Rajapalayam
E.Thangam,
AP/EEE
thangam@ritrjpm.ac.in
EE6801 ELECTRIC ENERGY GENERATION,
UTILIZATION AND CONSERVATION
UNIT I ELECTRIC DRIVES AND TRACTION
Fundamentals of electric drive - choice of an electric motor - application of
motors for particular services - traction motors - characteristic features of traction
motor - systems of railway electrification - electric braking - train movement and
energy consumption - traction motor control - track equipment and collection
gear.
UNIT II ILLUMINATION
Introduction - definition and meaning of terms used in illumination engineering -
classification of light sources - incandescent lamps, sodium vapour lamps,
mercury vapour lamps, fluorescent lamps design of illumination systems -
indoor lighting schemes - factory lighting halls - outdoor lighting schemes - flood
lighting - street lighting - energy saving lamps, LED.
Electric Traction:
The locomotion in which driving force or tractive force is
obtained from electric motor is called Electric Traction.
Requirements of Ideal Traction system:
The requirements of an ideal traction system are:
1. It should be pollution free.
2. Speed control should be easy.
3. Braking should be such that minimum wear is caused on the brake shoes.
4. There should be no interference to the communication lines running the
track.
5. Minimum wear on the track.
6. High adhesion coefficient, so that high tractive effort at the start is possible
to have rapid acceleration.
7. It should be possible to overload the equipment for short periods.
8. Low initial cost and maintenance cost.
9. The locomotive is self contained self contained so that it can run on any
route.
Different systems of Traction:
Steam engine drive.
Reciprocating engine is invariably used for getting the necessary motive
power
IC engine drive.
This drive used for road transport (buses, trucks, cars etc). The driving
force is obtained from Internal combustion engine.
Composite system:
Involving conversion of single phase A.C. Into 3 phase A.C. or
D.C
DC System:
DC series motor is used
Regenerative braking is desired.
600 to 700 V for suburban railways
1500 to 3000 V for mainline services.
These systems are fed from substations which are spaced 3 to 5 km for
suburban traffic, and 40 to 50 km for mainline services.
Substation themselves receive power from grid, the DC so obtained is fed
via suitable contact system to the traction motors
Advantages of DC system over single phase AC system.
i. No interference with overhead communication lines.
ii. D.C Train consumes less energy than a single phase AC
iii. Equipment of D.C Train is lighter, less costly and more efficient than
similar AC equipment
iv. Frequent and rapid acceleration of heavy trains, D.C motors are best suited
than AC motors
v. For distribution system, the conductor rail is less costly, both initial and
maintenance than AC
Disadvantages of DC system over single phase AC system.
Necessity of AC/DC conversion substation at relatively short distances apart.
Single phase AC system
AC series motor is used.
15000 to 25000 V at 16 2/3 Hz or 25 Hz, which is step down on the
locomotive to a low voltage of 300 or 400 V suitable for supplying to
single phase AC series motor by means of a step down transformer
carried in locomotive
Advantages of low frequency AC supply system
i. Increases efficiency and power factor
ii. Less interference to communication line
iii. Line reactance is less so that impedance drop is reduced, so it is
feasible to space the substations 50 to 80km.
Traction Motors:
None of the motors can have all the desirable characteristics
mentioned below: Some of the motors which find application in traction are
listed below.
1. DC Series motors supplied with straight DC or rectified AC.
2. AC series motors single phase.
3. Repulsion motors.
4. Three phase induction motors.
5. Linear induction motor.
Linear induction motor.
Earlier DC series motor was widely used in traction.
High starting torque.
Better sharing of loads between motors.
Limitations
DC series motor field cannot be controlled easily by semiconductor
switches.
There are a number of problems with regenerative and dynamic braking of
a series motor.
Electro-mechanical brakes:
Electro-mechanical or friction brakes are operated by electromagnets or
electric-operated thrusters.
Spring loaded brake with friction liners pressing against the brake wheel.
This ensures safety in case of failure of power.
Disadvantage is that the sudden application of braking force and
accompanying shock to the machine.
Requirements of braking system
1. Actuation time should be as small as possible.
2. The system should apply brakes simultaneously over all vehicles.
3. It should be robust, simple, and easy for driver to control and operate.
4. It should require less maintenance.
5. It should be reliable.
6. Braking force applied to each axle should be proportional to axle load.
7. Safety consideration is the prime most consideration.
Electric Brakes:
Three types of electric braking.
1. Plugging (or) counter current braking.
2. Rheostatic or dynamic braking.
3. Regenerative braking.
Plugging:
Armature connections are reversed and hence motor tends to run in
opposite direction.
All the kinetic energy of the moving mass is converted to electrical energy
which is dissipated in the variable resistance connected.
The magnitude of the braking torque can be controlled by varying the value
of the resistance R.
Suppose the load causes the speed to be increased above normal, the field
current remaining the same then the back e.m.f. becomes greater than the
supply voltage (Eb > V).
The current gets reversed and power will be supplied to the line, tending to
prevent any further increase in the speed.
Coefficient of adhesion (a ):
It is defined as the ratio of tractive effort to slip wheels and adhesive
weight.
Tractive effort to slipwheels
a
Adhesive weight (W )
Tractive effort for propulsion of train
It is defined as the effective force necessary to propel the train at the
wheels of locomotive.
The tractive effort (Ft ) required for train propulsion is given by:
Ft Fa Fr
Ft Fa Fg Fr
Electric current collectors are used by trolleybuses, trams, electric
locomotives or EMUs to carry electrical power from overhead lines or
electrical third rails to the electrical equipment of the vehicles. Those for
overhead wires are roof-mounted devices, those for third rails are mounted
on the bogies. Two system of current collection by a traction unit.
1. Overhead wire system.
2. Third rail system