Fluid Machinery

ME 306 Fluid Mechanics II Fluid machinery is used to convert hydraulic energy to mechanical energy or vice versa.

Part 3 Power absorbing Power producing

Turbomachinery Work is done on the fluid Work is done by the fluid

Mechanical Energy Hydraulic Energy Hydraulic Energy Mechanical Energy

These presentations are prepared by

Dr. Cneyt Sert
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Middle East Technical University
Ankara, Turkey
csert@metu.edu.tr

Please ask for permission before using them. You are NOT allowed to modify them.

3-1
Pump Turbine
3-2

Classification of Fluid Machinery Classification of Fluid Machinery (contd)

Fluid machinery can be classified based on the motion of moving parts. 2 ) Turbomachines
1 ) Positive Displacement Machines Turbo means spin or whirl in Latin.
Fluid is directed into a closed volume. Turbomachines use rotating shafts with attached blades, vanes, buckets, etc.
Energy transfer is accomplished by movement of the boundary of the closed In ME 306 well study turbomachines (mostly pumps) as black boxes, i.e. without
volume. analyzing the details of flow fields inside them.
Closed volume expands and contracts, sucking the fluid in or pushing it out.

http://www.britannica.com http://www.noehill.com/
http://en.wikipedia.org nevada_county_california
http://speakeasies.biz http://www.bicycleaccessories.us http://en.wikipedia.org /cal1012.asp

Kaplan type
Human heart Water well pump Tire pump Gear pump Axial fan Centrifugal pump Pelton wheel
hydraulic turbine
3-3 3-4
 Classification of Turbomachines Classification of Turbomachines (contd)
Turbomachines Turbomachines

Power absorbing Power producing Power absorbing Power producing

Incompressible Compressible Incompressible Compressible Incompressible Compressible Incompressible Compressible

Pump Pump Propeller

Propellers are very similar to fans, but they are

Pumps increase the pressure of a liquid without
used to generate thrust.
changing its velocity considerably.
Marine propellers work with incompressible
Shown centrifugal (radial) pump is the most
water and aircraft propellers work with
common type. compressible air.
Visit www.standartpompa.com to get more Pressure difference between the front and back
information on sizes and capacities. surfaces of the blades create the thrust.
3-5 3-6

Classification of Turbomachines (contd) Classification of Turbomachines (contd)

Turbomachines Turbomachines

Power absorbing Power producing Power absorbing Power producing

Incompressible Compressible Incompressible Compressible Incompressible Compressible Incompressible Compressible

Pump Propeller Fan Pump Propeller Fan Blower

The main difference between fans, blowers and

compressors is the pressure difference they
create. Blowers work with medium amout of flow rates
and pressure ratios.
Fans create small pressure difference. Their main
purpose is to put high amount of fluid into They are mostly centrifugal type.
motion. Shown is an industrial type blower.
Shown is axial fan of a wind tunnel.
3-7 3-8
 Classification of Turbomachines (contd) Classification of Turbomachines (contd)
Turbomachines Turbomachines

Power absorbing Power producing Power absorbing Power producing

Incompressible Compressible Incompressible Compressible Incompressible Compressible Incompressible Compressible

Pump Propeller Fan Blower Compressor Pump Propeller Fan Blower Compressor Pelton
wheel

Compressors work with smaller flow rates, but Pelton wheels have buckets attached to a
create very high pressure ratios. rotating disk (wheel).

Shown is a multi-stage axial compressor. They convert kinetic energy of a high speed
liquid jet into mechanical energy.
Compressors are used in gas and steam turbines,
natural gas pumping stations, turbochargers, Largest ones used at hydraulic power plants have
refrigeration cycles, etc. capacities up to 200 MW.
3-9 3-10

Classification of Turbomachines (contd) Classification of Turbomachines (contd)

Turbomachines Turbomachines

Power absorbing Power producing Power absorbing Power producing

Incompressible Compressible Incompressible Compressible Incompressible Compressible Incompressible Compressible

Pump Propeller Fan Blower Compressor Pelton Hydraulic Pump Propeller Fan Blower Compressor Pelton Hydraulic Steam
wheel turbine wheel turbine turbine

Hydraulic turbines are used at dams to generate Steam turbines are used at power plants to
electricity using high pressure water. generate electricity using high temperature and
high pressure steam.
Common types are Francis and Kaplan.
80 % of worlds electricity is produced by steam
Shown are the runner blades of the Francis turbines.
turbines used at Three Gorges Dam / China.
Afin-Elbistan thermal power plant has a
Atatrk Dam has a capacity of 8 x 300 MW. capacity of 4 x 344 MW.
3-11 3-12
 Classification of Turbomachines (contd) Classification of Turbomachines (contd)
Turbomachines Turbomachines

Power absorbing Power producing Power absorbing Power producing

Incompressible Compressible Incompressible Compressible Incompressible Compressible Incompressible Compressible

Pump Propeller Fan Blower Compressor Pelton Hydraulic Steam Gas Pump Propeller Fan Blower Compressor Pelton Hydraulic Steam Gas Wind
wheel turbine turbine turbine wheel turbine turbine turbine turbine

Gas turbines are similar to steam turbines, but As of 2015 Turkeys wind energy production is
they use high temperature and high pressure 4.5 GW (6 %). Total capacity is 48 GW.
combustion gases. Worlds total wind energy production is 240 GW,
A Boeing 777 is powered by 2 turbofan engines, which is about 2.5 % of all electricity usage.
each generting a thrust of ~500 kN. There are wind turbines with more than 120 m
To learn how a turbofan engine operates visit rotor diameter, producing 6 MW of electricity
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GpklBS3s7iU (enough for 4500 homes)
(http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LQxp6QTjgJg)
3-13 3-14

Another Classification of Turbomachines Another Classification of Turbomachines (contd)

Turbomachines Turbomachines

Power absorbing Power producing Power absorbing Power producing

Uncased Cased Impulse Reaction Uncased Cased Impulse Reaction

Axial Flow Axial Flow Axial

Propeller Propeller

Out
Fluid enters an axial flow turbomachine parallel
Uncased turbomachines do not have a solid
to the axis of rotation.
casing around them.
Fluid leaves the machine also in axial direction.

In
3-15 3-16
 Another Classification of Turbomachines (contd) Another Classification of Turbomachines (contd)
Turbomachines Turbomachines

Power absorbing Power producing Power absorbing Power producing

Uncased Cased Impulse Reaction Uncased Cased Impulse Reaction

Axial Flow Axial Radial Axial Flow Axial Radial Mixed Pelton Wind Axial
Propeller Propeller wheel turbine (Kaplan)

In In radial flow machines fluid intake is parallel to Kaplan turbines are axial flow machines.
Out the axis of rotation. They are preferred for low head and high flow
Rotating impeller blades push the fluid in radial rate configurations.
direction. Their capacities are less than Francis type, less
Fluid leaves the machine perpendicular to the than 200 MW.
rotation axis. They can provide efficiencies higher than 95 %.
3-17 3-18

Another Classification of Turbomachines (contd) Centrifugal Pump

Turbomachines Centrifugal pump is the most commonly used type of turbomachine.

Power absorbing Power producing

Uncased Cased Impulse Reaction

Axial Flow Axial Radial Mixed Pelton Wind Axial Radial Mixed
Propeller wheel turbine (Kaplan) (Banki) (Francis)

Francis turbines are the most widely used

turbomachines for hydropower.
They are of mixed flow type.
They can provide more than 800 MW power.
For more information Munsons book

http://www.voithhydro.com
3-19 3-20
 Centrifugal Pump (contd) Pump Head ( )
For centrifugal pump details watch
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9nL1XhKm9q8 (Principles and parts)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vq3hEe5jzSM (Pump Parts)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UrChdDwHybY (Impeller animation)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RvOzKhUDmJM (Computer aided blade design)


Most important part is the impeller. It may have different designs such as Datum
Backward-curved, radial or forward-curved
Consider the BE between the inlet (suction) and outlet (discharge) of a pump.
Closed (shrouded) or open
2 2
Open, radial Closed (Shrouded)
+ + = + +
Open 2 2

Called backward-
curved if rotates in
this direction
Pump head
Pump head is the difference between the total heads at the
pump inlet and outlet.
Called forward-
curved if rotates Pump head is a positive quantity with units of length.
in this direction 3-21 3-22

Pump Head (contd) Pump Efficiency (contd)

Elevation difference between inlet and outlet is generally negligibly small. Power necessary to run the pump ( ), known as brake horsepower (bhp), is larger
than power delivered to the fluid due to
If suction and discharge pipe diameters are the same =
mechanical and fluidic frictional losses
For this simplified case
flow separation on impeller blade surfaces
= =
misalignment of inlet flow velocity with impeller blade geometry
i.e. pump head is the pressure rise across the pump expressed as a head. internal leakage, etc.

= >
Pump head is directly related to the power delivered to the fluid, known as water
horsepower for pump Rotational speed
= Torque supplied to of the pump
the pump shaft
for fluid Weight
flow rate
Efficiency of the pump is defined as (see the distributed handout for more details)
Pump head can be defined as the power delivered to the fluid per weight of the fluid
flowing through the pump in unit time (weight flow rate). = < 1

3-23 3-24
 Pump Efficiency (contd) Pump Efficiency (contd)
( ) : Pump power. Also called Internal efficiency ( ) is composed of two parts
=
shaft power. Power input to the
=
pump.

= = : Internal power

: Fluid power. Power delivered to Volumetric efficiency is due to the Hydraulic efficiency is due to the pump
the fluid. leakage ( ) through the clearances. The head being lower than the theoretical
Pump
flow rate that goes through the impellers head ( ) of the ideal operation without
is actually larger than the net flow rate frictional losses, separation, entrance
( ) : Mechanical power loss at bearings, passing through the pump. velocity misalignment, etc.
etc.

: Hydraulic friction loss (head loss) = =

: Leakage loss
Internal efficiency is
: Mechanical efficiency

: Internal efficiency = + = = = =

: Pump (overall) efficiency
3-25 3-26

Pump Efficiency (contd) Simplified Theoretical Analysis of a Centrifugal Pump

To summarize, efficiency of the pump is Exercise: Consider the given schematic of a centrifugal pump. Perform a control
volume analysis to derive a relation for the variation of the theoretical (ideal) pump
Mechanical efficiency = head as a function of discharge (volumetric flow rate).

Volumetric efficiency =

2

Hydraulic efficiency =

2 1

Internal efficiency = = =
1


Pump efficiency = = / = = = (1)

(2)

= Blade
Hydraulic eff.
Pump eff. Volumetric eff.
Mechanical eff.
3-27 3-28
 Important Parameters of a Centrifugal Pump Performance Curve of a Centrifugal Pump
Volumetric flow rate (discharge, capacity) curve of a pump is known as its performance (characteristic) curve.

Head (or simply ) For steady conditions, a pump can operate only on its performance curve.

Size (impeller diameter) At a given rotational speed () a typical centrifugal pump performance curve is

Rotational speed [rpm] or [s-1]

Shutoff head
Power consumption
Discharge valve of
Efficiency the pump is closed Free delivery
and = 0.
There is no load
Pump is not doing on the pump and
any useful work. = 0.
Fundamental characteristic (performance curve)
is a plot of vs. at a given rotational speed . = 0 & = 0 Pump is not doing
It is customary to plot and on the same figure. any useful work
= 0 & = 0
Note : This curve is for a
given rotational speed.

3-29 3-30

Best Efficiency Point (BEP) Similarity Laws for Pumps

The exact operation point of a pump depends on the system it is working in. Similitude analysis is used frequently in studying turbomachines
Pumps are designed to work at their maximum efficiency, but this is not always to predict the performance of a pump when a different sized impeller is used in
possible. the same casing.
Best Efficiency Point (BEP) to predict the performance of a pump when it operates at a different speed.
(or design point)

Head () Perform a Buckingham-Pi analysis with the following parameters

Efficiency () , , , , , ,
for maximum
efficiency to get the following non-dimensional groups
Power ( )

Flow coefficient : = Head coefficient : =
3 22

Note: All these 1

curves are for a given Power coefficient : = Reynolds number : = =
3 5 2
rotational speed .
for maximum efficiency
3-31 3-32
 Similarity Laws for Pumps (contd) Similarity Case 1 Different Rotational Speeds
In most pump applications similarity of viscous forces are not as important as the Consider a pump with a known performance. We want to determine its operation at a
other groups. different speed.
Two geometrically similar pumps are said to be operating under similar conditions if
the remaining three groups are equal.
1 = 2 , 1 = 2 , 1 = 2 1 = 2

where 1 and 2 refer to two different operating conditions of similar pumps. These
points are homologous points (similar operating points). Rotating at 1 Rotating at 2
Delivering 1 and 1 Delivering 2 and 2
These three equalities are known as affinity laws.
Using 1 Using 2

Exercise : Show that when affinity laws are satisfied, efficiencies of two homologous
points are equal. Pump sizes are the same (1 = 2 ). Affinity laws are simplified as follows

2 3
1 1 1 1 1
1
Exercise : How do nondimensional performance curve ( vs. ) of two = , = , =
2 2 2 2 2 2
geometrically similar pumps compare with each other? What about vs. and
vs.
3-33 3-34

Similarity Case 1 (contd) Similarity Case 1 (contd)

According to the affinity laws, for case 1 similarity Exercise : Head and efficiency of a centrifugal pump running at 1500 rpm are given as
is proportional with . = 50 200 24000 2
is proportional with the square of . = 60 1200 2
is proportional with the cube of . It is desired to deliver 0.03 m3/s of water against a head of 36 m. Determine

Exercise : What determines the operation speed of a pump? Is it something a) speed of the pump
Point 2
adjustable or should a pump be always run at the same speed? Do a search on b) efficiency of the pump
varible speed pump technology. 60 (desired
c) power consumption operating point)
of the pump 50
Exercise : Performance data of a centrifugal pump, running at 750 rpm is given in the 2 = 0.03 m3/s
following table. We want to predict the performance of the same pump when it is 40
2 = 36 m
running at a speed of 900 rpm. Point 1 [] 30 2 = ?
1A 1B 1C 1D 1E 1F 1G 1H
(a point similar to 20
point 2)
(3 /) 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 10
() 40 41 41 40 38 34 26 15 1 = ?
1 = ? 0
() 0 114.9 134.1 152.9 175.4 196.2 204.1 187.3 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04
0 0.35 0.60 0.77 0.85 0.85 0.75 0.55 1 = 1500 rpm [m3 /s]
3-35 3-36
 Similarity Case 2 Different Sizes (Impeller Diameters) Similarity Case 2 (contd)
Consider a pump with a known performance. We want to determine the operation of Exercise : Characteristic curve of a centrifugal pump is given as
a geometrically similar pump with a different impeller size rotating at the same speed.
= 100 1000 2
It is desired to deliver 0.1 m3/s of water against a head of 70 m. For these
requirements it is thought that using a similar pump with a smaller impeller would be
1 = 2 more efficient.
a) Determine the required percent reduction in impeller diameter.
Size is 1 Size is 2 b) Determine the percent decrease in power consumption.
Delivering 1 and 1 Delivering 2 and 2 120
Using 1 Using 2 100
Point 2
Point 1 (desired
(a point similar to 80 operating point)
Rotational speeds are the same (1 = 2). Affinity laws simplify as follows point 2)
[m] 60 2 = 0.1 m3/s
3 2
1 5 1 = ? 40 2 = 70 m
1 1 1 1 1
= , = , = 1 = ? 2 = ?
2 2 2 2 2 2 20
1 = ?
0
3-37 0 0.1 [m3 /s] 0.2 0.3 3-38

Similarity Combined Case 1 and 2 System Characteristic

Exercise : A pump manufacturing company produces a water pump (called pump A) A pump works at an operating point on its characteristic curve.
with an impeller diameter of 6 cm. Its performance data at N = 1725 rpm is shown
But this operating point depends on the system that the pump is installed in.
below.
Following pump works between a suction reservoir () and a discharge reservoir ().
Marketing department of the company is recommending the design of a new larger
pump (called pump B) that will be used to pump refrigerant R-134a at room
temperature. Pump B should be designed such that its BEP occurs as close as BE between points and
possible to a flow rate of 2400 cm3/s at a head of 450 cm.
2
Perform a preliminary similarity analysis to Data for pump A (@ 1725 rpm) 2
+ + = + + +
determine if a scaled-up version of pump A will [cm3 /s] [cm] [%] 2 2

be suitable or not. Total major and
100 180 32
minor losses Pump
a) Plot performance curves of pump A using 200 185 54
both dimensional ( vs ) and nondimensional 300 175 70
( vs ) parameters. If = = and = = 0
400 170 79
b) Calculate the required diameter, rotational 500 150 81 = +
speed and the power required to run (brake 600 95 66
horse power) pump B at its BEP.
700 54 38 Total geometric head (= )
3-39 3-40
 System Characteristic (contd) System Characteristic (contd)
consists of major and minor losses calculated as Using this in the BE we get the following system characteristic equation
Actual or equivalent pipe length
= + 2
2 2
= +
2 2

Pipe diameter Head loss coefficient + 2
Friction factor
for minor losses

s are average velocities in suction and discharge pipes.

Using the continuity eqution = /
and the total loss becomes

2 2
= + Minimum head the pump should provide is equal to the total geometric head.
22 22

Additional pump head is necessary to overcome frictional losses. This part increases
or simply = 2 with the square of the flow rate.
3-41 3-42

System Characteristic (contd) Operating Point

It is possible to change system characteristic in two ways. A pump installed on a system will not work at an arbitrary point.
It will operate at the point where pump and system characteristics intersect.
Total geometric head ( , the Friction loss can be changed by
changing . For example by opening Operating
difference between reservoir levels)
point
can be changed. or closing a valve. System characteristic
(Demand curve)

3 + 2
+ 3 2 Pump characteristic
2 + 2
+ 2 2 (Supply curve)
1 + 2
+ 1 2

increases Normally we want the operating point to be close to the BEP (design point).
increases
However BEP is not always the most economical operating point as far as the power
consumption is concerned, i.e. BEP is not necessarily the minimum point.
3-43 3-44
 System Characteristic, Operating Point & Similarity Cavitation
Exercise : Characteristics of a centrifugal pump at 600 rpm is given below. The pump In a liquid flow cavitation occurs when the local static pressure falls below the vapor
is used to elevate water by 32 m from a lake to an open tank. Flow rate is measured pressure of the liquid.
as 22 lps while the delivery valve is fully open and the pump running at 600 rpm.
For a cavitating flow
70
Determine the power consumptions liquid locally vaporizes forming bubbles.
for the following operations.
60
[%]
bubbles collapse as they travel to higher pressure regions and cause
erosion/surface pitting.
a) Valve closure is increased 50
such that the frictional loss flow becomes unsteady and noisy causing turbomachine to vibrate.
is doubled. m
40 performance of turbomachine drops.
b) Pump speed is increased 30
to 720 rpm while keeping For a pump, critical low pressure region is the entrance, and for a turbine it is the exit.
the valve fully open. 20 High speed regions like propeller blade tips are also critical.

10
Listen to the sound of a cavitating pump : www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qw97DkOYYrg
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 Watch propeller tip cavitation : www.youtube.com/watch?v=GpklBS3s7iU
[lps] 3-45 3-46

Cavitation Damage Cavitation of a Pump and

Damage on Cavitation possibility of a pump is checked using a variable called Net Positive Suction
Francis turbine Head ().
blades
is the difference between the total head at the suction side and the head
corresponding to the vapor pressure.
Damage on centrifugal pump impeller Suction velocity
Suction pressure Vapor pressure
2
en.wikipedia.org
= +
2

Total head at the suction side

of the pump (Datum can be
arranged so that = 0)

Suction side of the pump is the side where fluid enters into the pump. It is used
Damage on because it is the critical region due to low pressures.
propeller www.pumpfundamentals.com
en.wikipedia.org blades 3-47 3-48
 NPSH (contd) NPSH (contd)
There are two values of that we work with is the value that we need to calculate for the problem of interest.
required ( ) Consider the BE for the suction side of a pump
available ( )
2 2
+ + = + + +
is the value that must be exceeded to prevent cavitation. 2 2 Pump
It is measured by the manufacturer of the pump and provided as an extra curve on the =
pump characteristic plot.
= 0
=
: Frictional losses at the suction side Suction pipe

2
+ =
2

3-49 3-50

NPSH (contd) NPSH (contd)

Using the last equation in the definition of Exercise : 184 mm impeller diameter centrifugal pump running at 1450 rpm is used to
pump water at 25 from a reservoir whose surface is 1.2 m above the centerline of
2
= + = the pump inlet. Reservoir is open to
2 atmospheric pressure.
www.standartpompa.com

12 184 40 % 50
No cavitation Cavitation The piping system from the reservoir 55
11
to the pump consists of 3.2 m of cast 174
iron pipe with a diameter of 5 cm and 10
To prevent cavitation an average roughness of 0.05 cm.
59.5

m
9
Minor losses at the suction side of the 154

pump are; a sharp edged inlet ( = 0.5), 8 55
three flanged smooth 90o elbows 50
( = 0.3 each) and a fully open flanged 7
globe valve ( = 6). 6
Exercise : What can be done to make larger for the pump shown in the Estimate the maximum flow rate that
154

N m
previous slide? 2
can be pumped without cavitation. 184
1
Exercise : How does the vapor pressure of water change with temperature? What 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
does this information tell us as far as cavitation prevention is concerned?
3-51 [m3 /h] 3-52
 Suction Specific Speed () Pump Specific Speed ( )
Suction specific speed is a nondimensional version of Suction specific speed () is a specific form of a more general nondimensional number
called pump specific speed ( ).

= is obtained by combining and as follows
( )3/4
1/2
It is usually evaluated at the BEP of a pump.
= 3/4
=
For a family of geometrically similar pumps, (evaluated at BEP) is the same. ()3/4
To prevent cavitation, should be less than a critical , which is around 3 for
is a special version of obtained by replacing with .
centrifugal pumps.
This critical value gives a quick way to perform preliminary cavitation check. is useful to classify and compare different types of pumps at their BEP.
In United States it is a common practice to use a dimensional form of . is mainly used for preliminary pump selection.

Similar to , there are dimensional forms of commonly used in the industry.

Exercise : For the pump given in the previous slide calculate the suction specific
speed at BEP and show that it is less than the critical value of 3.

3-53 3-54

Pump Specific Speed (contd) Series Combination of Pumps

Series combination is used if the head provided by a single pump is not enough.
engels book

= =

Pump A Pump B
provides Provides

= +

Centrifugal pumps work efficiently around = 0.9. Same goes through both pumps.
Total head provided is the sum of individual heads.
Mixed pumps work efficiently around = 2.5.
Pumps can be identical or different.
Axial pumps work efficiently around = 4.5.
More than two pumps can be combined in series.
3-55 3-56
 Series Combination of Pumps (contd) Series Combination of Pumps (contd)
Exercise : Show that for two pumps combined in series overall efficiency is If the pumps are NOT identical

+
=

+ System

Pump A+B characteristic
To get combined pump characteristic, individual pump characteristics are added
vertically.
If the pumps are identical Operating
Pump A point
Pump A+B System
characteristic
Pump B
Operating

point
Pump A or B
Above a certain pump B is forced to operate above its free delivery point. For such
a case it just creates extra loss and should be shut off and bypassed.
3-57 3-58

Series Combination of Pumps (contd) Parallel Combination of Pumps

Exercise : Two identical pumps, with shown characteristics, are combined in series and Parallel combination is used if the flow rate provided by a single pump is not enough.

used to transport water between two reservoirs with an elevation difference of

Pump A
= 50 m. Total length of suction and discharge pipes is 120 m. Pipe

diameters are 0.12 m. Friction factor inside the pipes is 0.022. Neglecting the minor = +
losses, determine the power required to drive both pumps.

Pump B
90

70 = =
[m] 50
Each pump provides the same head .
[%] 30
Total flow rate is the sum of individual flow rates.
10
Pumps can be identical or different.
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05
More than two pumps can be combined in parallel.
[m3 /s] 3-59 3-60
 Parallel Combination of Pumps (contd) Parallel Combination of Pumps (contd)
Exercise : Show that for two pumps combined in parallel overall efficiency is If the pumps are NOT identical

+
=
Operating
+
point System
To get combined pump characteristic, individual pump characteristics are added characteristic
horizontally.
If the pumps are identical
System
Pump A+B
characteristic
Pump A+B
Pump B Pump A

Operating
point
Above a certain pump B is forced to operate above its shutoff head. For such a case
Pump A or B it just creates extra loss and should be shut off and its branch should be blocked with a
valve.
3-61 3-62

Pump Selection Pump Selection (contd)

Two main inputs for pump selection are Using the required head and flow rate we can first select a pump family from a
manufacturers catalogue. For example for the plot given below at 2900 rpm,
required head
65-160 family is suitable for = 100 m3 /h and = 30 m.
required flow rate
120
100
Additional considerations for pump selection are
80
pump speed (depends on the speed of the electric motor) 60

type of fluid (highly viscous, muddy, etc.) 40

available space, vertical placement limitations that will affect m
30
maximum allowable noise level
etc.
20

For preliminary pump selection specific speed ( ) and suction specific speed () are 15 2900 rpm
www.standartpompa.com
commonly used. 10
5 10 15 20 30 40 50 100 200 300 600

3-63
[m3 /h] 3-64
 Pump Selection (contd) Turbines
50 184 50 %
60 65
These are the detailed performance 45 70 Fundamental performance characteristic or a reaction type turbine is the power
175 73.5
curves of the the pumps in 65-160 40
produced vs. rotational speed curve at a given head.
family running at 2900 rpm. 160 70
35

m
There are three similar pumps with 65
30 60
At a given
impeller diameters of 160 mm, head
175 mm and 184 mm. 25
50
Black curves are iso-efficinecy lines. 20

and curves are also 10

160 184

N
provided. 6

m
2 Affinity laws used for pumps are valid for turbines too.
One of these three pumps can be 20 184
selected by considering cavitation
15 175 Turbine specific speed can be used for preliminary turbine selection. It is defined in a
possibility, efficiency and power

kW
160 slightly different way than pumps
consumption. 10
1/2
The smallest pump can not provide 5
= 5/4
=
the required head of 30 m at the 0
Adapted from www.standartpompa.com ()5/4
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
desired flow rate of 100 m3 /h.
[m3 /h] 3-65 3-66

Impulse Type Turbine Pelton Wheel Reaction Type Francis and Kaplan Turbines
http://www.photobucket.com

Compare Pelton, Kaplan and Francis turbines:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0BLOKEZ3KU
3-67 3-68
 Francis and Kaplan Turbines (contd) Turbine Specific Speed ( )

engels book
Runner of a Kaplan turbine

www.tbhic.cn

Runner of a Francis turbine

www.geppert.at

Impulse turbines work efficiently around = 0.15 (High , low ).

Francis turbine: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3BCiFeykRzo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IZdiWBEzISM Francis turbines work efficiently around = 1.2.

Kaplan turbine: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0p03UTgpnDU Kaplan turbines work efficiently around = 2.5 (Low , high ).
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_eLufvzh5HU
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Turbines (contd) Turbines (contd)

Exercise: A Francis turbine is being designed for a hydroelectric dam. Instead of Exercise : Calculate the specific speeds of the following turbines
starting from scratch, the engineers decide to geometrically scale up a previously
a) Francis type radial flow turbine at the Round Butte hydroelectric power station in
designed turbine that has an excellent performance history. The existing turbine
Madras rotating at 180 rpm and producing 119 MW of power at a flow rate of
(turbine A) has diameter = 2.05 m, and spins at = 120 rpm. At its best efficiency
127 m3 /s from a head of 105 m.
point, = 350 m3/s, =75 m = 242 MW. The new turbine (turbine B) is for a
larger facility. Its generator will spin at the same speed (120 rpm), but its net head b) Francis type mixed flow turbine at the Smith Mountain hydroelectric power
will be higher ( = 104 m). station in Roanoke, VA, rotating at 100 rpm and producing 194 MW of power at a
flow rate of 375 m3 /s from a head of 54.9 m.
a) Calculate the diameter ( ) of the new turbine such that it operates most
c) Kaplan type axial flow turbine at the Warwick hydroelectric power station in
efficiently, and calculate , and .
Cordele, GA, rotating at 100 rpm and producing 5.37 MW of power at a flow rate
of 63.7 m3 /s from a head of 9.75 m.
b) Calculate the turbine specific speeds of both turbines.

Exercise : Learn the meaning of the following turbine related terms

Runner blade, wicket gate, stay vane, crown, penstock, draft tube, tail water

Exercise : How does hydraulic power work? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cEL7yc8R42k

Virtual turbines http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HzQPNpP55xQ
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