Ph.D.

Qualifying Examination, Real Analysis

Spring 2006, part I

Do all the problems.

1 Quickies
a. Let fn Lp ([0, 1]) where 1 < p < . Suppose that ||fn ||p 1 and moreover that
fn (x) 0 for a.e. x. Prove that fn 0 weakly in Lp .
b. Let v1 , . . . , vN be a finite sequence of unit vectors in a Hilbert space H. Suppose that
there exists a number a (0, 1) such that
hvi , vj i a, i 6= j.
Find an upper bound for N in terms of a.
c. Let h L2 (S 1 ) and assume that h(t) 6= 0 for a.e. t S 1 . Prove that the subspace
V = {P (t)h(t) : P (t) a trigonometric polynomial} L2 (S 1 )
is dense.

2 Let {fk } be a sequence of real-valued functions defined on [1, 1] such that

p 1
|fk (x) fk (y)| |x y| +
k
for all k 0 and x, y [1, 1]. Suppose also that each fk (0) = 0. Prove that some subse-
quence of the fk converges uniformly to a continuous function f on [1, 1].

3
a. Construct a sequence {fn } of positive continuous functions on R such that fn (x) is
bounded as n when x Q, but fn (x) is unbounded for x R \ Q.
b. Prove that there is no sequence {gn } of positive continuous functions such that gn (x) is
bounded when x R \ Q, but gn (x) is unbounded when x Q.

4 Let A R be a Lebesgue measurable set with 0 < (A) < ( is Lebesgue measure). Let
(A [a r, a + r])
d(x, r) = .
2r
Prove that there is a point x R such that
0 < lim inf d(x, r) lim sup d(x, r) < 1.
r0 r0

5 Let C be a closed convex set in a Hilbert space H. Prove that C contains a unique element of
minimal norm.
 Ph.D. Qualifying Exam, Real Analysis
Spring 2006, part II
Do all the problems.

1 Let f C 0 ([, ]), where 0 < < < 1. For each n = 1, 2, . . ., define
R
f (u)[1 (u x)2 ]n du
Pn (x) = R 1 .
(1 u 2 )n du
1
Show that Pn (x) is a polynomial of degree at most 2n and that for any closed subinterval
[a, b] (, ), Pn f uniformly.
2 Let W be any vector space, and suppose that u, v1 , . . . , vk be linear functionals on W . Endow
W with the weakest topology such that the functionals v1 , . . . , vk are all continuous. Suppose
that u is continuous in this topology. Prove that u is a linear combination of the vj .
3
a. Let f be a measurable real-valued function on a finite measure space (X, B, ). Define
mn (f ) = {x : 2n |f (x)| < 2n+1 } ,

for n = 0, 1, 2, . . .. Show how to estimate the Lp norm of f purely in terms of the quantities
n (f ).
b. Let S be a bounded operator on L (X, B, ) with norm 2. Assume that S is also bounded
on L1 (X, B, ), with ||Sf ||L1 C1 ||f ||L1 . Prove that there exists some C2 > 0 such that
||Sf ||L2 C2 ||f ||L2 .
Hint: Let fn (x) = f (x) if |f (x)| < 2n , but fn (x) = 0 otherwise. Observe that
mn (Sf ) = mn (S(f fn2 )) 2n ||S(f fn2 )||L1 .

4 Suppose that f (x) is a continuous function on R, and that in fact xm f (n) (x) C0 (R) (con-
tinuous functions which tend to zero as x ) for 0 m, n 3. Prove the Poisson
summation formula

X 1 X
f (x + 2n) = f (k)eikx .
n=
2
k=

5 Suppose that f L1 ([0, 1]). Prove that there are nondecreasing sequences of continuous func-
k=1 and {k }k=1 , on [0, 1] such that for a.e. x [0, 1] (with respect to Lebesgue
tions, {k }

measure), both k (x) and k (x) are bounded sequences, and moreover,
f (x) = lim (x) lim k (x).
k k