Paper 2 states of matter.

1. (a) Use the relationship between area,

force and pressure to explain why it is easier
to cut with a sharp knife than a blunt knife.
(2)
(b) The diagram shows a point in a gas. Two
(a) Complete the diagram to show how the
arrows representing some of the pressure at
particles are arranged in ice, water and
the point are shown.
steam. One particle in each box has been
drawn for you. (4)
(b) Complete the table by describing how
the particles move in ice, water and steam.
(3)

(i) Add two more arrows to the diagram to

show how pressure acts at the point.
(2)
(ii) What assumption did you make?
(1)
(c) The density of some sea water is 1025
kg/m3.
Calculate the increase in pressure in pascals
from the surface of the sea to the bottom
4. (a) Two students make a two-dimensional
when the sea water is 25 metres deep. Show
model of a liquid. Give one criticism of the
your working. (3)
arrangement of the particles in this model.
(1)
2. (a) Three quantities are given in the box.
area force
pressure
(i) State the equation which relates them.
(1)
(ii) Use all three quantities from the box to
explain why it is easier to use a knife with a
sharp edge rather than the same knife with a
blunt edge. (2) (b) When the temperature of a liquid is
(b) Area can be measured in square metres raised, evaporation takes place.
(m2), force in newtons (N) and pressure in (i) What happens to the particles during
pascals (Pa). Give a pair of values for force evaporation?
and area which would result in a pressure of (1)
5 kPa. (2)

5. This question is about temperature and

3. A student investigates ice, water and pressure in gases.
steam. She heats up a sample of ice. When it (a) A gas is heated in a container which has a
has all melted, she carries on heating until constant volume. The particles in the gas
the water has all boiled to steam. (1)
A; expand B: hit the walls of the container
harder
C: move closer together D: have a lower
average speed
(b) Describe what happens to the average
kinetic energy of particles as the
temperature decreases from 10 K towards 0
K. (2)
(c) (i) Convert a temperature of 27 C into
kelvin (K). (1)
(ii) The gas in a cylinder has a pressure of
210 kPa at a temperature of 27 C. Calculate
the new pressure when the temperature of
the gas rises to 81 C. (3)
6. . (a) A diver breathes air from a cylinder
when he is under water.
(i) The cylinder contains 8 litres of air at 200
times atmospheric pressure. The air is
released from the cylinder at normal
atmospheric pressure. The diver needs 16
litres of air per minute. Calculate the
maximum amount of time that the diver can
breathe under water using this cylinder.
(3)
(ii) When the diver breathes out, bubbles are
released.
Suggest why the bubbles expand as they rise
to the surface.
(2)
(b) A student wants to investigate how the
volume of a balloon changes with pressure.
(i) Suggest how the student could measure
the volume of an inflated balloon.
(2)
(ii) The student plans to measure the
pressure of the air in the balloon. To measure
the pressure in the balloon I will count how
many times I push the pump. The same
amount of air goes into the balloon with each
push.
When there is twice as much air in the
balloon the pressure will be twice as high, so
the pressure will be proportional to the
number of times I push the pump.
Explain why the students plan will not work.
(2)
7. A temperature of zero kelvin is sometimes
described as absolute zero. It is equivalent to
273 C and is the lowest possible
temperature.
(a) Explain, in terms of particles, why
absolute zero is the lowest possible
temperature. (1)
(b) Calculate the kelvin temperature which is
equivalent to 22 C.
(1)
(c) There was a large fire at a factory. In one
part of the factory a sealed gas cylinder
exploded due to the high temperature. This
cylinder was designed to withstand a
pressure of 2000kPa. Before the fire the
pressure in the cylinder was 500 kPa at 22
C. Investigators concluded that the
temperature in that part of the factory must
have been over 900 C. Show whether or not
the conclusion was correct.
(2)
(d) The average kinetic energy of the
molecules of a sample of gas is doubled.
What effect, if any, does this have on the
kelvin temperature of the gas? (1)
Waves
1. The diagram shows a wave on the sea.
(a) (i) Which letter shows the wavelength of
the wave?
(1)
(ii) Which letter shows the amplitude of the
wave? (1)
(b) i)A man watches some waves pass his
boat. He sees the crest of the waves pass
him every 5 s. Calculate the frequency of
these waves. (2)
ii) State the period of the wave.
(1)
2. (a) The diagram shows what happens
when water waves pass close to the edge of
a piece of plastic. Name the wave behaviour
shown. (1)
(b) The diagram below shows water waves
about to pass through a gap. One wavefront
is shown after it has passed through the gap.
(i) On the diagram, draw two more
wavefronts that have passed through the
gap. (3)
(ii) State two changes which would each
make the wavefronts become more curved
after passing through the gap.
(2)
(c) (i) Sound waves with a frequency of 25
000Hz are directed at a gap. Give a reason
why they are not heard on the other side of
the gap. (1)
(ii) Calculate the wavelength in metres of
these sound waves. The speed of sound is
340m/s. (3)
3. The diagram represents the
electromagnetic spectrum.
(a) Which of X-rays and radio waves has the
longer wavelength?
(1)
(b) Which of X-rays and radio waves has the
higher frequency?
(1)
(c) State one use of X-rays.
(1)
(d) State one property that all
electromagnetic waves have in common.
(1)
(e) State the law of reflection.
(1)
(f) A teacher wants to demonstrate the law of
reflection to his class. Suggest two reasons
why he should use visible light rather than X-
rays. (2)
4. The diagram shows an example of an
analogue signal and an example of a digital
signal. Complete the sentences.
(a) The analogue signal
varies......................... between a maximum
and minimum value. (1)
(b) The digital signal only has two values.
These are 1 which corresponds
to ......................... and .........................
which corresponds to ...................... (3)
5. (a) The box contains the names of seven
parts of the electromagnetic spectrum.
(i) Describe the order in which they have
been written.
(1)
(ii) The parts are all transverse waves. State
one other property which they all have in
common. (1)
(b) Some of the radiation from parts of the
electromagnetic spectrum can damage
human beings.
Draw lines connecting each of the four parts
listed below with the damage caused.
(3)
(ii) Write r on the diagram above to show
the angle of reflection.
(1)
(c) A student investigates the formation of
the image in a plane mirror, using the
apparatus shown in the photograph. She
uses the holes that the pins make to
construct this diagram.

(c) Microwaves can be used for cooking. Give

one other use for microwaves.
(1)

6. Light from an object forms an image in a

plane mirror.
(a) Tick the two correct statements. (i) Add to the diagram to show how the
(2) student should find the position of the image.
the image in a plane mirror is virtual (3)

light from the object passes through

the image in a plane mirror

light waves are longitudinal

the angle of incidence equals the

angle of reflection

the incident ray is always at right

angles to the reflected ray
(ii) Explain how the student could confirm
(b) (i) Use words from the box to complete that the position of the image is correct.
the labels on the diagram below. (2)
(2)
Mirror normal ray
reflection 7. The diagram shows a torch emitting a
beam of light from two different positions A
and B under water.
(a) What is the name of the two dotted lines
on the diagram?
(1)
(b) State the relationship between critical
angle and refractive index.
(1)
(c) Explain the paths followed by the two
beams of light.
Refer to the critical angle in your answers.
(i) Path from position A.
(2)
(ii) Path from position B. (2)
(d) Explain why it is not possible to use the
relationship in (b) to find the refractive index
of water using an angle from the diagram.
(1)
(e) (i) State the relationship between
refractive index, angle of incidence and
angle of refraction. (1)
(ii) Use angles from the diagram to calculate
the refractive index of water.
(2)
8. (a) A student sings into a microphone.
Complete the sentence. The useful energy
transfer made by the microphone is from
sound energy to............. energy. (1)
(b) The amplitude, the frequency and the
wavelength of a sound wave can be
changed.
(i) What change could be made to make the
sound lower in pitch?
(1)
(ii) What change could be made to make the
sound louder?
(1)
(c) A sound wave, wavelength , approaches
a gap in a wall.
(i) Name the effect which occurs as the
sound wave passes through the gap.
(1)
(ii) Complete the sentence.
The greatest effect occurs
when ............................. is equal to .
(1)
(d) Describe how you could measure the
speed of sound in air by a simple direct
method. You may draw a diagram to
illustrate your answer. (4)
1. A student connects a light dependent
resistor (LDR) to a battery.
(a) The current in the LDR is 0.050 A and its
resistance is 90 in the dark.
(i) State the equation which relates current,
resistance and voltage.
(ii) Calculate the voltage across the LDR.
Show your working and give the unit.
(b) The LDR is moved to a position in the
light.
Choose words from the box to complete the
table.
You may use each word once, more than
once or not at all.
decrease increase stay the same
Effect on It will
the resistance of the LDR
the current in the LDR
(c) Suggest two advantage of connecting
the lights in this way.
2. (a) A boy jumps off a wall and lands on
the ground without bending his knees. The
graph shows how the velocity of the boy
varies with time as he lands.
(i) What property of a velocity-time graph
can be used to determine acceleration?
(ii) Use the graph to calculate the boys
deceleration and give its unit.
(iii) The mass of the boy is 70 kg. Calculate
the resultant force in newtons acting on
the boy.
3. A student used pins to trace a ray of light
through a block of glass of refractive index
1.5.
She produced the diagram shown below.
It shows a ray of light being refracted with an
angle of refraction of 40.
(a) Calculate the angle of incidence, in
degrees, of the ray of light.
(b) The experiment is repeated with a block
of water. The refractive index of water is
1.3. The same angle of incidence is used.
(i) On the diagram above draw the refracted
ray for a block of water.
(ii) Explain the direction of the ray that you
have drawn in (i).
(c) The diagram below shows a semicircular
glass block. An incident ray is drawn.
Add one more line to the diagram and mark
the angle of incidence, i, for this ray.
4. (a) Particles in both a solid and a liquid are
close-packed but the particles move in
different ways.
State how the particles move
(i) in a solid,
(ii) in a liquid.
(b) State one difference in the arrangement
of the particles in a gas compared to those in
solids and liquids.
4 The diagram shows the magnetic field
between magnetic poles X and Y.
Use one word in each space to complete the
sentences.
(a) The straight, parallel, evenly-spaced lines
show that the magnetic field pattern
between X and Y
is ...............................................................
(b) X is a .......................................................
pole and Y is
a......................................................... pole.
5 A weightlifter lifts a bar of mass 240 kg
through a vertical distance of 2.5 m.
(a) Calculate the gain in gravitational
potential energy, in joules, of the bar.
(b) She then lowers the bar halfway, stops
and then drops the bar.
Calculate:
(i) the loss in gravitational potential energy,
in joules, of the bar when it is halfway down;
(ii) the remaining gravitational potential
energy, in joules, of the bar when it is
halfway down;
(iii) the speed, in metres per second, of the
bar just before it hits the floor.
6. In 1907, a tradition started of dropping a
ball, made from wood and iron, into Times
Square in New York at midnight on New
Years Eve. The ball had a mass of 300 kg
and was dropped from a great height.
(a) Calculate the weight, in newtons, of the
ball.
(b) The diagram shows a falling ball.
(i) Add a labelled arrow to the diagram to
show the weight of the ball.
(ii) Add another arrow to the diagram to
show another force acting on the ball during
its fall through the air.
(iii) State the name of this force.
(c) Eventually the ball reached terminal
velocity when it was travelling at constant
speed. Explain why the ball reached terminal
velocity.
7. A student uses a hair dryer. The hair
dryers plug contains a fuse.
(a) Explain how the fuse prevents too large a
current in the hair dryer.
(b) The hair dryer is rated at 240 V, 1500W.
Calculate the current rating in amps of the
hair dryer.
(c) The fuse in the hair dryer blows and the
student has to replace it.
The following fuses are available:
1 A 3 A 5 A 13 A
(i) Which fuse should the student choose?
Explain your choice.
(d) A hair dryer heats up air.
Name one other example of electrical
heating used in the home.
8 An industrialist takes his daughter on a
visit to his factory. He tells her that the
factory is 100% efficient because it is
working all the time.
She asks to see a flow diagram for a process
that takes place within the factory.
The flow diagram is shown below.
(i) Write down a formula for .
(ii) Calculate the efficiency of the process
shown in the diagram.
9. The diagram shows part of the
apparatus for investigating Boyles Law.
The volume V of the trapped air can be
changed by changing the pressure p
exerted on it.
(a) Suggest a way in which p could be
increased in this experiment.
(b) The relationship between p and V is
given by
p1V1 = p2V2
(i) When the pressure acting on the
trapped air is 380 kPa, its volume is 130
cm .
3 (d) The list of electromagnetic radiations,
Calculate the pressure, in kPa, acting on
the trapped air when its volume is 520
cm3.
(ii) State two assumptions made in this
calculation.
(c) The trapped air exerts a force on the
surface of the liquid.
(i) Describe the motion of the air
molecules.
(ii) Describe how the air molecules exert
a force on the liquids surface.
10. (i) Sound waves with a frequency of
25 000 Hz are directed at a gap. Give a
reason why they are not heard on the
other side of the gap.
(ii) Calculate the wavelength in metres
of these sound waves. The speed of
sound is 340 m/s.
11 This question is about radiations in
the electromagnetic spectrum.
radio waves microwaves infrared A ultraviolet B gamma
rays
(a) The names of two parts of the
electromagnetic spectrum are missing.
(b) Which electromagnetic radiation is used
for heating and night vision equipment?
(c) Which electromagnetic radiation is used
for cooking and satellite transmissions?
from radio waves to gamma rays, is in order
of
12. A builder carries a concrete block from
the ground up to the top of the scaffolding.
(a) (i) State the equation linking gravitational
potential energy, mass, g and height.
(ii) The concrete block has a mass of 18 kg.
Calculate the gravitational potential energy
gained by the concrete block if the
scaffolding is 5 m high.
(iii) What is the link between the
gravitational potential energy gained by the
concrete block and the work done by the
builder to lift it?
(b) The builders fit a layer of insulating
material in the roof of the house. Explain how
the insulating material reduces the amount
of heat lost through the roof by conduction,
convection and radiation