CONDUCTION

At mention of the word conduction we should immediately conjure up concepts of

atonomic and molecular activity, for it is processes at these levels that sustain this mode of heat
trasfer. This energy is related to the random tranlational motion ,as well as to the internal
rotanional and vibration motions, of the molecules. Moreover, higher temperatures are
associated withhigher melecular energies, and when neightboring molecules collide, as they are
constantly doing, a trasfer of energy from the more energetic to the less energetic melecules
mustaccur. The situation is much the same liquids,althought the molecules are more closely
spaced and the molecular interactions are stronger and more frequent similiary, in a solid,
conduction may be attrebutted to atonomic activity in the form of lattice vibrations. The modren
view is to ascribe the energy trasfer to lattice waves induced by atomic motion. In a
nonconductor, the energy trasfer is exclusively via these lattice waves in a conductor is it also
due to the traslational motion of the free electrons.
Examples of conduction heat transfer are legion. The exposed end of a metal spoon
suddenly immersed in a cup of hot coffee will eventually be warmed due to conduction of
energy through the spoon. On a winter day there is significant energy losst from a heated room
to the outside air. This loss principally due to conduction heat trasfer throught the wall that
separates the room air from the out side air

CONVECTION
The convection heat trasfer mode is comprised of two mechanisms. In addition to
energy trasfer due to random molecular motion (diffusion), there is also energy being trasferred
by the bulk, or macroscopic, montion of the fluid. It is costumary to use term convection when
referring to this cumulative trasport by the random montion of the molecules and by the bulk
montion of the fluid. It is customary tu use the term convection when referring to this
cumulative trasport and the term advection when referring to trasport dur to bulk fluid montion
Convection heat trasfer may be categorized according to the nature of thr flow. We
speak of the forced convection when the flow is caused by some external means, such as by a
fan, a pump, or atmospheric winds in contrast, for freeconvection the flow is induced by
buoyancy forces in the fluid. Yhese forces arise from density variations caused by temperature
variations in the fluid .we have described the convection heat trasfer mode as energy trasfer
occurring within a fluid due to combined effects of conduction and bulk fluid montion

RADIATION
Thermal radiation is energy emitted by matter that is a finite temperature althought we
focus primarily on radiation from solid surfaces, emission may also accor from liquids and
gases.here we have modeled the radiation mode in a manner similar to convection. In this sense
we have linearized the radiation rate equation, making the heat rate propotional to a temperature
difference rather than to the difference between two twmperature, while the temperature
depedence of the convetional heat trasfer cocfficient his generally weak