INSTRUCTIONS
MODEL 560
ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROPHOTOMETER
PERKIN-ELMER
Perkin~Elmer is a trademark of the Perkin~Elmer Corporation
NORWALK, CONNECTICUT, U.S.A.
Copyright 1982 - The Perkin-Elmer Corporation
All Rights Reserved
Printed in U. S. A.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section
1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1
2 INSTALLATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1
A Eq u i pm en t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 -1
1. Equipment Provided ...................... 2-1
2. Equipment Required But Not Supplied ........... 2-4
B. Installation Procedures ..................... 2-4
1. Removal of Wavelength Locking Device ....... 2-4
2. Burner-Nebulizer Installation ........ 2-6
3. Drain Trap Installation .................... 2-7
4. Burner Regulator Installation ............ 2-8
5. Lamp Installation ..................... 2-16
6. Sample Support Tray ....................... 2-17
7. Lamp and Burner Alignment ................. 2-17
8. Burner Compartment Door Removal, Replacement .. 2-17
9. Nitrous Oxide Supply and Accessories ....... 2-17
10. Rear Instrument Terminal Board ........... 2-19
11. Connecting a Heated Graphite Furnace ........ 2-20
12. Connecting the Model 560 to Line Power ...... 2-21
3 SPECIAL LABORATORY REQUIREMENTS ..................... 3-1
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont.)
Section Page
Section
Section Page
WARRANTY INFORMATION
Figure Page
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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS (Cont.)
Figure
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1 INTRODUCTION
The Perkin-Elmer Model 560 is an atomic absorption spectropho-
tometer which measures the concentration of metallic elements
in a variety of matrices. It provides integrated readings in
absorbance, concentration or emission intensity. The readings
are integrated over a period selected by the operator from 0.2
to 60 seconds. When used with flameless sampling devices, the
Model 560 can also measure peak height or integrated peak area.
Special keys are provided for calibration using up three stan-
dards and a blank. In addition, controls are included to fa-
cilitate automatic averaging and statistical treatment of re-
sults.
Using optional accessories, the readings can also be presented
on a laboratory recorder, printed on paper tape along with sample
identification by the PRS-10 Printer-Sequencer, or typed in re-
port form using the TR-2 Teletypewriter Readout. Part of the
TR-2 assembly provides an output compatible with EIA specifica-
tion RS-232C, which makes interfacing with computers or other
data logging devices possible.
The Model 560 is available in the assembly versions shown in
Table 1-1 below:
TABLE 1-1 - THE MODEL 560 ASSEMBLIES AVAILABLE
$ @ Ell
060-0206 060-0206 060-0207
060-0197
"" <ID <ID Acey
060-0196 060-0196
--+--
@ Acey
060-0198 060-0199 060-0200
""
The Model 560 is listed with the U.S. Food and Drug Administra-
tion as an IVD instrument. This manual contafns--~fnfoiinaEion
required- by :Fi5.A for -such instruments.
This manual describes the procedures the operator of the Model
560 needs to run the instrument. Sections 2 and 3 provide in-
stallation procedures (although the instrument is usually in-
stalled by a Perkin-Elmer Service Representative) and information
on material and equipment needed to set up an atomic absorption
instrument in the laboratory. Information on principles of
operation, performance characteristics and specifications for
the Model 560 is provided in Sections 4, 5, and 6. Operation
and calibration instructions are given in Sections 7 and 8.
Servicing and maintaining the instrument and trouble shooting
advice are discussed in Sections 10 and 11. Error messages
are explained in Section 12.
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1-2
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2 INSTALLATION
2A. EQUIPMENT
Table 2~1A and B lists the equipment supplied with the instru-
ment. Some items are different for each of the four assembly
versions of the Model 560. The major versions are shown in
Figure 2-lA and Bu below.
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2-2
The following parts are provided for the installation of the Burner
Regulator:
4/79
2-15
I
\
RESTRICTOR
FUEL
FLOW 2 WAY
NEEDLE
VALVE SOLENOID FUEL
VALVE PRESSURE
REGULATOR
f
l
FUEL SHUT OFF
TOGGLE VALVE
~
i1 t
n
3WAY
FUEL
FLOW METER
I
AIR-N 2 0
FLOWMETER n
SOLENOID
VALVE
t
CHECK CHECK
VALVE VALVE
l l
IGNITER@
............
0~2F~~0
OUT o
l
............
0N~~ OUT ............
NEB0 0
4/79
2-16
MODEL 560
STANDARD
GAS CONTROL
D
1 P610 to J610 (Gray Cable) 2 Burner Compartment to J604
Connector INTERLOCK (Gray Cable)
Connector
Fig. 2-10 - Electrical Connections between the Instrument and the
Flowmeter-Type Control System
4/79
2-17
Insert the lamp in the lamp holder so that the lamp envelope
is held in place by the two retaining springs (see Fig. 8-3).
Refer to Sec. 8C. These procedures are followed each time the
insturment is set up for measurement.
The burner compartment door (Fig. 2-1) may be removed from its
hinges as follows: Lift up on the door so the pivot of the
bottom hinge is lifted out of the hinge, then pull the bottom
of the door outward and downward, away from the instrument and
remove the door.
To replace the door, align the upper hinge pivot on the door
with the hole in the upper hinge, then push up on the door to
insert the pivot into the hinge. Align the lower hinge pivot
with the hole in the lower hinge and allow the door to drop into
position.
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2-18
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2-19
BASELINE Connections
RSLP Connections
SEQ # INHB
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2-20
TTY Socket*
PRS Socket*
When all other connections have been made, make sure the instrument
POWER switch is set to OFF, then plug in the power cord.
4/79
SAMA
( Al 2.1-1972
Recommended Practice
Because of the diversity of the products and markets of its member companies, SAMA from
virtually the time of its inception has found it expedient to organize into various product-oriented
sections. This organization permits groups of member companies to focus more specifically on their
particular problems and primary interests through section programs and activities, and at the same
time benefit from the larger participation in the general association meetings and activities.
The Association and its sections are active in the development and promotion of both
domestic and international standards. Technical standards are published by SAMA; and cooperative
programs are maintained with the Instrument Society of America, American Society of Testing and
Materials, and other standards-making organizations. SAMA sponsors several committees of the
American National Standards Institute and has representatives serving on working committees of
the International Standards Organization and the International Electrotechnical Commission.
Liaison is also maintained with the General Services Administration, Department of Commerce, and
the Department of Defense in the promulgation of federal and military standards and specifications.
The following material was developed within the Analytical Instrument Section by a Task
Group on Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometers. The material was completed in October, I 972.
Hydrogen
Acetylene
Hydrogen is usually obtained in 1A cylinders (3) containing
Acetylene is usually obtained in size IB cylinders (!) about 5500 liters (STP). An air-hydrogen flame requires
containing about 9000 liters (STP) of gas dissolved in about 15 liters per minute, and therefore, a cylinder will
acetone. An air-acetylene flame requires about 5 liters per last for about 6 hours of continuous operation. Hydrogen is
minute, whereas a nitrous oxide-acetylene flame requires available in several purity grades. The extra dry grade
about 15 liters per minute. Therefore a single lB acetylene (99 .9+%) is satisfactory for atomic absorption work.
cylinder will last from I 0 to 30 operating hours, depending Hydrogen cylinders are used at high pressure arrd should be
on the proportion of N 2 0 to air flame use. handled with care at all times.
2
4 PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION
MONOCHROMATOR
M6
M4
PRIMARY SOURCE
SAMPLE COMPARTMENT
HGA
ELEMENT GRAPHITE FURNACE*t
Al 0.05
As 0.04
Au 0.04
Ba 0.03
Bi 0.02
Cd 0.003
Co 0.03
Cr 0.007
Cu 0.01
Fe 0.01
In 0.05
Ir 0.3
Mn 0.005
Mo 0.025
Ni 0.04
Pb 0.025 (283nm)
Pb 0.016 (217nm)
Pd 0.04
Pt 0.18
Sb 0.04
Se 0.06
Si 0.14
Sn 0.14 (286nm)
Sn 0.08 (224.6nm)
Te 0.025
Ti 0.21
v 0.15
Zn 0.0007
* All data were obtained using pyrolytically coated tubes, rapid heating and gas flow
interrupt.
t The sensitivity check data given above are the metal concentrations ( g/ml) in aqueous
solution which will give a reading of approximately 0.2 absorbance units when 20 J.11
are used. Greater sensitivity can be obtained by using larger solution volumes.
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6 SPECIFICATIONS
Monochromator: Littrow grating system. Focal length 267 mm.
Wavelength range 190-870 nm. covered by dual-blazed grating,
1800 line/mm (45,700 lines/inch). Ruled area 64 x 72 mm blazed
at 235 nm and 600 nm. Resolution settings of 0.2, 0.7 and 2 nm
switch-selectable. Dispersion: 1.6 nm/mm (nominal). Wide-range
photomultiplier detector with UV-transmitting window. Wavelength
read on three-digit counter.
Photometer: Double-beam, time shared system. Protected from
corrosive atmosphere "AC" system (lamp light chopped by rotating
sector while flame light is unchopped). Minimum spectral band
width - 0.2 nm (nominal). Source current adjustable to 50 mA.
Optional Deuterium Arc Background Corrector also operates with
a double-beam, time-shared system and includes Automatic Inten-
sity Control of the deuterium arc source.
Readout: Results shown on 6-digit electronic display with range
of 9999 counts and two zero positions for use with adjustable
decimal. Readout is linear in absorbance, concentration, or
emission intensity with variable scale expansion of O.OlX to
lOOX. Automatic zero setting and automatic concentration cali-
bration (with up to three standards) are push-button actuated.
Ability to take a number of readings and average them, display
the average and calculate and display the coefficient of vari-
ation and standard deviation and resolope the calibration curve
with a single additional standard are built-in. Informative
error messages are displayed to alert the analyst to improper
instrument calibration. Peak height and integrated peak area
modes are provided for use with fast peak-shaped signals.
Integration time variable from 0.2 to 60 sec in nominal 0.2-sec
intervals. Overrange indication for expansion, calibration,
absorbance, and display. Function indicator and display checks
in LAMP and SET UP modes. Direct connnection provided for labo-
ratory recorder with separate recorder control allowing contin-
uous or "noise-free" integrated readings on recoraer (as per
the digital display), or continuous readings in absorbance, or
continuous readings with display calibration and variable time
constant.
Sample area: 22 cm wide, 21 cm deep. Open to the front through
a removal flame shield of about 7% light transmission. Sample
tray, 21 cm wide and 12 cm deep, adjustable to three separate
heights.
Wavelength drive: (Optional module) .5 nm/min. scan speed.
6-2
4/79
7 CONTROLS AND INDICATORS
7A. INSTRUMENT CONTROLS AND INDICATORS
7A, 1. Lower Right Front Panel (Fig. 7-1)
POWER On-Off Switch - Controls line .Power to the instrument. The
digital display will light only when the power is on.
SIGNAL Control Switch - Four switch positions determine how the
data measured by the instrument are shown on the display. The
remaining two are used in setting up the initial instrument
parameters:
@
SIGNAL MODE RECORDER BKGO CORR POWER
TC1 TC2 AABG ON
AA,. ,. BG
TC3
"TC4
OFJ'
TCl 1 to 2 sec
TC2 6 sec
TC3 17 sec
TC4 55 sec
7A,2. Upper Right Front Panel (Display and Keyboard) (See Fig. 7-1)
S3 - Is used in the same way as Sl, 82 but for the third standard.
B) HOLD MODE :
a) Press READ to initiate specified number of readings,
which are then averaged and the average displayed.
b) Press A/Z, Sl, S2, S3 or RSLP to initiate specified
number of readings, and average them. The instrument
is then calibrated, based on the computed average.
C) PK HT or PK AREA MODE: Press READ to initiate a single
reading. After the specified number of READ entries, the
results are averaged and the average displayed. A/Z, Sl,
S2, S3 or RSLP requests are ignored until an average has
been obtained. Pressing A/Z, Sl, S2, S3 or RSLP with an
average displayed will cause that value to be used for
calibration.
CV - Coefficient of Variation. Following an AVEraging operation,
press CV to display the coefficient of variation of the results.
Press CE to restore the average display. If the PRNT indicator
is on, pressing CV causes the CV to be printed following the
average printout. Press CV again to cancel the CV mode.
SD - Standard Deviation. Used precisely the same as CV, except
that the SD is displayed or printed. Press SD again to cancel
the SD mode.
t Key - Unless instructed otherwise, the instrument uses a 0.5-
second integration time in taking measurements. This interval
determines the approximate duration of the read cycle. To
change the integration time, enter the time interval desired
from 0.2 to 60 seconds, using the numerical keyboard. Then
depress the t key. The interval selected* will be stored in
the instrument and used for each measurement taken until a
different interval is entered by the operator or until the
instrument is shut off.
The operator can check the integration time setting by pressing
and holding the CHK key and then pressing the t key. The inter-
val will then be shown on the display. If no entry was made,
the built-in time of 0.5 second will be displayed.
If an integration time of less than 0.2 second or greater than
60 seconds is selected, an error code will appear on the dis-
play and all actions will be ignored by the instrument until
the entry is cleared using the CE Key.
EXPansion Key and Indicator Dot - This key allows the operator
to store a fixed scale expansion factor (between O.OlX and
lOOX) in the instrument memory. When the SIGNAL switch is
set on CONC, EM CHOP, or EM, the factor is automatically applied
*The instrument will "round off" the time selected to the nearest
machine cycle (approximately 0.18 sec).
7-8
to the measurement results shown on the digital display. The
dot alongside this key lights when an expansion factor has
been stored in the instrument memory and is being applied.
(When the SIGNAL control switch is set on ABSorbance, the ex-
pansion factor is ignored and the indicator is turned off.)
An entry made with the EXPansion key erases the previously
set expansion factor.
If the factor is less than 0.01 or greater than 100, an error
code will be displayed. The incorrect entry must then be clear-
ed with the CE key.
If the Sl standard rather than an expansion factor has been
applied, pressing EXP and CHK keys simultaneously will display
the expansion factor needed to produce the concentration value
assigned to SL
CHK (Check) Key - When this key is pressed together with one
of the function keys, the value stored with that key will be
shown on the display.
PRNT (Print) Key and Indicator Dot - When the key is depressed,
it connects the instrument to an optional external logging
device such as a printer or a teletypewriter. When data are
being transmitted, the indicator dot beside the button will
light. The indicator dot will go out if the data output rate
of the instrument is too fast for the data logging device to
accommodate.
If a sample sequence number is required in addition to the
analytical data, on the printer or teletypewriter, enter the
starting number and press PRNT to initiate printing.
A. FUNCTIONS OF CONTROLS
INTERLOCKS
1 FUEL Display
FLAME
AIR HEAD
2 OXIDANT Display
N10 HEAD 3 OXIDANT Flow Control
DRAIN 4 FUEL Flow Control
5 FLAME Button
FUEL OXIDANT
6 Panel Retaining Screws
7 Keyboard
8 INTERLOCKS Status
Lights
Figure 7-3 - Burner Control Unit Controls
~
(C 2 H2 ) fuel operation. When this gas
combination is selected, the indicator
to the left of the key lights. Air/
c 2 H2 is the default gas selection.
4/79
7-11
4/79
7-12
FUEL and OXIDANT The knobs are used to vary the settings
Adjust Controls of needle valves in the respective
fuel and oxidant lines. Turn the knobs
counterclockwise to increase flow.
To read the flow rates, observe the
digits when the flame is on, or press
CHK FUEL or CHK OXID when the flame
is off.
4/79
7-13
E3 FLAME SENSOR
The optical flame sensor will generate
an E3 if the sensor receives insufficient
energy from the flame, either because
the flame has gone out, or because
the sensor beam is obstructed. The
error is cleared by pressing either
of the CHK OXID or CHK FUEL keys, or
by pressing FLAME ON/OFF.
5 IGNITE Button
6 OXIDANT PRESSURE Gauge
7 OXIDANT PRESSURE Regulator
8 POWER ON/OFF Switch and
Indicator Light
9 OXIDANT FLOW
10 OXIDANT Selector Valve
11 FUEL FLOW
H,O
12 FUEL PRESSURE Regulator
PERKIN-ELMER
3-d''--
4/79
8 OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS
8A. SAMPLE ANALYSIS
The following steps summarize the basic analytical procedure
used with the Model 560. The steps below are explained in detail
in the sections that follow. Once the set up and analysis routines
become familiar, measurement will taken just a few minutes.
If an error message is displayed, refer to Section 12 for the
explanation.
1) Prepare samples and standards. Consult "Analytical Methods
for Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy", supplied with the instru-
ment for data on each element.
2) Plug in the power cord, turn the GAIN control fully counter-
clockwise, turn on the power, install the appropriate lamp
and burner head. (Refer to Section 8C~)
3) Turn the SIGNAL control switch to LAMP. Set the lamp current
(as read on the ENERGY/LAMP Meter) to the proper value with
the LAMP current control. (See Section 8C,6.)
4) Turn the SIGNAL control switch to SE"I' UP. Set the slit to
the proper value. Set the wavelength to the proper value,
and peak the wavelength setting. Align the lamp. Optimum
wavelength setting and lamp alignment are indicated by ENERGY/
LAMP meter needle movement to the right. Close the lamp
compartment door.
5) Set the SIGNAL control switch to CONC (EM CHOP for flame
emission measurements) and the MODE control switch to HOLD.
6) Set the BKGD CORR switch to AA. (To take background corrected
readings, see Section 8E,l.)
7) Set up the gas controls and ignite the gases. (Refer to
Section 8B.)
8) Select an integration time by entering the desired value
through the numerical keyboard and pressing the t key. (The
initial integration interval is set at 0.5 seconds when the
instrument is turned on.)
9) Aspirate a blank solution and press the AZ key to zero the
display.
10) To calibrate the instrument (see Section 8D):
a) Enter the desired value for Standard 1 through the numerical
keyboard and press the Sl key.
b) Repeat (a) for S2 and S3 if these standards are also used.
c) Aspirate Sl and press the Sl key.
d) Repeat (c) for S2 and S3, if used. The standards must
be aspirated in order of increasing concentration, when
calibrating the instrument.
8-2
11) Aspirate a sample solution and press the READ button. The
indicator dot above the READ button will be lit until measure-
ment is complete. The interval depends on the selection
made in step 8.
Air 275 kPa to 600 kPa max. (40 psig to 85 psig max.)
N 0 or Ar* 275 kPa to 600 kPa max. (40 psig to 85 psig max.)
2
4/79
8-3
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B. GAS FLOWS
The flow rates required for a "normal" flame will vary with the
type of burner head that is installed, the nature of the solvent,
and the fuel-oxidant combination in use. These factors are
summarized in Table 8-2. Values shown for flow are in arbitrary
units, corresponding to the values displayed on the Burner Control
displays. The relationship between "flow units" and flow rates
for different gases is shown in Figure 8-2.
H2 Air 50 35 - -
* Use override
**Flow after automatic c 2 H2 boost
a) Air/Acetylene Operation
4/79
2-8
Table 2-2 and Figure 2-5 provide data on pressure and flowrneter
settings for various fuel-oxidant combinations with Perkin-Elmer
burner heads.
a) Air-Acetylene Operation
2) Make sure the FUEL SHUT OFF valve is in the closed (right
angle) position.
5) Turn the N2 0-AIR valve to AIR and set the N20-AIR PRESSURE
regulator for a gauge reading of 2.1 kg/sq cm (30 psi).
7/74 \
2-9
7) Open the FUEL SHUT OFF valve and quickly set the FUEL
PRESSURE regulator for a gauge reading of .56 kg/sq cm
(8 psi). Then adjust the needle valve beneath the FUEL
FLOW flowmeter to bring the upper white (plastic) float
ball to read approximately 9.0 on the flowmeter.
Note: For models with the burner head safety interlock, make
sure a double click is heard when connecting the burner head
interlock pin.
4) Open the FUEL SHUT OFF valve and quickly set the FUEL PRESSURE
regulator for a gauge reading of .56 kg/sq cm (8 psi). Then
adjust the needle valve beneath the FUEL FLOW f lowmeter to
bring the lower (steel) float ball to read approximately 5.0
on the flowmeter.
8) Before shutdown, aspirate H20 for a few minutes and turn the
N20-AIR valve quickly from N20 to AIR. If organic solutions
have been aspirated, follow the procedure in Section 3B,4 for
cleaning the burner.
5/74
2-10
9) Close the FUEL SHUT OFF valve first, then set the N2 0-AIR
valve to the OFF position. For models with the safety inter-
lock, close the FUEL SHUT OFF valve first, and press in the
Safety Interlock Release button (item 8, Fig. 2-3B) before
turning the N2 0-AIR valve to OFE'. If high concentrations
of silver, mercury or copper salts have been nebulized, follow
the procedure in Section 3B,5.
A. Pressure Settings
11/73
2-11
15
HYDROGEN
ACETYLENE (NYLON BALL)
(NYLON BALL) .56 Kg/sq cm
13 .56 Kg/sq cm
(Bpsig)
(Bpslg)
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4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40
LITERS /MINUTE
5/74
8-5
4) Set the air supply pressure to between 275 kPa and 600 kPa
(40 to 85 psig).
7) Press CHK FUEL and set the displayed digits to the desired
value (refer to Table 8-2) using the knob below the FUEL
digits.
4/79
8-6
4) Set the air supply to between 275 and 600 kPa (40 to 85
psig) .
10) After flame ignition, allow the burner head to warm up.
The flame should appear uniform and stable throughout
its length. If it is not, cleaning of the burner or
burner head may be required, as described in the
spectrophotometer instructions (refer to "Maintenance.")
Once the flame is ignited, the fuel and oxidant gas flows may
be adjusted if desired. With air/acetylene, a fuel-lean (oxidizing)
mixture gives a blue, hot flame; a fuel-rich (reducing) mixture
gives a yellow, cool flame. An N o;c H 2 flame should have a
2 2
rose-red inner core approximately 1 to 2 cm (1/2 to 3/4-in.)
high. Any other adjustment to flow requires that measurements
be taken, as described in the instrument optimization procedures.
4/79
8-7
Table 8-3 and Figure 8-2 provide data on pressure and f lowmeter
settings for various fuel-oxidant combinations with Perkin-Elmer
burner heads.
4/79
8-8
A. Pressure Settings
AIR 340 - 590 kPa (50-85 psig) 210 kPa (30 psig)
-
N 0 or ARGON Z80 kPa (40 psig) 210 kPa (30 psig)
2
B. Flowmeter Settings
(040-0Z66) H2 AIR 60 28 - -
(040-0Z89) Hz ARGON 20 60 - -
C3H8 AIR 9 29 - -
(040-0Z90) Hz AIR 50 40 - -
4/79
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0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32
6) Adjust the FUEL FLOW needle valve to bring the float ball
to approximately 32* on the flowmeter.
*These settings are for use with the single-slot, 4-in. burner
head.
4/79
8-11
10) Close the acetylene cylinder valve and open the FUEL
Toggle valve to bleed the acetylene line until the
gauges on the acetylene cylinder read zero, then close
the FUEL Toggle valve.
6) Open the FUEL Toggle valve and adjust the FUEL FLOW needle
valve to bring the float ball to approximately 25 on the
flowmeter.
7) Ignite the burner flame by pressing in the IGNITE button
and holding it in until the flame is lit.
10) Before shutdown, aspirate water for a few minutes then turn
the oxidant selector valve quickly from N2o to AIR. If
organic solutions have been aspirated, follow the procedure
in Sec. lOB,3 for cleaning the burner.
4/79
8-12
12) Close the N o and acetylene cylinder valves, then set the
2
oxidant selector valve at N o and turn on the FUEL Toggle
2
valve on the gas control unit to bleed the N o acetylene
2
lines. Close the oxidant selector valve and the FUEL Toggle
valve when the gauges on the N o and actylene cylinders read
2
zero.
a) Air/Acetylene
b) Nitrous Oxide/Acetylene
Adjust the FUEL FLOW Needle valve until the reaction zone
(rose red inner cone) of the flame is 1 to 2 cm (1/2 to
3/4 in.) high. The outer zone {plume) will be 30 to 35 cm
(12 to 14 in.) high.
4/79
8-13
4/79
8-14
If other burner heads are used, light the flame with the flows
specified for the particular head in the Analytical Methods
Book. Reduce the fuel flow until the flame is as blue as
possible without lifting off the edges of the burner head.
3) Change the SIGNAL control switch to SET UP. Set the slit to
the proper value. Adjust the COARSE ADJUST wavelength control
to obtain the correct setting on the WAVELENGTH counter. (See
the Analytical Methods Manual for proper slit and wavelength
settings for the element of interest.)
5) Turn the two alignment knobs on the lamp holder (Fig. 8-3)
to maximize (needle to the right) the ENERGY/LAMP meter
reading (lamp emission).
6) Close the lamp compartment door.
4/79
8-16
8C,9. Warm-Up
4/79
8-18
8D. CALIBRATION
8D,l. Introduction
The readout of the Model 560 may be calibrated directly in units
of concentration using a two-step process. First, enter the
concentrations(s) of the standard(s) being used. Second, aspirate
a blank plus each standard and press the appropriate standard
button. The System equates the absorbance of each standard with
the actual concentration, and constructs an appropriate calibration
curve.
The selection of the number of standards, and their concentrations,
is most important. Some useful guidelines are given below.
8D,2. Selecting the Number of Standards
The Standard Conditions pages of the Analytical Methods manual
indicate the linear working range for each element (i.e. the
concentration range over which absorbance is linearly proportional
to concentration).
a) If the analyte concentration of all the samples to be analyzed
falls within the linear range, then calibration should be
performed with a single standard.
0.4 0.4
0.3 0.3
w w
u u
z z
<! <!
~ 0.2 ~ 0.2
0 0
en en
CD CD
<! <!
0.1 0.1
0 2 3 4 0 2 3 4
CONCENTRATION CONCENTRATION
4/79
8-19
4/79
8-20
4/79
8-21
0.5
0.7
0.4 0.6
Sl 0.5
w w
~ 0.3 u
<! ~ 0.4
ID
0:: ID Sl
0
gi 0.2 s:
0::
ID
0.3
<!
<!
0.2
0.1
0.1
A/Z A/Z
0 2 3 4 0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
CONCENTRATION CONCENTRATION
4/79
8-22
1.8
SLOPE = Original Calibration Factor r"
r
1.5
S2 7
7,,,/y-
r
,
w 1.2 ~ S2
7
u
z z
<t <t
~ 0.9 00
0::
0 0
(f) (f)
00 00
<t 0.6 <t
Sl
A/Z
0 4 12 24 0 8 16
CONCENTRATION CONCENTRATION
First, enter the values for Sl, S2, and S3 in the usual manner.
Then, analyze the AZ, Sl, S2, or S3 standard as appropriate,
pressing the READ key to obtain the absorbance reading. When
the READ indicator goes out and a value is displayed, press the
corresponding AZ, Sl, S2 or S3 key to cause calibration to take
place.
8D, 6. Re slope
C = f (A)
C = K f (A)
4/79
8-23
The Reslope facility may be used at any stage during the analysis
of samples, to ensure that the calibration curve is still appli-
cable*. For example, if for any reason the physical properties
of the samples is thought to be changing (through evaporation
or some other reason) leading to a slight general change in
concentration, then the Reslope facility may be useful.
4/79
8-24
lcHKj (ExPj
The expansion factor is only meaningful if the plot is linear,
i.e. one expansion factor applies throughout the calibration
range. {This implies that only a single-standard calibration
will produce a useful expansion factor). If the calibration
curve is non-linear, the Model 560 will display only the
expansion factor computed for Sl.
In the ABS mode, the EXPansion factor entered via the key-
board is not implemented immediately, but is stored pending
the selection of the CONC or EM mode.
4/79
8-25
4/79
8-26
The most frequent causes of this error are the use of too
many standards within the linear range and improperly pre-
pared standards.
Sl 5.00
S2 10.00
S3 20.00
4/79
8-27
A) Averaging
Number of results)
( to be averaged (n)
2 to 99
(Starting Sequence)
Number IPRNTI
The PRNT indicator will light.
a) In the CONT mode, the Model 560 will take the required
number of results and then calculate and display the
average automatically. If PRNT is pressed the in-
dividual readings and averaged results will be printed.
~
The SD indicator will light. Calculate the average
as described in Paragaph 8D,9(A). The printer will
print the average followed by the SD~
4/79
8-30
2) Turn the BKGD CORR switch (item 14, Fig. 7-1) to AA-BG.
The dot alongside the BKGD CORR indicator above the digital
display will light. For preliminary or approximate determina-
tions (where highest accuracy or precision is not required) ,
the system is operable 30 seconds after it is turned on.
However, for maximum precision and stability, the instrument
and the deuterium (D 2 ) lamp should be allowed to warm up for
3 to 4 minutes.
4/79
8-31
2) Turn the BKGD CORR switch (item 14, Fig. 7-1) to BG.
The dot alongside the BKGD CORR indicator above the digital
display will light. Preliminary or approximate determina-
tions can be made 30 seconds after the system is turned on.
However, for maximum precision and stability, the instru-
ment and the deuterium (D ) lamp should be allowed to warm
2
up for 3 to 4 minutes.
3) Pipet a blank solution into the furnace and press the Program
Start button on the HGA.
4) After the indicator dot above the READ button goes out,
signaling the end of the measurement cycle, press the AZ
(Auto Zero) key. This stores the result obtained in the
instrument memory so that subsequent results (and the signal
sent to the recorder) will be offset by the value obtained.
4/79
8-32
8) After the indicator dot above the READ button goes out, press
81 to store the measurement result in the instrument memory.
The instrument will equate this result with the value stored
in step 6. Repeat steps 6, 7, and 8 for 82 and S3, if ne-
cessary, in order of increasing concentration.
Note: If the dot above the READ button goes off before
the end of the Atomize cycle on the HGA, it will be ne-
cessary to wait until the end of the cycle before pressing
the AZ, Sl etc. keys.
4/79
8-34
4/79
8-35
4) Set the SLIT control to the desired value and the RECORDER
control switch to TCl or TC2.
4/79
8-36
10 mV ABS 0 - 20 mV -2
INT, TCl, TC2, TC3, TC4 0 - 99.99 mV 0 - 9999 3
1 v ABS 0 - 2 v -2
INT, TCl, TC2, TC3, TC4 0 - 9.999 v 0 - 9999~
1
Signals over 10 mV (1 V) are offscale on 10 mv (1 V) recorder
range. Actual (onscale) reading may be obtained on recorder by
using 100 mV (10 V) range on a multirange recorder.
2
Recorder signal varies from 0 - 20 mv (0 - 2 V) , but the
display reading depends on setting of SIGNAL control. With
SIGNAL control at ABS, display reading varies from 0. 000 to 2.000
absorbance units; at CONC, display reading can vary from 0 to
9.999, depending on the standard concentrations used for cali-
bration or the scale expansion factor used.
3
Regardless of decimal point position.
4/79
8-37
1000 -C.Uul
10 J l v 3 2 0 MEASUREMENT
1 0 U2 l' 4 o V ~ WITH SEQUENCE #
1 0 iJ J J1 E:. h ~ ERROR CODE
iou4 udJ7 I
v JIJU ~ AUTOZERO
.J ':i iJ l ---+-- Sl CALIBRATION
1: J 0 li ~ S2 CALIBRATION
2L UU ii. ~ S3 CALIBRATION
10u5
lUG6
1J07
l L 'l U
J.Js
"I , U '.! C
I
---+-- OVER-CALIBRATION
1 Ov,J <:. l j
10G9 l 7
I
[I :J
l 011) j ) L
1 L' JU Ii S ~ RESLOPE CALIBRATION
l Lil j 4. 'J 3
1 0 l :! 1 (J. 4 j
8F,2. Printer-Sequencer
The PRS-10 Printer Sequencer (Fig. 8-10) provides a printed record
of the analytical results from the Model 560. The printout (Fig.
8-11) may include up to 10 digits of information generated by
the Model 560, of which four may be a sequence number and six
the results of a measurement. When five or six digits are utilized
to record a measurement, the first one or two will be zeros, only
for correct decimal point placement. In addition to the digits,
the decimal point is properly positioned and a minus sign is
printed for negative results.
Codes are printed to identify calibration or statistical measure-
ments. (status codes) and to indicate the occurrence of error
conditions (error codes). Where multiple error conditions exist
simultaneously, up to two error codes may be printed out on the
same line. On any line on which a status code is printed, the
sample sequence numbers are not indexed (no sequence numbers are
printed). Sample sequence numbers are indexed and printed when
an error code is printed.
4/79
8-38
4/79
8-39
l. 3 0 lJ
CALIBRATION USING
case is calculated us- PRINTEIJ
IN RED
(J. j
.., , C:C1=>.IU
rl (j
AV
AVERAGED VALUE OF
THREE DETERMINATIONS
ing the absorbance values v. 21 CV OF Sl, WITH CV AND SD
'J'J ,_, J\..l u so
for the individual read- .J ' LI..; ') ~,' !J cu
ings. The average J, CG 9 i! l
..... v(.:;l ~ l
Cu
Ch
CALIBRATION USING
AVERAGED VALUE OF
absorbance is then con- .J. u l:.) d
e, 1 s
AV THREE DETERMINATIONS
OF S2, WITH CV AND SD
CV
verted to a concentra- , 1J '..! r, ~IJ '.:>
"~
tion value. O, vli!4 ")u
U,1;0487
V,LJG490 SAMPLE DETERMINATION
lvJ Li, 1 L4 ci ':i
USING THE TWO-STANDARD
AV CALIBRATION
u. 37 CV
b) C (over-calibration) ij((Ji) 1b Si:
6) Push the paper feed button (Fig. 8-10) to advance the paper.
After the button is pushed there is a 1.5 second delay to
allow the mechanism to attain operating speed. The paper
will continue to advance until the button is released.
7) To turn off the PR8-10, push the PRNT button. The indicator
dot associated with the PRNT button will go out.
Paper Replacement
Use Perkin-Elmer replacement paper, part no. 023-1202 (package
of 10 rolls).
4/79
8-40
Ribbon Replacement
4/79
8-41
0 ,1Js
0. 376 0 ,739
1.390
lO 3 I ,237 3.00 s
107 6,94 c 3,50
l 0 ,40 0 ,373 !09 112
101 '.),50 5 p:,1)0 17 ,2.6P.V
I ,545 l II II 3 p,,l)OAV
105 0 z 10 ,53 17 ,26 114
,QI)
110 5,Q I as E:
21l 00 s 17 ,25
05 :.. II 5 z1.74AV ""10"\,.t11
\7 .21 7 .99 116
05 21072 c 15 .s2A.V \.. 1.-l'lloll,.?l'l\1
117
e.\lO
os z 21 72 c is.s2 ~11CI' 110\\ t1C
21.78 c 15 ,52 "11"1.- 11so\\l' ~s11
\5 ,53 ot11C " 1'111'\.. t1G
"1 1t1\..'
l\};11 a ,aooa \
11011 a ,5aao s
.,1s1111
co11c"'"it'
aa 1-
G '~Gil $
\".~\)\) $
1>1'1'1-' \. a s
c\l o ,oa "s r.\\a s \ .o"~
50
5.ao s o 2
?I.-.. a ,ao t.s 150\ s 0 ,396 'z."'\)
t*-11"'1\ 5.00 $ 30 .o \ ,531 Q \~1.
t,'01'01\ll \ 15'00~ 5 I ,909\ ..
0. 11 b \
11
30 o .o\01 'O
11'110"\\ll 2
"1"110"\\ll 3 3 10 113!1 ~.\~
.t.s,1
I .1 o3 ,.1
",1""1l" 1 ,0 lb I I ,99 0 ,3
I 10 4 3 o .uozb \'
2 20 .~11
0 '3q" \ .10\'2.
3 3.111
",.?4 r~.,,o9 ~
"
To install a new ribbon, swing the front panel of the PRS-10 out
from the top as shown in Fig. 8-13. Swing the top cover up and
to the back. (The covers are held in place by magnetic catches.)
Press the handles next to the ribbon reels in, toward the paper
roll, to release the reels and lift the old reels and ribbon from
the printer. Install the replacement ribbon, threading it the
same way as the old ribbon. (A threading diagram is provided
on the back of the black paper guide which is exposed when the
paper roll is lifted from its holder and held toward the front
of the instrument.) The ribbon is now installed. Close the
covers. Make sure the paper feeds up the ramp, over the top
cover.
4/79
8-42
4/79
9 HAZARDS
The burner should provide an even flame over the length of the
burner slot. An uneven flame may indicate the slot needs clean-
ing. With the flame off and air on, carefully work along and
through the slot with a single-edge razor blade. Do not nick
the edges of the slot.
Cleaning stubborn deposits from the burner head slot may require
removing the burner head from the burner chamber. Proceed as
follows:
1) Extinguish the flame, turn off the gases and let the burner
cool.
~uded with the Model 560, but not part of Burner Assembly 040-0146
5) Empty the waste drain tube and collection vessel and refilJ
them with water.
9) Install the chamber on the mount and tighten the two mount-
ing screws.
10) Replace the end cap and tighten the lock nut finger tight.
Replace the nebulizer assembly and burner head. Check the
burner alignment and align if necessary.
3) Remove the nebulizer from the end cap and install the
replacement nebulizer, making sure the nebulizer 0-ring
(item 12, Fig. 10-2) is in position.
6) Clean components as
required with a suitable
solvent; 0-rings may be
cleaned with soap and
water.
1 Knurled Knob 303-1460* Assembly (See Fig. 10-2)
2 Locking Ring 303-1456*
3 Washer 303-1802 l} Lubricate the 0-ring on
4 Needle Assembly 303-0354 the insert (i tern 7) and
5 0-ring 990-2101 the 0-ring on the needle
6 Spring 303-1806 assembly (item 5) with a
7 a-ring (2) 990-2239 bit of grease such as
8 Insert 303-1812 Apiezon L.
9 Nebulizer Body 303-0353
10 Venturi 303-1810 2) Slide the needle assembly
11 Front End Cap 303-1808 into the insert as far as
12 0-ring 990-2239 it will go; the needle tip
should protrude from the
Fig. 10-2 - Nebulizer - Exploded small aperture in the in-
View sert end.
4) Install the venturi over the needle tip; put on and tighten
the front end cap (itemll). Slip the 0-ring (item 12) over
the protruding end of the venturi.
4/79
10-8
Lift the cover (hinged at the rear of the instrument) and allow
the cover to be supported by the chain at the right rear corner
of the photometer compartment, to hold the cover open.
1) Make sure the instrument power is off and that the power
cord is disconnected.
2) To gain access to the D2 arc lamp in the photometer compart-
ment (top section of spectrophotometer), unscrew and remove
the hexagonal setscrew above the WAVELENGTH counter (see Fig.
7-2, item 2). Also unscrew and remove the screw on the
lip of the lamp compartment (see Fig. 8-3, item 9). Lift
the cover (hinged at rear of instrument). A brace at the
right rear corner of the photometer compartment should be
engaged to hold the cover open.
3) Remove the primary source (lamp) mount and the long mount
hold-down screw.
4/79
10-9
10) Adjust the lamp gently by hand so that the arc face is
aligned and centered with the lens (item 1, Fig. 10-4)
and as parallel to the lens as possible. Adjust the
height of the D2 arc lamp so that the bottom of the arc
face is about 5.0 cm (2 in.) above the D2 base plate.
12) Plug the D2 lamp connector (item 2, Fig. 10-3) into the
D2 lamp socket as shown in Fig. 10-3.
13) Replace the lamp mount and the two mount hold-down screws.
Fig. 10-4 - D2 Arc Lamp and Lens Fig. 10-5 - Adjust Knobs
ICl2 ICl5,16,17
PWR GND
I I ~ +l~SV+s~:lClf3~~svfiCl4+:vpc10:,1p'
1 a 1e,1s 120
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SHORT LL ....01!.ll'n:llAl~Wl.U.
Fig. 10-10 Electrical Schematic, A/D Converter Circuit (J7) 057-0322E (Rev. H)
4/79
- I< 2'JL!<.L
30(+-~L~A _
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4/79
me I bI l P,RTOF
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Fig. 10-14 Electrical Schematic, TTY Interface Circuit (J3) 057-0321E (Rev. H)
4/79
10-28
-I
P/O JI
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-12V
95
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4/79
10-33
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NOTES
L UNLESS OTHERWISE'SPECIFIED
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L 6LK
FLAME SENSOR
4/79
J4
N047-0177
8
220 v---"-''-"---
7 ~'f_Y..-__
AC IN 20 O V _ _!;;IJ&::ll~L__)
IO<E ;__
8
I
I
I
Siil_Y-WHLJ-{ 5 I
117V BLK I TP2 I
10 0 s f--L
I
ACC 6
I
9
"'al II
7 12
i 12
IOOV BLK-YEL
N047-039S
<H-=----~~-------~~------_., _________.,____ .....,4
IOV 8LK-WHT
.s
6 TP3
I-'
0
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I
w
lllPINMOlEX O'I
6
+sv
4
CR4
RI
510
2~1-
NOTES
UNLESS OTHERWISE Sl'ECIFIEO
o. ALL RESISTORS ARE IN OHMS,:I::~,
ANO RATEO AT !:!lWATTS.
b. !~ii ~~~~T~~~Evc:m~'it~[::~sTIC
1 CAPACITORS ARE RATED AT _-_VOLTS.
4/79
+SV
c
JI ICI
FLAME II 12 5
2.2K IC 1
___t_ SI
o--= SPARES
+sv
OVERRIDE 14
_J_
:~ 7
I
'- 7'
IC I
AIR 13 6
C2 H2
16 ( I
I
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Ej
~
0 o S3
~1 2
N2 0 1s <I
i 14 ICI 3
l\.j\/\
C2 H2 _J_ 2.2K
S4
0 0 i
2
CHECK
~1 IG ICI
'VV'vl
13 <I
OXIO 2,2K
__L_
0 o SS
~t 0
CHECK
12 ~I
i IS ICI
l\./\/'v2
FUEL I-'
2.2 K 0
~~ S6 l I
~r l w
CR2 .....J
C2H2 All~ 7
I
CR3
Cz H2,N2 0 6 NOTE:
I
I. S 2 TO BE ALTERNATE ACTION.
Dl~AIN '3
N2 0 HEAD 5
I
Al R r+EAO 10
I
8 /I ~CR?
FLAME
4
I
I J.., CI
v 3 f I ...,.- 120
IOV
+s v 2
4/79
Cl/
oi9
4
+sv " ROM 00<17-1785 ICI 1:
AA BURNER CONT Fi'OL SPARE SPARE SPARE
IC3 IC4 IC Ii loEVICE
+5v
+24V
CR?
IN4004
R23
JS~ J2
;~. -~
+sv +sv ss5fr"3J , IN4b04 CR .. v.. 14 )11
1i2~ 40~2 ~4 CzHl
6
IC16 RET,4
2IMC699
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+24V +24V
C,., C"
RE<;F 40 CRll ?
03 STBY
N!:i086 RE PWR
216 ):,
~I
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J3 0
-----;-. 16 I
w
::::; :! : -"'""'"'------ CXl
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Fig. 10-23 BC-3, MPU Logic 047-9620E (Rev. D
4/79
11 TROUBLE SHOOTING
llA. INTRODUCTION
llB,l. Lamp will not fit properly in the lamp mounting bracket
llB,2. Lamp connector will not fit the connection on the instrument
a) Make sure the instrument is plugged in, turned on, and warmed
up. If line voltage is low, operate the power supply from a
variable transformer set to give the appropriate voltage.
llC,l. Display is completely lit and all indicator dots are lit
Clear the entry with CE Key or use the appropriate key ('t',
Sl, etc.) to store the entry in the instrument memory.
llD. CALIBRATION
Errors that may occur during calibration are described in Section
8D,8 and in 6HFWLRQ 12.
llD,l. Calibration curves do not pass through zero
a) =HUR improperly adjusted.
=HUR the instrument ZKLOH aspirating a blank solution.
b) Contaminated reagents or solvent were used in the preparation
of standards.
To correct this condition, determine the standard curve vs.
a reagent blank.
llG,2. Digital display is quiet with the flame off, but noisy
with the flame on or with the flame on and solution
DVSLUDWLQJ
e) Check the lamp current setting, slit setting, and fuel and
oxidant flow rates.
b) Blocked capillary.
llI,2. The D2 arc has less energy than the primary source
a) Check that the fuel and oxidant supplies are turned on,
that all burner regulator controls are properly set,
and that correct pressure and flow rates have been
established. (See Section 8B.)
b) Make sure the burner head is in place and that the pin
on the hold-down cable is properly inserted in the
safety interlock at the base of the burner. If these
conditions are not met, the built-in automatic safety
features will prevent ignition. Also, check that the
drain system is properly installed. If the accessory
drain interlock is installed, the gases will not ignite
unless the drain interlock is connected.
11-10
B) Electronics Saturated.
Explanation: In the emission mode, the signal is
greater than the dynamic range of
the instrument.
Causes: 1) Standard used to set the GAIN
of the System was too dilute.
2) GAIN value entered via the keyboard
was too high.
Remedy: 1) Aspirate a more concentrated standard
and reset the System GAIN.
2) Enter a smaller GAIN value. (Refer
to the description of the key
function, Section 7).
4/79
12-2
Sl 5.00
S2 10.00
83 20.00
4/79
12-6
E3 FLAME SENSOR
The optical flame sensor will generate
an E3 if the sensor receives insufficient
energy from the flame, either because
the flame has gone out, or because
the sensor beam is obstructed. The
error is cleared by pressing either
of the CHK OXID or CHK FUEL keys, or
by pressing FLAME ON/OFF.
4/79
B
(5)
January 1982
P!FRKH\J -t:.LIV1ER
B
Standard Conditions
-2-
STCX:KSTANDARDSOLUTION
BORON, 5000 mg/L. Dissolve 28.60 g of boric acid, H sBO s, in deionized water
and dilute to 1 liter with deionized water, STORE IN A POLYETHYLENE BOTTLE.
Boron can also be determined utilizing the HGA and the ICP. With the HGA, an
approximate detection limit of 15.0 g/L can be obtained. With the ICP, an
approximate detection limit of 4.0 g/L can be obtained. Refer to the General
Information section for additional details on the use of the HGA and the ICP.
January 1982
PER~'\:IN--ELMER
Al
(13)
January 1982
PERl''\:IN-ELf\JlER
Al
Standard Conditions
-2-
ALUMINUM, 1000 mg/L. Dissolve 1.000 g of .Al wire in a mi,nimum amount of (l+l)
HCl, adding a small drop of mercury as a catalyst. Dilute to 1 liter with 1% (v/v)
HCl. Filter the solution to remove the mercury.
LIGHT SOURCES
Both Electrodeless Discharge Lamps (EDLs) and Hollow Cathode Lamps are
available for aluminum. EDLs provide greater light output and longer life than
Hollow Cathode Lamps. For aluminum, both EDLs and Hollow Cathode Lamps
provide approximately the same sensitivity and detection limit.
INTERFEREINCES
DOUBLETS
The 309.3 nm, 237.3 nm and the 257.5 nm aluminum lines are actually doublets
(309.27 nm/309.28 nm, 237.31 nm/237.34 nm, 257.51 nm/257.54 nm).
Aluminum can also be determined utilizing the HGA and the ICP . With the HGA, an
approximate detection limit of 0.01 g/L can be obtained. With the ICP, an
approximate detection limit of 20.0 g/L can be obtained. Refer to the General
Information section for additional details on the use of the HGA and the ICP.
January 1982
PE '~.(''"'"'1.
.ll j Ll\11ER
Ca
(20)
January 1982
Ca
Standard Conditions
-2-
LIGHT SOURCES
I
When using the calcium 2.39.9 nm line, the use of a multi-element (Ca-Mg) or (Ca-
Mg-Al) hollow cathode lamp with a quartz window is recommended.
FLAME ADJUSTMENT
The absorption of calcium is dependent on the fuel/air ratio and the height of the
light beam above the burner. Although maximum sensitivity is obtained with a
reducing (fuel-rich) flame, an oxidizing (fuel-lean) flame is recommended for
optimum precision.
OTHER FLAMES
INTERFERENCES
Slight ionization occurs in the air-acetylene flame, and can be controlled by the
addition of an alkali salt (0.1 % or more potassium as chloride) to samples and
standards. Calcium sensitivity is reduced in the presence of elements which give
rise to stable oxysalts. These elements include aluminum, beryllium, phosphorus,
silicon, titanium, vanadium, and zirconium. This effect is reduced by the addition of
0.1-1.0% lanthanum or strontium.
Calcium can also be determined utilizing the HGA and the ICP. With the HGA, an
approximate detection limit of 0.05 g/L can be obtained. Refer to the General
Information section for additional details on the use of the HGA and the ICP.
January 1982
PERr<~N i=.LN12=.R
... v
(23)
January 1982
PERKIN-ELMER
v
Standard Con di ti ons
-2-
INTERFERENCES
TRIPLETS
The 318.4 nm vanadium line is actually a triplet (318.3 nm/318.4 nm/318.5 nm).
Vanadium can also be determined utilizing the HGA and the ICP. With the HGA, an
approximate detection limit of 0.2 g/L can be obtained. With the ICP, an
approximate detection limit of 5.0 g/L can be obtained. Refer to the General
Information section for additional details on the use of the HGA and the ICP.
January 1982
PERKIN-ELMER
Cr
(24)
January 1982
PERKli\J EL!'V1ER
Cr
Standard Conditions
-2-
FLAMES
INTERFEREINICES
Chromium can also be determined utilizing the HGA and the ICP. With the HGA,
an approximate detection limit of 0.01 g/L can be obtained. With the ICP, an
approximate detection limit of 5.0 g/L can be obtained. Refer to the General
Information section for additional details on the use of the HGA and the ICP.
January 1982
PERKll'J ELrv1ER
Mo
(42)
January 1982
Mo
Standard Conditions
-2-
OTHER FLAMES
INTERFERENCES
Molybdenum can also be determined utilizing the HGA and the ICP. With the HGA,
an approximate detection limit of 0.02 g/l can be obtained. With the ICP, an
approximate detection limit of 8.0 g/L can be obtained. Refer to the General
Information Section for additional details on the use of the HGA and the ICP.
January 1982
PERKIN-ELr\/1ER
Cd
(48)
January 1982
Cd
Standard Conditions
-2-
LIGHT SOURCES
Both Electrodeless Discharge Lamps (EDLs) and Hollow Cathode Lamps are
available for cadmium. EDLs provide greater light output and longer life than
Hollow Cathode Lamps. For cadmium, both EDLs and Hollow Cathode Lamps
provide approximately the same sensitivity and detection limit.
INTERFEREINICES
Cadmium can also be determined utilizing the HGA and the ICP. With the HGA, an
approximate detection limit of 0.003 g/L can be obtained. With the ICP, an
approximate detection limit of 4.0 g/L can be obtained. Refer to the General
Information section for additional details on the use of the HGA and the ICP.
January 1982
PERt'\!0.J -ELIVlER
Sb
( 51)
January 1982
Sb
Standard Conditions
'
-2-
LIGHT SOURCES
Both Electrodeless Discharge Lamps (EDLs) and Hollow Cathode Lamps are avail-
able for antimony. EDLs provide greater light output and longer life than Hollow
Cathode Lamps. For antimony, both EDLs and Hollow Cathode Lamps ixovide
approximately the same sensitivity and detection limit.
INTERFERE!NICES
Antimony can also be determined utilizing the HGA, the ICP, and the MHS. With
the HGA, an approximate detection limit of 0.15 g/L can be obtained. With the
MHS, an approximate detection limit of 0.1 g/L can be obtained. Refer to the
General Information section for additional details on the use of the HGA the ICP,
and the MHS.
January 1982
PERKIN-ELIV1ER
Te
(52)
January 1982
PERKIN-ELi\t1ER
Te
Standard Conditions
-2-
LIGHT SOURCES
Both Electrodeless Discharge Lamps (EDLs) and Hollow Cathode Lamps are avail-
able for. tellurium. EDLs provide greater light output and longer nfe than Hollow
Cathode Lamps. For tellurium, both EDLs and Hollow Cathode. Lamps provide
approximately the same sensitivity and detection limit.
INTERFEREINICES
The tellurium signal is affected by large excesses of Ca, Cu, Si, Na, Zn, and Zr;
therefore, matrix-matching is important.
Tellurium can also be determined utilizing the HGA, the ICP, and the MHS. With
the HGA, an approximate detection limit of 0.1 g/L can be obtained. With the
MHS, an approximate detection limit of 0.02 g/L can be obtained. Refer to the
General Information section for additional details on the use of the HGA, the ICP,
and the MHS.
January 1982
PER~\:ll'J r Ll'V1ER
Bi
(83)
January 1982
PERKIN--ELMER
Bi
Standard Conditions
-2-
LIGHT SOURCES
Both Electrodeless Discharge Lamps (EDLs) and Hollow Cathode Lamps are
available for bismuth. EDLs provide greater light output and longer life than
Hollow Cathode Lamps. For bismuth, both EDLs and Hollow Cathode Lamps
provide approximately the same sensitivity and detection limit.
DOUBLETS
Bismuth can also be determined utilizing the HGA, the ICP, and the MHS. With the
HGA, an approximate detection limit of 0.1 g/L can be obtained. With the MHS,
an approximate detection limit of 0.02 g/L can be obtained. Refer to the
General Information section for additional details on the use of the HGA, ICP, and
the MHS.
January 1982
PERKIN~ELl\l1ER