supported possible from vibration.
in some satisfactory manner that will protect the electrical (iii) Provision shall be made to prevent broken parts or
conductors against strain. molten metal falling upon the operator or from the crane.
(v) Pendant control boxes shall be constructed to prevent (5) Switches.
electrical shock and shall be clearly marked for identification (i) The power supply to the runway conductors shall be
of functions. controlled by a switch or circuit breaker located on a fixed
(2) Equipment. structure, accessible from the floor, and arranged to be locked
(i) Electrical equipment shall be so located or enclosed in the open position.
that live parts will not be exposed to accidental contact under (ii) On cab-operated cranes a switch or circuit breaker
normal operating conditions. of the enclosed type, with provision for locking in the open
(ii) Electric equipment shall be protected from dirt, grease, position, shall be provided in the leads from the runway con-
oil, and moisture. ductors. A means of opening this switch or circuit breaker
shall be located within easy reach of the operator.
2012 CIA, Inc. Illegal to reproduce without written permission.
36
1910.179(f) Brakes (contd) (2) Ropes.
(i) In using hoisting ropes, the crane manufacturers
(iii) On floor-operated cranes, a switch or circuit breaker of recommendation shall be followed. The rated load divided
the enclosed type, with provision for locking in the open posi- by the number of parts of rope shall not exceed 20 percent of
tion, shall be provided in the leads from the runway conductors. the nominal breaking strength of the rope.
This disconnect shall be mounted on the bridge or footwalk (ii) Socketing shall be done in the manner specified by
near the runway collectors. One of the following types of floor- the manufacturer of the assembly.
operated disconnects shall be provided: (iii) Rope shall be secured to the drum as follows:
{a} Nonconductive rope attached to the main disconnect {a} No less than two wraps of rope shall remain on the
switch. drum when the hook is in its extreme low position.
{b} An undervoltage trip for the main circuit breaker {b} Rope end shall be anchored by a clamp securely
operated by an emergency stop button in the pendant pushbut- attached to the drum, or by a socket arrangement approved
ton in the pendant pushbutton station. by the crane or rope manufacturer.
{c} A main line contactor operated by a switch or push- (iv) Eye splices. [Reserved]
button in the pendant pushbutton station. (v) Rope clips attached with U-bolts shall have the U-
(iv) The hoisting motion of all electric traveling cranes bolts on the dead or short end of the rope. Spacing and num-
shall be provided with an overtravel limit switch in the hoist- ber of all types of clips shall be in accordance with the clip
ing direction. manufacturers recommendation. Clips shall be drop-forged
(v) All cranes using a lifting magnet shall have a magnet steel in all sizes manufactured commercially. When a newly
circuit switch of the enclosed type with provision for locking installed rope has been in operation for an hour, all nuts on
in the open position. Means for discharging the inductive load the clip bolts shall be retightened.
of the magnet shall be provided. (vi) Swaged or compressed fittings shall be applied as
(6) Runway conductors. Conductors of the open type mount- recommended by the rope or crane manufacturer.
ed on the crane runway beams or overhead shall be so located (vii) Wherever exposed to temperatures, at which fiber
or so guarded that persons entering or leaving the cab or crane cores would be damaged, rope having an independent wire
footwalk normally could not come into contact with them. rope or wire-strand core, or other temperature-damage resis-
(7) Extension lamps. If a service receptacle is provided in tant core shall be used.
the cab or on the bridge of cab-operated cranes, it shall be a (viii) Replacement rope shall be the same size, grade,
grounded three-prong type permanent receptacle, not exceed- and construction as the original rope furnished by the crane
ing 300 volts. manufacturer, unless otherwise recommended by a wire rope
manufacturer due to actual working condition requirements.
(3) Equalizers. If a load is supported by more than one part
of rope, the tension in the parts shall be equalized.
1910.179(h) Hoisting equipment
(4) Hooks. Hooks shall meet the manufacturers recom-
mendations and shall not be overloaded.
(1) Sheaves.
(i) Sheave grooves shall be smooth and free from surface
defects which could cause rope damage.
(ii) Sheaves carrying ropes which can be momentarily 1910.179(i) Warning device
unloaded shall be provided with close-fitting guards or other
suitable devices to guide the rope back into the groove when Except for floor-operated cranes a gong or other effective
the load is applied again. warning signal shall be provided for each crane equipped
(iii) The sheaves in the bottom block shall be equipped with a power traveling mechanism.
with close-fitting guards that will prevent ropes from becom-
ing fouled when the block is lying on the ground with ropes
loose.
1910.179(j) Inspection
(iv) Pockets and flanges of sheaves used with hoist chains
shall be of such dimensions that the chain does not catch or
bind during operation. (1) Inspection classification.
(v) All running sheaves shall be equipped with means for (i) Initial inspection. Prior to initial use all new and al-
lubrication. Permanently lubricated, sealed and/or shielded tered cranes shall be inspected to insure compliance with the
bearings meet this requirement. provisions of this section.
(1) Preventive maintenance. A preventive maintenance (1) Running ropes. A thorough inspection of all ropes shall
program based on the crane manufacturers recommendations be made at least once a month and a certification record which
shall be established. includes the date of inspection, the signature of the person
(2) Maintenance procedure. who performed the inspection and an identifier for the ropes
(i) Before adjustments and repairs are started on a crane which were inspected shall be kept on file where readily
the following precautions shall be taken: available to appointed personnel. Any deterioration, result-
{a} The crane to be repaired shall be run to a location ing in appreciable loss of original strength, shall be carefully
where it will cause the least interference with other cranes observed and determination made as to whether further use
and operations in the area. of the rope would constitute a safety hazard. Some of the
{b} All controllers shall be at the off position. conditions that could result in an appreciable loss of strength
{c} The main or emergency switch shall be open and are the following:
locked in the open position. (i) Reduction of rope diameter below nominal diameter
{d} Warning or out of order signs shall be placed due to loss of core support, internal or external corrosion, or
on the crane, also on the floor beneath or on the hook where wear of outside wires.
visible from the floor. (ii) A number of broken outside wires and the degree of
{e} Where other cranes are in operation on the same distribution or concentration of such broken wires.
runway, rail stops or other suitable means shall be provided (iii) Worn outside wires.
to prevent interference with the idle crane. (iv) Corroded or broken wires at end connections.
(ii) After adjustments and repairs have been made the (v) Corroded, cracked, bent, worn, or improperly applied
crane shall not be operated until all guards have been rein- end connections.
stalled, safety devices reactivated and maintenance equipment (vi) Severe kinking, crushing, cutting, or unstranding.
removed. (2) Other ropes. All rope which has been idle for a period
(3) Adjustments and repairs.
of a month or more due to shutdown or storage of a crane
(i) Any unsafe conditions disclosed by the inspection re-
on which it is installed shall be given a thorough inspection
quirements of paragraph (j) of this section shall be corrected
before operation of the crane is resumed. Adjustments and before it is used. This inspection shall be for all types of
repairs shall be done only by designated personnel. deterioration and shall be performed by an appointed person
(ii) Adjustments shall be maintained to assure correct whose approval shall be required for further use of the rope.
functioning of components. The following are examples: A certification record shall be available for inspection which
{a} All functional operating mechanisms. includes the date of inspection, the signature of the person
{b} Limit switches. who performed the inspection and an identifier for the rope
{c} Control systems. which was inspected.
{d} Brakes.
{e} Power plants.
(4) Digger derricks when used for augering holes for poles
1926.1400 Scope carrying electric and telecommunication lines, placing and
removing the poles, and for handling associated materials to be
(a) This standard applies to power-operated equipment, installed on or removed from the poles. Digger derricks used
when used in construction, that can hoist, lower and horizon- in work subject to 29 CFR part 1926, subpart V, must comply
tally move a suspended load. Such equipment includes, but with 29 CFR 1910.269. Digger derricks used in construction
is not limited to: articulating cranes (such as knuckle-boom work for telecommunication service (as defined at 29 CFR
cranes); crawler cranes; floating cranes; cranes on barges; 1910.268(s)(40)) must comply with 29 CFR 1910.268.
locomotive cranes; mobile cranes (such as wheel-mounted, (5) Machinery originally designed as vehicle-mounted
rough-terrain, all-terrain, commercial truck-mounted, and aerial devices (for lifting personnel) and self-propelled elevat-
boom truck cranes); multi-purpose machines when configured ing work platforms.
to hoist and lower (by means of a winch or hook) and hori- (6) Telescopic/hydraulic gantry systems.
zontally move a suspended load; industrial cranes (such as (7) Stacker cranes.
carry-deck cranes); dedicated pile drivers; service/ mechanic (8) Powered industrial trucks (forklifts), except when
trucks with a hoisting device; a crane on a monorail; tower configured to hoist and lower (by means of a winch or hook)
cranes (such as a fixed jib, i.e., hammerhead boom), luff- and horizontally move a suspended load.
ing boom and self-erecting); pedestal cranes; portal cranes; (9) Mechanics truck with a hoisting device when used
overhead and gantry cranes; straddle cranes; sideboom cranes; in activities related to equipment maintenance and repair.
derricks; and variations of such equipment. However, items (10) Machinery that hoists by using a come-a-long or
listed in paragraph (c) of this section are excluded from the chainfall.
scope of this standard. (11) Dedicated drilling rigs.
(b) Attachments. This standard applies to equipment (12) Gin poles when used for the erection of communica-
included in paragraph (a) of this section when used with tion towers.
attachments. Such attachments, whether crane-attached or (13) Tree trimming and tree removal work.
suspended include, but are not limited to: hooks, magnets, (14) Anchor handling or dredge-related operations with
grapples, clamshell buckets, orange peel buckets, concrete a vessel or barge using an affixed A-frame.
buckets, drag lines, personnel platforms, augers or drills and (15) Roustabouts.
pile driving equipment. (16) Helicopter cranes.
(c) Exclusions. This subpart does not cover: (17) Material Delivery
(1) Machinery included in paragraph (a) of this section (i) Articulating/knuckle-boom truck cranes that deliver
while it has been converted or adapted for a non-hoisting/ material to a construction site when used to transfer materi-
lifting use. Such conversions/adaptations include, but are not als from the truck crane to the ground, without arranging the
limited to, power shovels, excavators and concrete pumps. materials in a particular sequence for hoisting.
(2) Power shovels, excavators, wheel loaders, backhoes, (ii) Articulating/knuckle-boom truck cranes that deliver
loader backhoes, track loaders. This machinery is also ex- material to a construction site when the crane is used to trans-
cluded when used with chains, slings or other rigging to lift fer building supply sheet goods or building supply packaged
suspended loads. materials from the truck crane onto a structure, using a fork/
(3) Automotive wreckers and tow trucks when used to cradle at the end of the boom, but only when the truck crane
clear wrecks and haul vehicles. is equipped with a properly functioning automatic overload
prevention device. Such sheet goods or packaged materials
include, but are not limited to: sheets of sheet rock, sheets
of plywood, bags of cement, sheets or packages of roofing
shingles, and rolls of roofing felt.
ASME B30.2
(2011)
Overhead and Gantry Cranes:
Top Running Bridge, Single or Multiple Girder,
Top Running Trolley Hoist
Copied by permission.
Note: pages 45-46 are an excerpt of the above standard. Revised 1.25.12
To order complete ASME standards, call Crane Institute of America at (800) 832-2726 or visit craneinstitute.com
2012 CIA, Inc. Illegal to reproduce without written permission.
44
ASME B30.2 (2011)
(Applicable items not covered by OSHA 1910.179)
Chapter 2-1 Chapter 2-2
General Construction and Installation Inspection and Testing
ASME B30.11
(2010)
Monorails and Underhung Cranes
Copied by permission.
Note: pages 48-56 are an excerpt of the above standard. Revised 1.25.12.
To order complete ASME standards, call Crane Institute of America at (800) 832-2726 or visit craneinstitute.com
11-1.1.4 Trolleys
Section 11-0.2: Definitions The rated load, the equipment manufacturers name, and
normal operating conditions (of cab-operated cranes or car- the model number or serial number shall be marked on each
rier): conditions during which a crane or carrier is performing trolley.
functions within the scope of the original design. Under these
conditions, the operator is at the operating control devices and 11-1.1.5 Warnings
no other person is on the crane or carrier. (a) On floor-operated hoists, warnings are to be in accor-
normal operating conditions (of floor-operated cranes or dance with ASME B30.16.
carrier): [same as above, except:] ...operator is at the operat- (b) On cab-operated hoists, warnings for hoisting shall be
ing control devices that are attached to the crane or carrier but displayed in a readable position in the cab and in accordance
operated with the operator off the crane or carrier, and with with ASME B30.16.
no person on the crane or carrier.
normal operating conditions (of remote-operated cranes or 11-1.1.6 Controls
carrier): [same as above, except:] ...operator is at the operating (a) Each control actuator shall be legibly marked to indicate
control devices that are not attached to any part of the crane the function and direction of movement.
or carrier. (b) In locations or areas where multiple systems are used by
nondedicated operators, the arrangement of control markings
for function and directions should be the same for all crane
and monorail systems in that location or area.
Lubrication
fitting
Measure
clearance here
1/8 in. to 1/4 in.
ASME B30.16
(2007)
Overhead Hoists (Underhung)
Copied by permission.
Note: pages 58-68 are an excerpt of the above standard. Revised 1.25.12
To order complete ASME standards, call Crane Institute of America at (800) 832-2726 or visit craneinstitute.com