Different Lining

Methods
of
Shaft Sinking

Dr. P. S. Paul
1
Temporary Lining Method
Temporary support of sides
 Temporary support of sides
When one round of shots fired and debris removed, support of
sides are necessary
Done by system of steel curbs or skeleton ring with close
lining of wooden backing deals or steel plates
Mild steel curbs of 4-5 inch deep, 1 inch thick and 6-8 ft long
segments with overlap and joined by bolts or fish plates
Each curb is suspended from the one above by 6-8 s-shaped
steel hooks or hangers
Every third or fourth ring must be additionally supported on
plugs placed into holes horizontally drilled into the strata
Wooden backing deals about 5-6 ft long are placed close
together behind the curbs and each deal is provided with its
own wooden wedge to tighten the structure
 Temporary support of sides

In all steel arrangements, curbs are channel sections

and are butt jointed by fish plates and four steel pegs
Curbs are supported by hangers and are backed by
steel plates provided with a hook enabling them to be
suspended behind the curbs
Very quick to install and can be reused many times
Temporary supports are removed, section by section,
as the permanent lining is built up.
 Permanent lining of shafts
Types of shaft lining
Brick walling dry shafts
Concrete blocks -
Monolithic concrete Most commonly used
cast iron tubbing heavily watered shaft
Function of shaft lining
To prevent deformation
To prevent decrepitating due to influence of
atmospheres
Thickness of lining
Stresses to be resisted
Nature and strength of material used for lining
 Permanent lining of shafts

Stresses on shaft lining

Compressive in nature from outside to inside of shaft
Depends on
Dia of shaft
Depth of shaft
Nature of strata
Presence of water
Tensional stress may be developed locally due to
presence of faults, cavities, or other weaknesses
 Permanent lining of shafts Brick walling

Suitable for compact and fairly dry strata, where

stresses are not high
14 inch walling is adequate
Often 9 inch walling is sufficient
Lime mortar or cement mortar is used
 Walling Curb
Each length of brick work is built up from a walling curb
laid on a specially prepared bed of strong ground
The curb may be of cast iron or concrete
Cast iron curb is a L shaped ring, 10-18 inch wide and
to 1 inch thick, divided into number of segments
Ends of segments have vertical flanges, for bolting
adjacent segments
Curb bed must be specially prepared, smooth and level
Curb should be truly circular and horizontal
Its centre should coincide with the shaft centre
Cast iron walling curb
 Concrete walling curb

In this case, the ground is cut back about 2 ft in wedge

form so as to key the concrete curb into the strata

To form the curb, to retain the wet or plastic concrete in

position, shuttering is placed

Shuttering (S) are steel sheets, curved to suit the

circumference of the shaft and having angle irons A
riveted to them to enable adjacent segments to be
securely bolted together
 Concrete walling curb

At the shaft bottom, each segment of the first shuttering ring

rests on a sleeper

The complete ring, when bolted up, must be carefully leveled

and centered

Small debris of 6 inch height is placed behind the ring,

followed by a layer of sand covered with brattice cloth

One or more rings of bricks may be laid so that they may be

removed later to enable the length of the walling to be keyed
into the above
 Concrete walling curb
Concrete is now placed behind the shuttering ring

Is well rammed to fill all cavities next to the strata and

prevent formation of air pockets in finished concrete

The second ring of shuttering is then placed, centered,

leveled and filled up same way

Temporary lining is removed as concreting proceeds

 Concrete walling curb

Advantages of concrete curb

They are self supporting and underpinning is not
required
They can be applied in any ground
Less liable to damage from blasting when sinking is in
progress
Very strong
Long length of walling can be carried on a single curb
 Monolithic concrete lining

Monolith is a pillar or column consisting of single stone

Monolithic concrete lining is one built up with a single
mass of concrete instead of with concrete blocks
 Monolithic concrete lining
Advantages
Can be constructed rapidly and at low cost
Higher Compressive strength (3000-5000 psi)
compared to brick lining (800-1500 psi)
The concrete extends right back to solid strata, filling
up all cavities and irregularities and this adds to the
rigidity and strength of the lining
It presents a smooth surface to ventilating current
Suitable for water bearing strata owing to its capacity
to settle under water , its freedom from joints and its
ability to withstand pressure when injecting liquid
cement behind to seal off feeders
It can be rendered immensely stronger by steel
reinforcement, where necessary
 Erection of concrete walling

A round of shots, below the length to be lined, is fired and

the broken rock roughly leveled and left in position in
readiness for resumption of sinking
First shuttering ring is then truly centered, leveled on
sleepers or wooden blocks
A base is prepared for the concrete behind the ring
When the length of shaft to be lined has been sunk and
temporarily supported, a concrete curb is built up and
shuttering rings are added progressively to retain the
plastic cement
Water Ring Garland
Monolithic Concrete Lining Method
Tubbing Method

German Tubbing
Plate
Special Methods
of
Shaft Sinking

Dr. P. S. Paul
22
Pilling Method
Wooden Piles are 2-5 m long, 50-70 mm thick & 150-200mm wide. Wooden piles are shod with iron at
bottom so as to pierce the ground. The piles are driven down by heavy mallets, and are placed edge to edge
so as to form a complete circular lining. They are held in place by circular rings or curbs, placed at an
interval of 0.8-1 m. After putting the first set of piles, another set of piles is then driven but before this the
ground enclosed is dug out, to the extent that the first set of piles is about 0.6 m in the ground
Caisson Method

Force drop shaft

method
 Freezing Method
Statement of Problems
Unstable or friable strata with heavy inrush of water or sand
connected with inflow of water and essentially involves the
formation of a large block of frozen ground in the water-bearing
strata.
Procedure:
Drilling holes of 150mm dia. at 2.2 to 3m intervals around the
shaft.
Holes should be vertical.
Holes should be lined with special tubes.
Special small tubes are inserted to enable the cold brine (CaCl2)
solution to be circulated.
Circulation of brine is continued till a wall of ice of sufficient
size is formed.
Sinking and lining is carried out in the normal way after the
formation of ice wall. 27
 Cementation Method
Statement of Problems

Procedure:

28