Abrasive - (of a substance or material)
capable of polishing or cleaning a hard
surface by rubbing or grinding.
Addendum - That portion of a gear
tooth that extends from the pitch
circle to the outside diameter.
Backlash - The lost motion or
looseness (play) between the faces of
meshing gears or threads.
Bevel Gears - are used to produce
output shaft rotation at an angle to
input shaft while also providing a gear
increase or decrease. Bevel gear pairs
can be manufactured to achieve any
output angle greater than 0 degrees
and less than 180 degrees, with 90
degrees being that most common
arrangement.
Caliper - is a device used
to measure the distance between two
opposite sides of an object
Chuck - A device on a machine tool to
hold the workpiece or a cutting tool.
Circular Pitch - The distance measured
on the pitch circle from a point on a
gear tooth to the same point on the
next gear tooth.
Countersinking is the operation of
producing a taper or cone shape
surface at the entrance of a hole for
the purpose of having the head of a
flat head screw, aviation rivet or other
similar fastener sit flush or below a
surface.
Dedendum - The difference between
the radius of the pitch circle of
a gear and its root circle
Dial indicator is used to display small
measurement changes in an amplified
form in order to make them more
relevant to those monitoring the
readings. The gradations measured
with a dial indicator are small,
typically 0.001 inch to 0.100 inch
Diametral Pitch - Ratio of the number
of teeth on a gear to the number of
inches of pitch diameter or the
number of teeth to each inch of pitch
diameter.
Dividing Head - A machine tool holding
fixture which positions the work for
accurately spacing holes, slots, flutes
and gear teeth and for making
geometric shapes. When geared to the
table lead screw, it can be used for
helical milling operations.
Feeler gage - A gage consisting of a
group of very thin blades, each of
which is accurately ground to a
specific thickness
A Gear Rack or Rack Gear is spur gear
teeth or helical gear teeth cut on a
linear rectangular or round rod. Gear
racks can be described as a sector
gear with an infinitely large radius of
curvature.
Head Stock - The fixed or stationary
end of a lathe or similar machine tool.
Independent Chuck - a chuck for
holding work by means of four jaws
that may be moved separately
Indexing - The process of
positioning a workpiece for
machining it into equal spaces.
Dimensions or angles using an
index or dividing head
Knurling - The process of finishing a
part by scoring (pressing) patterns
on the surface of the work
Lathe - a machine for shaping wood,
metal, or other material by means of a
rotating drive that turns the piece
being worked on against changeable
cutting tools.
Center Line - a real or imaginary line
through the center of something,
especially one following an axis of
symmetry.
mandrel (also mandril or arbor) is
one of the following:
a round object against which
material can be forged or shaped;
or
a tool component such as
a chuck that grips or clamps
materials to be machined in
a lathe, or any other part which is
to be spun or rotated
Normalization is a kind of heat
treatment that relieves stress on steel;
this improves ductility
and toughness in steels that
may harden after the cold
working process
Pitch Circle - The line (circle) of
contact between two meshing gears.
Quenching - Rapid cooling of
hardening; normally achieved by
immersion of the object to be
hardened in water, oil, or solutions of
salt or organic compounds in water.
Reaming is a finishing operation
performed with a multi-edge tool
giving high-precision holes. High
surface finish, superb hole quality and
close dimensional tolerance are
achieved at high penetration rates and
small depths of cut.
The slotting machine is a reciprocating
machine tool in which, the ram holding
the tool reciprocates in a vertical axis
and the cutting action of the tool is
only during the downward stroke
Stud bolt - a bolt with threads on
both ends designed to be screwed
permanently into a fixed part at
one end and to receive a nut on the
other
A tap cuts a thread on the inside surface of a
hole, creating a female surface which
functions like a nut
Universal Chuck - A chuck whose jaws
are so arranged that they are all
moved together at the same rate by a
special wrench.
A Worm Gear is used to position the
rotation of the output shaft at 90
degrees to the input shaft. Worm
gears are more compact than bevel
gears and can be used to provide
large speed reductions without need
for extra idlers. A worm gear
resembles a screw in appearance.
Boring is the process of enlarging a hole that
has already been drilled (or cast), by means
of a single-point cutting tool (or of a boring
head containing several such tools)
Brazing is a metal-joining process in which
two or more metal items are joined together
by melting and flowing a filler metal into the
joint, the filler metal having a lower melting
point than the adjoining metal
An external gear is one with the teeth formed
on the outer surface of a cylinder or cone.
Electric Arc Welding - The joining of metal
pieces by fusion, the heat for which is
provided by an electric arc or the flow of
electric current between the electrode and
the base metal. The electrode is either a
consumable, melting and bead-depositing,
or nonconsumable metal rod. The base is
the parent metal.
Hardening - Increasing the hardness by
suitable treatment, usually involving heating
and cooling.
Internal Diameter - The diameter of the
inside of a tube, pipe or other object. Often
abbreviated,"ID".
Micrometer - a gauge that measures small
distances or thicknesses between its two
faces, one of which can be moved away
from or toward the other by turning a screw
with a fine thread.
Milling Machine - a machine tool for
rotating a cutter (milling cutter) to
produce plane or formed surfaces on a
workpiece, usually by moving the work
past the cutter.
Resistance Welding is a thermo-
electric process where heat is generated at
the interface of the parts to be joined by
passing an electrical current through them
or a precisely controlled time and under a
controlled pressure (also called force).
Soldering is a process in which two or more
items (usually metal) are joined together by
melting and putting a filler metal (solder) into
the joint, the filler metal having a lower melting
point than the adjoining metal.
A torque wrench is a tool used to apply
precisely a specific torque to a fastener
such as a nut or bolt. It is usually in the form
of a socket wrench with special internal
mechanisms. It was invented by Conrad
Bahr in 1918 while working for the New York
City Water Department.
WHOLE DEPTH (ht) is the total depth
of a tooth space, equal to addendum
plus dedendum, equal to the working
depth plus variance.
Chromium - a lustrous, hard, brittle,
metallic element used in alloy steels
for hardness and corrosion resistance,
as in stainless steel, and for plating
other metals: chromium salts are used
as pigments and mordants.
Galvanized Iron - iron that is coated
with zinc to protect it from rust
A herringbone gear, a specific type
of double helical gear,[1] is a special type
of gear that is a side to side (not face to face)
combination of two helical gears of opposite
hands.
Spur gears or straight-cut gears are the
simplest type of gear. They consist of a
cylinder or disk with teeth projecting radially
Tapping is the process of cutting a thread
inside a hole so that a cap screw or bolt can
be threaded into the hole. Also, it is used to
make threads on nuts
Brass is a metal alloy made of copper and
zinc; the proportions of zinc and copper can
be varied to create a range of brasses with
varying properties. It is a substitutional alloy:
atoms of the two constituents may replace
each other within the same crystal structure.
Bronze is an alloy consisting primarily
of copper, commonly with about 12% tin and
often with the addition of other metals (such
as aluminium, manganese, nickel or zinc) and
sometimes non-metals or metalloids such
as arsenic, phosphorus or silicon. These
additions produce a range of alloys that may
be harder than copper alone, or have other
useful properties, such as stiffness, ductility,
or machinability.
Forging is a manufacturing process involving
the shaping of metal using
localized compressive forces. The blows are
delivered with a hammer (often a power
hammer) or a die.
Flywheel - a heavy revolving wheel in a
machine that is used to increase the
machine's momentum and thereby provide
greater stability or a reserve of available
power during interruptions in the delivery of
power to the machine.
High-speed steel (HSS or HS) is a subset
of tool steels, commonly used in tool bits
and cutting tools. It is often used in power-
saw blades and drill bits.
Diamond - native crystalline carbon that is
the hardest known mineral, that is usually
nearly colorless, that when transparent and
free from flaws is highly valued as a
precious stone, and that is used industrially
especially as an abrasive;
Endurance limit - the highest stress that a
material can withstand for an infinite number
of cycles without breaking
Elastic Limit - the greatest stress that can
be applied to an elastic body without
causing permanent deformation.
Yield strength refers to an indication of
maximum stress that can be
developed in a material without
causing plastic deformation. It is the
stress at which a material exhibits a
specified permanent deformation and
is a practical approximation of the
elastic limit
Glass - a hard, brittle substance,
typically transparent or translucent,
made by fusing sand with soda, lime,
and sometimes other ingredients and
cooling rapidly. It is used to make
windows, drinking containers, and
other articles.
Gold - a hard, brittle substance, typically
transparent or translucent, made by fusing
sand with soda, lime, and sometimes other
ingredients and cooling rapidly. It is used to
make windows, drinking containers, and
other articles.
Lubrication is the process or technique
employed to reduce friction between, and
wear of one or both, surfaces in proximity and
moving relative to each other, by interposing a
substance called a lubricant in between them.
Manganese - a hard, brittle, grayish-
white, metallic element, an oxide of
which, MnO2 (manganese dioxide) is a
valuable oxidizing agent: used chiefly
as an alloying agent in steel to give it
toughness
Oil stone - a block of fine-grained
stone, usually oiled, for putting the
final edge on certain cutting tools by
abrasion.
Poissons Ratio - the ratio of the
proportional decrease in a lateral
measurement to the proportional increase in
length in a sample of material that is
elastically stretched.
Packing - a stationary seal or gasket
A mechanical seal is a device that helps join
systems or mechanisms together by
preventing leakage (e.g. in
a plumbing system), containing pressure, or
excluding contamination. The effectiveness of
a seal is dependent on adhesion in the case
of sealants and compression in the case
of gaskets.
Engineering strain is defined as the
amount of deformation in the direction of the
applied force divided by the initial length of
the material.
Stress is a physical quantity that expresses
the internal forces that neighboring particles
of a continuous material exert on each
other,
Ultimate Strength - The maximum stress
(tensile, compressive or shear) a material
can sustain without fracture. It is determined
by dividing maximum load by the original
cross-sectional area of the specimen.
Heat Treatment - A combination of heating
and cooling operations timed and applied to
a metal in a solid state in a way that will
produce desired properties.
Iron ores[1] are rocks and minerals
from which metallic iron can be
economically extracted. The ores are
usually rich in iron oxides and vary in
color from dark grey, bright yellow, or
deep purple to rusty red
Magnetic - capable of being attracted by or
acquiring the properties of a magnet.
Non magnetic - not capable of being
magnetized
Shaping, a machining operation in
which the primary motion is performed
by the tool, and feed by the workpiece
Magnetite is a mineral and one of the main
iron ores. With the chemical formula is Fe3O4,
it is one of the oxides of iron. Magnetite
is ferrimagnetic; it is attracted to a magnet and
can be magnetized to become a permanent
magnet itself.[5][6] It is the most magnetic of all
the naturally-occurring minerals on Earth