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The LEA Series in Personality seunenta a) ery snd lineal Peychology a ion ME Dent Tein tt fea fy scan «sa ae gs eat en Psi ent Pt hen ote PR MEMORY AND SUGGESTIBILITY IN THE FORENSIC INTERVIEW. Edited by Mitchell L. Eisen fornia State University, Los Angeles Jodi A. Quas University of California, Irvine Gail $. Goodman University of Cal TEA cawnence extsaum associares PUBLISHERS U2) Nahwah New Jrey London OBSERVABLES stages Prone be Event [am] pees ‘e unjcomndinghow th reread aghast Seether naomi apie eee ‘Setnteronanesiy dea ecaepenan ec a ‘No miter what the scope or complet of an event, Homever, the de serpin of memory for can be fly spared nt encode vet is ogi perception and arquaon ts retenen once doe {esome change inthe nervous apt ha cone cad eoney ad ts ate Yet! in pone to sone quay, Figure 1 provides the organisational homeo ti chapter Wo exam escent eens inns laters cceng oo in qustion (ators opening ung encoding of oven hee ‘2st occuring afer the ret at igh her istenon ena aay Process operting during real the event Some fcr creregy ch ge may enunt memory forte sea, wheres oer ee famperftureratieval and meres telnoed checroneoa een Se gi ig Sr che ete ane wel et ‘eal to hphght some alent points a each sage athe ang ‘lemony proces tht shoei be Leptin mind whencosedeang he ees Sc bout of memay FACTORS OCCURRING PRIOR TO THE EVENT "mgt tem odo consider actor that pert peor tothe ocuenee fanevent an alleting ts aterrtenan bi in fc such ior ces be cial. Been i ever peopl experince “We anc Seen bey a err decently depending ont rior enperences Bak Seg pevesives an event with diferent backgrounds and procivite Bache fas a diferent npertences an keris has een oes foo ‘ge, dipostions, and bine Borde (592) pared hee difereces In ‘achgound knowledge with he er sma whch are mans es that organize or past experiences Balt aged thal matey tfeced by tow wel or poor) we an ence ew eperenn ne ‘of schemata developed fam ace pst expences Batt (1832 conducted some coual eporments egurg English cclege students to remerbers Naive Ameran ote Me Wad oe ‘the type tries or experiences of his student, their achemeta were not satiety developed lor emerbering te stoiy. The Radene neraed systema errors io thee reals f the sory mating A here Bee fall in telng They hed adapted the soy tor own sce ‘ata In genera past knolege ca ton ney by proving a witht faerie te wih yf genie ou ew ee ‘Past expeneee cn aly enhance eenton If ew information well wih pir knowledge or scott renin of he evorston spo. sy beter shan when formation dost Th join apy Seon Stated inthe pechalogral erator people wha ae experienc ain sully renember new formato about hat drain Pte thon ‘er people with es background koowedge in hese mares bese ‘Found knwedge allows et arganae end ne ters of eosin frmaton More prsseal momar for material that vongaized ea ‘nghly steer remembered tan when he sve ater bps a 1 Svambiod and less meaning! ner Corser thought experinet: Two group of subjects are ska oe member along sng of igs ode aes ts eed ence at he neo ne sco pr digit Ty Yousel’by covering up the page ate eng thee ip and realing Uwe 338 23 Ge LBL none hypothe experers one group wold sed you were an ty ese ae ee en et rect Another group however, would bs ated before they tod {he digits that the numbers would represent the suns fhe nutes {09 (lsquaredsi,2quared' 2 ec} Forth pup, esame at would be rod br eal would be perfect The te pups expec ke sie even” being rad to them bit inane case elvan Slag he ‘hema forthe digs) had bon atvted proto soy, whee Sheer aed not. Again retention aly eter hen mate) ‘ae interpreted interme levant pie Ledge ‘Expsure to prior mata an ao ierfere wih pe lean andr tenon (Underwood, 157) Conder te cee in which yeu might Ave ‘(sss remember datas ofa xine cee over ang pesos of time you have Seer many ere scees cute ou te ple doce Wight be ie fcuk member he cent etre beta ference fem nay time sens that you prev obecved ac sted, The proce of Stmlr events becoming conse nero ieee it irre ‘When pir evens acne with mero fra mre ran eve Ts sted ri mae aoe yr fir), te retrence in maay fra ered geeray weaned ater he event experienced but creases over ne To eur fo thease fhe ple dete who vss many cane sou se might Inve pod retin fr he mt recent re otaaly ashes. led Bat queried weeks ner te many poor cme sens might pr Yoke interne in har memay fore pcr tare of res Ih ener the mre cl the evens in memory ese oe tote he foe dtl bt remeber he ets of oe parr eve aoe Inirene from te ober ™ acgrouel characterise of peso anal afec how well eo she reas evens Inger young clren ual remem evs Jes well tan oer caren o day whereas ole Adu ener ‘mat pot tan young alu. Relatve young alts, both cscs Sd older aul ate also more nucepne i rence ees Mer ‘is rom ely ke, typ efor the ge fo dae hi rel Sie The wma ionic omnes ooo ns fer tention at People gee tral cor nothing cn as early peo of once {hej reachadelliond However dren deny ering ring these sr nh lea cain rancing nr zoe Courage fr evi) Other Pople shoving sa ef Profound anneal hone ho have sare ben injures (ee Elcod ood ijn damage rom necrongey to ear mars ec) Some debating nesrlopenl ucts (eg Alshciner’ ds) othe pcre panning onry Oomd Poop sho gerry show dens in er ‘Cher personality characteris ca oli retention. Fr ample sone erere supp Gat» ese of hv py” people oe ee Sie be crue false meas in several purge The ease italed the Dovectve Experiences Sale (DES) an ans people oer tinathow tenth have experience suchas btn omeone alk a thy ur elo tha ey dd ot hear pat oa of whats {iL tot bing are whether Tings at ty rece happening ‘aly di happen or whee hey Jt dreamed ten” [Benth & Fan, 186; Propi who wore aghen sate tobe oe sep {lef ave nema (Hymna & Binge 198 Winged. Peary Groves 195) Thissetion described sme background factor that inde ring to evens tat ae eleva fo acrurcy and dinrtons in renewing "However the statement soto elon part he sory nor tp inuence memory hve background fators must aft how people feode, enn or reve events, We rtten fo smn of tete vas ‘THE ENCODING, STORAGE, AND RETRIEVAL ‘The remains ofthis chapter enganied around the standard encod ing.steragereievalconepion of memory (ton 1962) An Pres uy rte ending reso tnt elton oman =e Pecepion a the immediate poipaceptal frowning Retention oF Fron frst the tenant information ovr ene, oe thasecn coed. Rec! resto the uztion of sored information When Peformance ons memory fx selec accuse responding = peo cel remembers some pat event~an introns canbe mate at ‘Ml ve ger ere ntact, Aliough this te stage conception ofthe esing-memony proces ' logy sun, in atinpratie i problema for we fesone| (otiger Guy, 1958) Prgt it al to separate th processes fSncodng and strge. Wen dos ending end and stage stenton beg? Siu, whan vorgating secur reponse oman). or hen thar isan enor of commission fale mek fal to deter Fe etl ig te eeten ral rice rer sat nere eed nt pi and ng sr "Assond problems thatall ve stages ofthe learnng-memary proc- sare inmrtvined snd depend on eath ote Encedig isan Coons [Preegeattosorge scp inumeaal es nadie, Now norma en's ended and sored detrmines what cos wll be aecive in Serreseal fling 173). 1ts important tonot however ha encod ‘ered. Retrieval isthe critical proces tat must cecu in order to convert Tater incrmation nt a conscious experience Rowdge, 250; Tubing 180) espe these aves we wed hs encoding-sorage-serival fame work lors We dicus snmber ovata cn be manip Inte during tay encoding) ete interval an ier sto etseval suey ENCODING FACTORS The dtinctin betwsonpetving and rmembring I ofen Bry, {hee processes overap, When doe percengand encoding end rd ‘eertion and memory beg Te answer arly Phunereta sche ic and eho mony lingering srry vepteseriatiane the vial aed auditory systems, mopactvely revel ene ne dvi pene ingand remembering 1 events pens pid tat hy canto es furs percved and ecade, then they canna be remebered ies Usual hse event would not be aside foroten bene he co ‘pt of organ presupposes that the events were encoded a ote tally could te remembered at some po inthe fate However at sy re ets eee stoked Fr Instance when dealing wih err ol merry, peso peop to remember evens hat drat actaly occur. Rosiger&MeOuot, 1955.4 pine at we cen ler, These vests ng nave ene sally generated by tho tememberer=they could have boon aged ‘nirncnd but were never aay perience “The perceptual worlds vat Try another thought experinent Walk utd and survey a bury sane Now cos your es gucly sn ty Joc asmuch you can You poly ound that you could patron ‘er much the detaind information thal wasteles your yen tu dd ‘poorly on auch a ext when ying to el endian the pe ‘ce, tiichowe mach wore ou Would dole slong isteral One Airy stings ats rd epi cf acne op duces pice ofthe ee senso tha te usge and jay can se et the witesn canna. Then he nye ss whtess shee eta ofthe ‘peta raskng poor desc Ths devonton appa {> show poor rear an the wits” art bu the ests uneesore laugh ee jag andar an pce ot the deta ora ture antay ‘wonder ey thay ae not led by the wits vata one coal pis such atest Oar minds arr cpableof making comple reir vents ether, ye encode etre ety Even when we remeber vente essary well wee ot ome lov a remem al the Fe ta thatare par ofteevet Weare aot ie vdeo recrdes tly ‘slings and monn al the deals ina aene ‘key concept rectly i nenstandng proces ocung ey scquston i coding or fecoing (Miler, 158) We do ol reer ‘rons ar they hopped tether sour mines have coed then Tn —————— bck the hypothetical exprinent. Two groups woul try to member the ig sting, 9,1, and 20 on Both geoups would os the same ‘ahereas the other group would probably coe ity a est meaning ‘Banner, and ence would remember ites elective {La ees ol: at xe an owed cn rom (G58) Fed nthe dan fair lneation of te nape aie ‘Gentes nod the gelogit who wale inte county togeter The (he sald to notin te aay of ster, the or dale Borsa ‘fn. andthe third he formation of scar dock in hicse, no So the smal being set in each instance tom what preset ae i {erent foreach bueeer and cova the racca made eal are fears” (8) Many years ltr, Underwgod (196) apres es ‘by ltnglshing beeen the nonal ad onhon! lin ring SM memory A tominal timo ithe copes eve a tests othe ‘elds ancora nel that prt ofthe pina salsa ‘ode and may (Polenta be remembered, Beas te ervronnet provides compos aay of Information coding sce: Only some "The Hes that diferent perspectives cin lend to diferent coding of events was demonstrated sams eperinent by Hastr and Cate {98 Theycaptazed onesie between te cles nd the aver fenedPrineston team The game ws mares by Hight pales {ures players (nclading Pincetos star, Dick Kat who had fm then eatred onthe covert Tine magazine) Prneton won bat dete Sie for wees ver which tea was reapensilefer the gam ough sith stucetsat cach school blaming the oppesing team This par Ua Madson inte on Ce 0) tr xen the amber of pnatista ach tam commited, The esl nd fred ip 12 "Artin he gue the Danmosth students counted 4:3 inaction commit by ter own texn and bythe Priston ar The cteorne sean acord th the general bt ofthe Omouth students ta oe {uns had Uwe rough at a and he Dastmouth tom wast ot ‘round the Princeton st. On the ober hand the Pnceon students Jed the Dartmouth eam hare comuited 98 penalties, compared to by 42 forth Pnceon tet, The conde the Delt tat Dat ‘pout’s players had resorted to dy play to stay compete Wh Princeton which was cording toa rte or te Daly rn) “tron the eter en” Background tides shaped perceptions Thscace and surey #Prnclon snd Ourtnouth students hed hme Gris tested ir easton ofthe game Weald ave been consent ‘th thet dere perepton ‘vious perepio ype ress in sabe memory Bt soe cats Cn bo hy Yo dae. Consider an experiment rept ioetiger and McDemot (188) They presied seas ih Hs of trond such ns pe sd lg ous, pe catia Si, bes, kama state Papas were ashe to eal the word any onder immeditly afer hear hem and edmond Yat \Oigaen Aer stag sealing mary int, te del ook 0 rion a hat incaded bother fom he tad and tema ot roms thelist le ce organ) Testa wa deren beter ‘word tat had been prsented on the cipal lt (aude, or 0 ‘ronan wordrtat ware naton Belt rented, or "ne or), Inadalon, for mords deemed 1s rated: partipants were father ‘Shed orale veer Leow agree Elving 158), ore Ge Sey were ity ond ade ne oe that the word we in the tt ut could not actaly remember ay (tas abut i scree “he interest nth pag because provokes remarkably high levels fle scl nd ase ecognion. Th tof words pezented love was deed om asses ofthe word wi Puttat word id ot appenron the it The data om he sane eal tae show TnPig 13. Thee dt for atl potion crv plating the prob ‘toe cain a word onthe srint) aa Fanci ofthe eed sion in te lst on he abel) Dat were averaged ver many Hs ‘Enteanyparlpants Now that ere sted at the Sepeang of het tree real bes thn hoe tle nthe md (be eis fh, Sov ene tied teen of he lt (ie oensy ee) Primacy fn recency ele ecu oien In vey Yess with various Hinds tiudy mata However for prevent purpose! let nd ing epreenied by the dahed ne) wa the probably of eal vids endo in he allhough ny weet aul prseted Fatipen recalled wind we ough ted our on thet nas cll of such eiea ma a higher han ht or rds hat Wore Tecopaton i smetnes snd oe amore snsive test than ea in astng sored ifort, However, Ike rec the region re sas shown tn ig. 1. show a robust memory shin. Patcipais ad to rengrze deers ure win high ate, Sa tothose ofthe sade’ ters nado ay Cie ineremenbr the homer of cecrrnce of word ke std o about these ats 0 foe the sada stan ap shown nth lack pst he ban nig 1 Theldatenfige 13nd revtal a power mecury aston cen in arightforward paradigm People eal recog, ed renee essing in i aloe ne "Why does this aon onsr? Ce eas that ding ty af thei the word window nigh (cnscioiy o nconscoy) have been ace ated an inlct mci rayne 19 busing the ted words onlige, Balt fe Walon 20, Underwood 169, Basal pat fans Evered the word, eventhough war not pres, then ‘by recalled that was ected ike percepoa Mision, Dus ‘meron iuson edict ody. alboagh trating als souk Adsipeing oft ilion, people sil Yale real art necopice % 2 iy recall and recone nangreceted words i high tte (call, Reber fe Semon 1 Metre & Roeder, 198) Although dif o argu Da he Alston inthe Rodlger-MeDurmat pratige sepsis sh ean ‘err ccs, teas soe evidence pons oar conlstn (eDer | Proportion Recogtized ‘Susied Unrelated Ral toms tures Lure He Lt Reopen Rip and Mere, ot 197 Rtg et, 2 Reng MeDermo & Rbinon Tee, slstorin n memory i tht mans ae erence achnes~we mabe irene nae nda waif a ore Rpettelaralbcomston nsmensge (este merdin eto Seow sini oo) Revlon eka opens a Item ny en py ee hy fo derive ter fet human ntlogees However, expel legal contexts, remembering events that were only inferred as actually Ning tppeed nb tbe cy ae “ikcophimon ol heap fas ler on ero people rion mae mening spect pychiogse hae pe eet Boise sory expining ing Mee lens Fn tough reper avn ya wf eo asec th Senmtpartbaps wt prvses aviwclsonear heron rome ‘colig wae frat seromane cu mal nd weston ‘5s Them tna mar! econ ela see ony Hath grain prov oben eran Se Serhan eee ely ve tee alto doe fen efor ond poids sul patsy fae ene Be Kerr Pare tck sna ssn th ilar ting Sg cm tecnsinnn canescens Cccunaarce a egy Svante pecan Nrebaos Be ‘Shy here gy a smal at previouy noted Sly, ongenizné rental ome coy umber hanced nual Mrs er 9 ee ‘Sheard gy onan emer aie cease ae ets or caren Ft, 5, ron pete Sony tained han material that presened ander condins of dracon (eg Fate Sinatra, Sopadinermao neerened a fon resid ieee nd bee epeton y 15th), Repettens beyond two oil Sings ieee ten ougnlndonhetly ts Chas ie Beans ae Sc a te fle vee on enn of reas ‘ihe emnted,tey Eason eve an ao ‘eis tovad ior mangle oe eran (Ck Tal Th wt) Serpe) gemacht sa. gor rm tt sp ped oy meres A ee as Sion Gitte on mua eater Sous) Saretrraetnaetiemett eas $Stonermmnensiemar taint Ehgeackamnateltnentecte ty Sa gpeiemiem cee thecmenc te Sirinaelarg tua bila nate SOARES concn meee ings tron eee Sey ae gti er an te ott hee tse srcgeesanioranyyut eect ee Se Soi ri ata daed tah Seppe me walle peas mieten ncimat eet tna fares altars cel onic eager are Syaeiergengisteey eomerorte mera ghoteatc andes rete teeny BETWEEN ENCODING AND RETRIEVAL In studies of memory the tine between erga enoting an Ir re teva ieee tothe mivton or As previa fated, pro ings aiding he between the en of encoding nd the Degen he Fehon interval is some siray. However, er tat pre (sts opuating fer enceaing can prea atest memory fran even (Onasch process merry somalia the on hat memory Wace {erent ay bree sige ste the vert ore Ate Dog ‘fihe i canary, Mallar and Pecker (50) hypothe tat ra roses crested by the pecepton ot vents prstvert at he een ‘itt te prevention sabe aad ely Change but over ine is pereveraton of neutl activity (Cndliain) crests Ising new fee OO aed ecm inom et Table) phase was ened with short team memory andthe ore Fr avert conaion wth longer memary The primary evidence for och Srwoldaton procs is found in sad of erograde asa 9th ‘hat ete o forging eve thet cxcarad pro 8 fn typo ran Injury. Forexample someones nvolved in an suoenbie cident end ‘rendered unconacoun he othe silky to reserbur eves that Fappered tpi to the acvdnt(trograde anes) and perhaps ‘ven ora few hors afte the ade anterograde snes). The poe vets may have been nalable state wen teary osu and were (thse mast tt nine rm the jy ght be recovered sough Events nmedtely srrunding the cash ea rny nots, The sve) the amnesia s eterna he rate f the brn ny Memory fran event ay sles be srl during th tention eral ly poyeologal maaneRerscne trees he teeing fetal new vena on pr ever you park your car silyl fe places every day on your way Woek ty remeber whe You parked #! week ago. Aaruming you hae bento your fac of werk edly daring he previo week. you il probably find thas dca {SEL The vate parr you pared every Gay uring the pest werk ‘would exert reat terrence yon ably fo member where Youhad parked awek go Il you tad notbeen work be pat week {task would Rave ben conser easier Agena wathecse ih ronctve ieee te me sm we eveniee ete ical ven, {he eter the neni eee eta Mile and Bums 1978) showed how formtonosring a ter wines vent can dsr eect of the ore Tate eer ‘rent adelts Viewed pare of conrad sides Sepicng an ast Ue aedant sug rm aca tht ie to il the ight fey oe used salson Atel dea manipulated topo of he ses wae rhe np sig ora eld sgn was penta Re ntoeton (Aeros Preipnin, ech sgn Scuted equsly ote), Parana were ner shed a series of questions abeut Be sides. One group as ot sped ‘out the sgn (he conol group), anuher group was aed “Did tec asthe red Datsun while twas topped a he stop gn” and a hid [ep wes asked th same question with" the yal sen ‘Those questions provided wdermation ht war ether crite neon sient maiendng) with oper tothe ecu! see wise eur During day partspans completa ak urvlted toe experient fu nets mtery tat as given One lent onthe teat addresed he feign! type a ign at had apparent resin (Was tere 8 op or yield sgn). The et were sughorward: Adis who wre ‘iven corset information had ter enon fhe slides (08 or ‘Fe telat tothe convo group, wich was given te vrai sly {ace 63% cere) Howeve, he most dramatic nding waste eet te mination tenponding im ts conaion ws oly 49% core cis eral’ 978) itrpetain fh nding wast he me: ‘ation cused adult recde thir memorie fr te orga event > that they now includ te cron ig “goer normaton pen nor abt a wines event can old andr oy ttnton a te evet fe flowing infrsabn see leading, we roy nenetheler ncrpoat in ou reelchons of he Pt Tis iilormation fees fas come eben pea Fosciveinererence tht as toe tn sted he fakery and ‘Sudan itersture employs he padi re Ajere& Rede 1954/L- {us 1981, forrevews) The mpions rte accu a pets es Unony ie roound: Questions oe sateents scaring ara ve rth ero es gain an Gary Manning, Lots Sherman 196 refer tothe nig that people set shed olnagin ev the) sometimes begin obi ya tC a 9) senda ere putcilar event hal ever cer during th perscrachidheod id You eer break a window with yor band?) Theale were ated fo Imagine partespatng ha of feu evens The eter hal were nidered conta tra and he ule wer ot ached tonal the ‘Guestone during the ignaton seston wee send provoke vivid sal imagery ater, patna were agin shed fo fot the Le en ney yr oat rad nO et es al fad been imagined doing th intervening neta wee [Rdged as mare Il to have ocurred during echoed than es nt ‘Eugined.Enapning te een india portant confidence Gat Be actelly occured ‘Of couse, coustrargament ie that maglang might have scully pov mei of eens df ne og sed pape ‘aut recllesion of hood even, Bate tstngcaldhond ete Fs does at pera estas to Kno what even stully eared ‘tring chldboos, eur inrprettin othe Cary et (190) els an be areped (atogh we bebeve thi itespsation he coe ono. {os an Rodis (198) deep Inberatry prada ht lin nao th inerpetve robe Acton evens suchas “Brak he ote lk” oF “Pick up the toy car” vere usd, Sosetines als hea the fCmand, sometines hey bard the comand on mages perorning ‘asd on other occas they herd he command aed ata pe formed the tc (ing tops laced nro tomate oppropaté ne ty te expert Later, the ada were engpet inn agian sion and were abd nage percermangan when given te come ‘ands ore they ha sedy bea some ee now). The question {mine war whether inugiog evens would ake peop romero tha they a actly pertonned em When tay wer tele rl slates thatingnsgacton prompted alert a they had tually performed then te righal eon, even ugh thy meer ad Further, the more tne the ads were reueed tigi, he ‘moe thay they weet seen peroming teat, Sire resus ave been stained rom qutsocng pacipass re peel Cer, Lat Leichman. and Bruck G08) neriowed cn imple and woutd pot hve un esl emer acu fxprtnced. For campe children ee sk fy ha ever in in 1 Rota inllon. At he fit mero, te chee usualy responded thar hs Rad not happened (are hd gre hatte eves hed happenco he chron) However th researher continued interview sgt crn every skier up 10 werk About 29 othe cre Sin obverse te era ps an envied by these new estan A plate macula fr dee oer hs ori imapnaton Each mete hd as hed Ine query th hl nay ve contedapned events wine eres nd report the nogind evens el Onewagain te npcaton ot testimony i orn sctings are pound epsted quetioning en courage wires to imagine ever th wits nay Sein forse ‘erie evens a ving ey erred ‘We hve not mentioned the mst commonly studied fackr during the reer interval tne Esghaas (1685/1990) Es pled he een behveet ime andeenon and shane logan tention shown ig LS At fra retro secteses ral ut thor levee Tong de Inge This futon Is geal eh caf aos any ent siuadons and types of rater abn Wencel 1996 "The actors prevossy sted ocuon ogeing or rors Induced during terion rel can sumone Be enpoved Of ponent roaring? Yer One way ae mentioned erepetionof he wren orsome Specs ol Another way heaugh retrial ofthe event, Many saios fave demonstrated the eotng ee pope's accretions | a By dips Retention tena TOAS, Apurboltingus (8/16 sapien etc nde tg ee Ainepamnensiesimred mcr oeee sete emt ee nn Septem a ects Sitio an a ie aan Pete ages pct ae he ttle te ERG Sie cacormcc ia See dee (sme cen erst soe agile npc ae Se in me ep es hanes ‘the prior events can improve later retrieval. We tur coe [RETRIEVAL PROCESSES (Roediger 200; Teng, 198) ard resaurch abounds on he top ce Roeder & Guyan 198 fr areview) Troaphoat os of theory ‘memory rssh th eseva age wat ake for granted. That re searchers were concerned sbout pocees of equ string and Fe ‘ning information, wan an inp sxsurpton tat hve prceses were lc, memory would be goed. The idea at orgeting or dsr. ttan~evo cannon ears in memory cou be duet probs a re teva wis generally no cepted (though Bart’ 1982 work repre ‘enisam except. However the seevel cape crea inary way, "One important Conaterton the fre he seal query How is memory tobe eased? Poyholgis hae eres mar tt or mea ‘iret Sef th pray eae eal fain ‘wephone number) con real (promphng recollection with various eves Afatcan dite in rany wap) sel eopton a peo ced responce Procedure in which venoarstematves snuzing te caret one are [Preened; and the rember pce th one hat berms comes) Thre Es eeverl variants on each of se procedures echaps the par conclusion tobe dra fom work on reteval rset hl wher apron reer eet pends 0 oe Epone pe of tt uch ste real) ay be exprened on Stfernt ‘Ge sch when ppl re pen peer reel eus (Tang Pistons 1966) Been more surping le when the opponte occ Sametime people fi receipt even even oe he event isprovidedes teu oma cogitenert However when given ier fleas they wl eae sale evnt whic cy cold not prev ‘us rocogree CTuling& Thomson 199) Constr the owing {mpl Ae tbe ares nd Ros foram of faroospoops? you nawered no, the ty agin eth the cs Aleander Gram and ety Satin ania with one can ovan when aa et {py af he ioteremembered inormatin), can be peel retsevable ‘whe dferet cu (te, 197. Pre rel by defen ccs when the feet cars areprovied end theca tha are provided ae gecra, A samen oe sca wold bemamingall th people ith hom You went fo gh sche in any or fervor coe for Pople’ ares woule probably proce rete {2 determinant of esr, The portant pint fer ona pare {hat no sng teat ot perfacy abe iden of “what's omer, ‘ere Biron tests cn provide diveget answers ts sunton ‘Wat determines the efetvenes of cea The ling ideas tn cig specs pcp Taling te Thomson, 14) andthe pn of tanger ppt pcan (testor, Pani, Monta & Sa 9 [ovde means to deemine eu eectvenear in genera te enaeng, Speci pencpe stats thatthe mone a sal Soe mats fos oe ips of stants) th way an expen nas nay enced he i sce ti ovhng eer peer Pans vide god ces forte reso igh ho cares ie po ‘is example, As we dcused, during encoding otal eses eo vet can be coded cong sent Sar. pra ete oe ‘eevalquryoracare sedwhens personnes reeerestonatons Goesareafativete te degre hat he eater athe used Sarng he test math hoe of he ended experenee ‘Let consider an experiment f lute the pont. Bry, Brie fond, Franks, MeCarvl snd Nich (171) prvetied ats ih a ‘ence renember and ltr teste em fa ued eal Podge ‘Ars poupe cpap hese sed sn os ‘ede hein dierent contests Foren tlre peupsreceoed ether The mon el te pr o Thema el the pan Thee sree {ones wr tended cee dere ending he dP, ‘thea someting tha plays usc or somthing et hey Te po nll Se uae tc a ae as ‘coded. Later participants memory forth sentences eset by he Penton af cvessuthansontng hen or enelhing al aloe nerd Teer un then ra ween appropriate coe eg, seting hy see encoding he senate ‘he an ing he plano) vocal of he sent wos mach pcs they when pips werecacd wih hectic se omen al aes Bese! sod in tis itance). Te experi! asates te ened, specliy picpe maton: Cos tht pte encoded mearog pring fBeter recat hoes tt do mot “Te principle of taser appropri procesingeaptaes much the sae ie asthe mending opty pezcpe, but broadens ty tng {hat piace on tes seni terry wil Senco heen at Seton posing ean rt ae amar hone wh ‘€infrmation fom aay tet nnn ee eer ther vance suppors the broad conusions of the eroding pe fy hypothesis and he tanaerappespeas prcesungpinagle eek 2 & Guy 1995; Tuving, 1889), One example the phenomenon of ater etna. Bry, drugs ach arco and maja t tly fates nega fet on memory. people ar ven ny ie ‘etd when exposed to eration hey tay rc he orn es tei on ast ber they are ser han they were sober whe he information war nial presented Ths dragindaced ene en ‘ben atbuted to encoding and storage fun However, etre i ference soo pps ote pr fe problem Conse n operimer te Porte by Bich Weingartne Silman and Cilla (1975) They esto ary Fru four diferent covitions On the fast dy, subject sched - {ete thet cer canted TH the ace ingen naan) {tnt (pce cancion). New they were hed to lar ato 38 ‘words The words were comple rm categories wo words wee Frseied fem sac extegeny (og Beds thn facings) A ay la ‘sal srtured tothe laborry and smoked soother eget Sg feral th erate the cigar Contained THC and for al tdi ot ‘Aer wating fo the drag ake elle ecruts were atraced recall ‘het they were prompted o engage in rec eal cal the words resered yesterday nay onde) aera scond ey Uy were ren fed reall test During ths atten they eee given the 2 category ‘ames an asked orl words bloga to he categorie The else or adi ch et (079) eprint the drug pasbo condton shed Une poorest ec -0 weeds Pe fale sulstnaly rs han arin in the pasrboplasto cn ‘ison Poo retention cotmony seus fom wang droge during sy [Note however than te crupedr condition wa wa restr han ‘he deugepacco condition This thematedepencet ees elec ‘tating the same phumaclogiea sate a et an preva dang Study Ids fo an improvement in performance Ofcourse, ould be ‘rong o each the general conclusion tha marfuana improves eal se performances il wore nthe drug-drugcotan thn inthe ‘hcebo-plncrbe condition In aditon giving marjuans fury tee ‘fady ox et ipa fre rec n cordance wih te encoding spe Ay pil when heat cs atest ach sedan sin ealliselunced. For free purpaen te well po tbat eee, havea harm fet on memory. “Many experinents hve coined state-dependent retevsl dings ine eal However, the tfc etn not Shared ed Seah ‘ecoglon expres (Ech 1980 150) Hom te ge de OTe 1.1 is appar that manera had eighty hermfl econ acho cal, bt the state-dependent sev ett dppeared: roe ‘ithe “sate ue ae relatively weak and canbe Seeriadered pee Poa taal cos Pacpars rid on ne caopery nts ae ‘allan le tesco nad the eat te wes te ‘1973 eperinet. case te etegoy ame cues matched he noes, ingtl way the formation nes encoded ‘aitough rv cos can provide aces 0 nfrmatio ht could note retieved under foe recall condone memory corey cea, in athe condition. For ample i pope stempt rapeascr esac infrmaten dey wilaten coms up wih nar vrmationen ere shen on a alr test Recall metas one ne ot Banco ee ‘wale on an eur tt has boon tend reson (alan ee oudige Thorpe, 197) When oval persanceingeores theo umber ofmamerosintewes cnn sad est wheneed ee {tthe phenomenon i eteed to as perms (Bak Bete 1874) Suck “eared tnemorie” are ro evminon when people lel sete information Ge Roce & Chale 198 ore eee, ‘tcepeated eval can aio ed tothe deveopment ot anne ss welas accrate meres (ee Roedige MeDermut & Gol f review). An portant pout for freee purpees tat core ot ‘Remoris naltr test doesnot cess teen ht Oe ening at got ventas eps” Recovery of mores on epeed oo tect ana oturence tat snes n ost atone Hypo is ortines sstamed id memory seal sc dramatic species ders begin However oyzonatc Mienery oe ‘zeris halle ind evens that ypnias proves emy aed {Fh 9,Asncdby Lym Neue an Pe hop TE eknch ‘ying hypo ay iad cet ake cos ec maths ed daring hype ten nog popes ee oaen se grt nal vile cll moron te sou The pred (be eiginal events (eg ee Hongo, Whey jr, aby bn general contusions among sous of irnation can leet i si temo un, i ed Liny (9) emi {Sunt for cofusns about sources of nfrmation. Fo xa, when Soret cie bine rsinrin ody open sample, if a witness tea ere is shown picurs of possible septs soon Sight ewoneuly erly em oft erp kine ing teen the cali in th rine. The napect ol see al rr he tos witnessed arr and th aianty might be muctabuted to ving Seen te pono atte crane scone, proces cleé uns rangers oe Juss, Kaley, Dyan 98), ‘Cues re powerful deters of memory esi and the way ae ‘perigee Swern Sint uy theme dss o watchs vdcolips of sn sutacble sede in wien one et Yetdehngby an ern eae ing poy, tha contin te quer“ How fe were the to cate os when Contacte each ter” Oar groups arvere the same goes abst pc bt wih the ver change ot. ape td or hue Te ome se een es geo md hy tert quessors shonin ig 16 People who Pad read the gusto Sitnutdasteterbrinal speed oenoveege ator pe Year es in von gen who sun ‘over tas gen ibe ped int ad ton 30 mph ape eft {Sung a witness question sua cater has verb ight ‘Sued might concoge ati crs wer speeding "Assad previoey the ting of merry in uta event but cam lfc ier tern, However, nal et ae meatve oe | Sheeninrosarch onthe esting elec reviewed eae sper esi Information cory ona fist ist then sts moe ily abe eal 3. frat on tert than the fiat et never oncared ef McDaniel Mason 1985, Spicer 1959; When & Rosége 192) ‘zee wih he icp of aster approve procesing rel { edormation ome proses good pea and postive tans) fo te "Getinan Pater, and thir collegues have developed a procedure calle he cogstive interview: They icorporsted seer equa de ‘ermine ote efit in prompt reread and have shown Ne pe » 4 ge eter ete han ype intrvonng stp Cal er Mackin & Holand, 985). The egies cade yin > Nilngtem orion sextant create ce EeaEE 1 ci Gun pega ly hey a a ‘cums ao tne nSing hse eu ite dteronand er” The rt isa ficeh oe bc a ine fretreval the encoding conditions and retention conditions have atready Passed, Ont retrieval cordon canbemmaripulted The opt eee ‘ewris ar attempt fo address hn ead fei meneindontation Eee wincme sn en bln bach noosa Tike, Broan, & Mee na ‘mentee We Mecaley, chap. th voles). roe othe event () daring ecoing ofthe event, (2) during the rt Evil beet oul evetand ong used tard (dh during the scr proces. Preach ofthese our categories some factors ines he roby of succes eevalf the ever an ct crc nd rating of te event x trons ni eer. Our ‘Store ad to tach on important vals whose understanding | "rl fer oer prponee Schacter (1555) fas deserted ura me seuteta ne eva tour oes and stan enter tem gute wel ‘nite ber hand te sjtem sgl Decne forget and dir: ters nmerory can bright stout easy. This chapter sened mary ‘cits apart eran gy rene ai 7 CR rec rn oral of Py Men ec ct Fi) Mca Sd 70, Conga "aL dalicrn iy atte or ‘am ne. St Wb Lave tu si we tl) (97 Fatah maaan Coin, 79 chat bs eee meetin pit nd ‘teenie Py a ey a Ee apne Spa! Moy Ops SLE ED) Metin apne ney nt Longe 4 ny a tn ba ia ese Bros bias Mf tte baer ee? tro aera rm ef Vl Lang sg ie mer Pan Ba ‘hes tear pn ides tt cert Pe ry eae pea ‘Beal Pata tasaae Tt e Ae eptare in Overy ae a soe aa en ‘ate Adin nmr Din Dl ct hedmec ae ‘ets vl memcry fra ag 2% sam nto a ten to Pay Ren Dog Se ner Pech lon oy dca SS ep G09) pr fhe erin ea Ja fy tea Gr) Pg on pap moh any i. | Re oe Shy deh meres ae te Cae ee ee iS Lie enema ae Siegen Seates eee et mieten acen brytemznige nae eis ae St ee ge gr Sh Sete cm rayemmaaer geet See tea eee eg h heve eee Roches oige © a A) Gm Re pocorn BoE Rk eet eee near tee retard ra Eee yy trig Ms a on, "ado ee of rutting in M. Cary Real mona ad ae operas seen Seer eemmieneritte! nt Whar: kar S099, aning ong an an as ie CX Aen re md en at WA m,n no gg Aine Sa mann. Pde ee eh eh SA a enter Hee ner tne ce 1-0) Cates Na Hava Dry eet Ah Mee ert ‘Stok Ww, Goned Bra La Pp Cen a saan! i tring ey. and cies sot zie Hane erg Mwy se eShops Dae wt Pe Spi IF 1 Se een ur sind Pei 9 Rag 1 Guede ayer Se Tig £3) Mona to emcee Caer eceaeee ‘Tuna 1%) Ineo. ed of Cape ine 3 BM ot er rf oe try a Yond he nee ah ees cing a ee oS agent non en wa hac eee aces ‘The Development of Memory: Toward an Understanding of Children’s Testimony Peter A. Omstein ry of Nari Calin t Chapt ‘Over he ast 29 yes hes ben a rama nese in reszarch on Siicrns memory Schneider Sri, 1358) Avant corpas stork ow Secu the sping mnemone competences ats (ea, Bauer 19 Dasmand, Lvs; Meaty, 986, Rovee Coles, 175) Si prechostre ge Bake Ward, Gordon, Orin aro, & Cat ihe! Haher Ward Oran, & Helden, 1966 Fash & Huon, 150 Goodman Rody, Hots Aran, 199; Pe, Mijers, Clio, 195), ‘tise ure stow conden The Meratre lo indents the proenes suas ge deans in any sepece af memory pectormanc For example detelopmental changer arerotny lserel inte dep feta lee cldtens repent, Fach & Haman, 199) e Shout of forging sbuerved (Branera, Kings, te Flowe, 1985 ‘nnerd Reyau Home & Flngma 19%), and the Seplaymer and lee tones of dliurate strategies fr temembeng (eolund. 199, rnc Baer Ward, Nay, 198), The surplngsophistcason of young enlersmemary on be one ad, an lest aged Se roe iapevormance oa theca ree twothamer that hare Surcureat understanding of th development of memory “Thre theme art alan& coniderble elevce to ay dicusion of tilde’ sir Yo provide scrste testinony gal sieations. ‘Ghldren enn be espe to repre accurate ovormaton inal co feusfihy ar anal to remember what happened (and di et Papen) {othe eccore boone sepeilly important to understand wha

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