of water
related to transportation
Shared electrons pulled closer to the oxygen atom than the hydrogen atoms;
(this makes it) dipolar;
makes it a good solvent for other polar molecules;
susbtances can be transported more easier when dissolved into water;
Water is also cohesive (due to polar nature) ;
this helps water to flow
Semi-conservative replication
making new DNA / copying DNA ;
makes identical copies ;
new molecule has one old and one new strand ;
DNA strands separate / eq ;
each strand acts as a template ;
individual nucleotides line up against (old) strand ;
complementary base pairing ;
nucleotides joined (by DNA polymerase)
once bloods flown through the valve, pressure is greater in the front of the valve;
(which) forces it shut, preventing blood from flowing back into the chamber/backflow
Muscular walls;
These features enable effective control and regulation of high blood pressure
Movement of molecules in and out of cells
DIFFUSION:
molecules/ions move down/with a concentration gradient;
rate increased by a greater concentration difference/ higher temperatures/ smaller
molecules or ions/ larger surface area of membrane/ smaller diffusion distance;
Credit example of diffusion e.g. oxygen, carbon dioxide, water;
FACILITATED DIFFUSION:
molecules/ions move down/with a concentration gradient;
requires protein channel/ carrier membrane;
credit example of facilitated diffusion, such as glucose/amino acids/named ion;
OSMOSIS:
movement of water;
from high/less negative water potential/area of high concentration to lower
concentration
across partially permeable/ membrane;
ACTIVE TRANSPORT:
molecules/ions move down/w ith a concentration gradient;
requires protein channel/carrier membrane;
credit example e.g. sodium/potassium/proton pump;
ENDOCYTOSIS (exocytosis/pinocytosis/phagocytosis):
Description of process;
Active transport/endocytosis etc., require ATP /energy OR diffusion/facilitated/
osmosis do not req energy
Active transport
Structure of an enzyme
Atherosclerosis/Atheroma
Thrombosis
HDLS
Mainly protein;
Activate more cholesterol receptors on the liver, so more is brought in (where
cholesterol is recycled);
Reduces total blood cholesterol when level is too high
Opposite for LDLs - with LDLs being mostly lipid
PLANT STATINS:
Stanols / Sterols;
Reduce blood cholesterol;
Reduces amount absorbed by the gut;
BENEFITS:
Reduces risk of CVD;
RISKS:
Reduces risk of absorption of vitamins;
ANTICOAGULANTS:
Reduces blood clotting;
Artery walls less likely to get damaged;
BENEFITS:
Treat people with CVD / blood clots;
No new ones can form;
RISKS:
Excessive blooding occurs when injured;
Fainting / allergic reactions / osteoporosis;
One cell thick/thin (not thin membrane)/flattened cells for faster diffusion/shorter
diffusion pathway;
Large surface area for faster diffusion;
Ventilation to maintain a diffusion/concentration gradient;
Adaptation of alveolus
Protein synthesis
Transcription;
Occurs inside nucleus;
Translation;
Occurs in cytoplasm
Hydrogen bonds between 2 DNA strands of a gene break;
DNA molecule uncoils;
Antisense strand used a template;
to make mRNA;
using complementary base pairing;
mRNA moves out of the nuclear pores;
attaches to a {ribosome / RER};
tRNA carrys amino acids to ribosome;
tRNA molecules with complementary bases to the triples on the mRNA attach to
molecule using complementary base pairing;
Amino acids attached to tRNA are joined by peptide bonds;
Forming a polypeptide chain;
tRNA molecules move away;
Process continues until theres a stop signal on the mRNA
(primary structure) {position / sequence / order /eq} of the {amino acids / R groups} /
eq ;
idea that this determines the {positioning / type} of the {bonds / folding / eq} ;
determining the {shape / properties} of the active site / eq ;
idea of interaction of active sites and substrates ;
idea of {polar / hydrophilic} on the outside of enzymes / {non polar / hydrophobic} on
the inside / eq ;
reference to solubility ;
Or:
false positive / negative / eq ;
consequences of false result e.g. abortion of
(healthy) fetus ;
Or:
who has right to decide if tests should be performed / eq ;
{implications of medical costs / discrepancies over next step} / parents {have a right
to know / can prepare / eq} ;
Or:
issues relating to confidentiality of {parents / child} / eq ;
idea that {some other abnormality may be found / paternal DNA does NOT match /
other family members have right to know results} ;
Or:
if abnormality found / eq ;
consequence of abnormality found e.g. abortion, comment on possible problems with
{future employment / insurance / what constitutes a serious condition} / eq ;
Or:
damage to fetus / risk of miscarriage ;
loss of fetus / risk to mother / eq ;
Or:
ref. to stress to parents /eq ;
consequences of stress e.g. increased risk of miscarriage ;
reference to using {alleles / genes / eq} coding for the CFTR {protein / channel} ;
reference to introducing the {alleles / genes / eq} into the cells ;
of the {lungs / pancreas / reproduc;ve tracts / eq} ;
that produce mucus / eq ;
using a {vector / named vector} ;
credit suitable delivery mechanism e.g. nebuliser, injec;on ;
idea that treatment needs to be repeated (due to cell replacement) ;
blood ows {faster /at higher pressure / eq} (to the body) ;
blood ows {slower /at lower pressure / eq}to the lung ;
idea that this reduces risk of damage to lungs;
correct ref to more ecient {exchange /transport} of gases / eq ;
Statement
Preimplantation
genetic diagnosis X
Prenatal genetic
screening X
Saccharides
Nucleobases
Endocytosis
Takes substances from outside the cell;
via vesicles from the plasma membrane;
TERM DESCRIPTION
Importance of repeats
(Allows) anomalies to be identified / ignored / effect of anomalies to be reduced /
effect of variation in data to be minimised;
Able to check that results are similar / concordant;
Able to reduce / identify effect of anomalies / extreme values;
Gives reliable mean;
Allows statistics test to be carried out;
Cardiac cycle
1. Ventricular diastole / Atrial systole:
Ventricles relaxed;
Atria contract;
Volume of chamber decreases and pressure increases;
Blood is pushed into ventricles;
Ventricular pressure / chamber volume increases;
as the ventricles receive the ejected blood from the contracting atria;
2. Ventricular systole / Atrial diastole:
Atria relax;
Ventricles contract
Volume decreases and pressure increases;
Pressure becomes higher in ventricles than atria;
Atroventricular valves forced shut to prevent backflow;
Pressure in ventricles higher than in aorta / pulmonary artery;
Semi-lunar valves forced open;
Blood forced out into these arteries;
3. Ventricular diastole / Atrial diastole:
Ventricles and atria relax;
Higher pressure in pulmonary artery and aorta force SL valves shut to prevent
backflow into ventricles;
Blood returns to the heart and atria fill again;
due to higher pressure in the vena cava and pulmonary vein;
atrial pressure increases;
ventricles continue to relax, so pressure falls below the pressure of the atria;
(so) AV valves open;
Blood flows passively (not pushed by atrial contraction) into ventricles from the atria;
Atrial contraction occurs and process is repeated