z2
V1 Q = E + W First Law
Wflow in = pdV = p1 (V1 initial V1 final ) = p1V1 = m p1v1
z1 W = Wshaft + Wflow in + Wflow out = Wshaft + m p1v1 m p 2 v 2
V2
E = u(T) + KE + PE = u(T) + + gz
2
2
V2 V12
Q = m (u 2 + p 2 v 2 + + gz1 ) m (u1 + p1 v1 + + gz1 ) + Wshaft
2 2
V2
Q = m (u + pv + + gz) + Wshaft
2
2
V
Q = m (h + + gz ) + Wshaft (5 36)
2
the units of all the energy terms must be the same
Steady Flow Processes Devices
V2
Q = m (h + + gz) + Wshaft Steady Flow Energy Equation
2
Turbine, Compressor, Pump
Velocity, Elevation, Q = 0
W = H = mh
W = m(h in h out )
Boiler, Condenser, Heat Exchanger
Velocity 0, Elevation 0, Work = 0
Q = H = m h
Q = m(h in h out )
Diffuser, Nozzle Valve - throttling process
Velocity = 0, Elevation = 0, Q = 0, W = 0
Elevation 0, Q = 0, W = 0
H = 0
V12 V22
h1 + = h2 + H in = H out
2 2
h in = h out
What range of 850 kPa steam quality
can be meaaured with this device?
4.65
FIRST LAW IN UNSTEADY SYSTEMS
Wboundary
p1
h1, u1, T1
m 1 = (m f m i ) mi
Q
For :
Q = E + W
Q = E f E i + (Wflow + Wboundary ) m i = 0, adiabatic vacuum
E i = m i u i + (m f m i )u1 Q = 0, W b = 0
Ef = mf u f u f = h1
Wf = pdV = (m f m i ) p1 (v end v1 ) c v (Tf To ) = c p (Ti To )
Wf = (m f m i ) p1v1
Q = m f u f m i u i (m f m i ) (u1 + p1v1 ) + Wb cp T To
= f
Q = m f u f m i u i (m f m i ) h1 + Wb c v Ti T o
FIRST LAW FOR UNSTEADY SYSTEMS To is arbitrary, To = 0
Q Wb + H in = U contents
T f = k Ti
A 200 cubic ft tank contains h1
u1 mi
2. lbm carbon dioxide and .1
T1
mole helium at an initial m 1 = (m i m f )
temperature of 70 F. 3 lbm
of air at 14.7 and 70 F are p1
admitted to the tank.
What is the final temperature of the tank?
Q = m f u f m i u i (m f m i )(h i )
m f u f = (3 .174 + 2 .1565 + .4 .745 )Tf = 1.125Tf
m i u i = (2 .1565 + .4 .745 ) (460 + 70 ) = 323.83
(m i m f )h1 = 3 .24 (460 + 70 ) = 381.6
Q = 1.125Tf 323.83 381.6 = 0
Tf = 627 o R
Tf = 167 o F
8 kg liquid water and 2 kg vapor at 300 kPa are Wboundary
contained in an insulated piston cylinder. Steam
at .5 MPa and 350 C are admitted until the piston
cylinder contains only vapor. Determine the final
temperature and the amount of steam admitted.
UNSTEADY SYSTEM
region in space
(Qin Q out ) + (Win Wout ) + (E mass in E mass out ) = U 2 U1
(Qin Q out ) + (Wb in Wb out ) + (E mass in E mass out ) = U 2 U1
(Qin Q out ) + (Wb in Wb out ) + (m 2 m1 ) h in (m 2 m1 ) h out =m 2 u 2 m1u1
Problem Set Up Strategies
System
- open, closed, unsteady
- schematic at each system state
State Point From Chapter 1
- property diagram Concepts
- locate points
Properties System
- property values tables, Ideal Gas Law Properties
- what properties remain constant ? State Point
Cycle
- what remains constant ? Process
Mass Balance Cycle
Identify Energy
- Forms
- Sources
- Uses
Energy Balance
- general equation
- from schematic
- specific for open system
- specific for closed system
- specific for unsteady system
V 2 m 2 /sec 2 1 kJ/kg
Kinetic Energy = =
2 2 1000 m 2 /sec 2
V2 ft 2 /sec 2 1
Kinetic Eenergy = = = Btu/lb
2g 2 32.3 ft/sec 2 778 ft lb/Btu
1 kJ
Work = pdV = kPa m 3 3
= kJ
1 kPam
lb 144 in 2 1 Btu
Work = pdV = 2 ft 3
= Btu
in ft 2
778ft lb