Worked Examples For The Design of Concrete Buildings

WORKED gi. EXAMPLES all FOR THE DESIGN OF CONCRETE BUILDINGS BCA ARUP TiETZThis book of worked examples has boen prepared by. British Cement Association Ove Arup & Partners and S.B Tietz & Partners The work was monitored by the principal authors: ‘A. W. Beaby 850 PhD. CEng, MICE, MISIvetE, FACI Professor of Structural Design, Dept of Civil Engineering, Universty of Leeds (ormerly Director of Design and Consteuction, British Cement Association), B.S. Narayanan Beier, MS, DIC, Ofna, Fist Partner, SB. Tietz & Partners, Consulting Engineers, and A. Whitle na(carat), CEng, MICE Associate Director, Ove Arup & Partners, and edited by: A J. Threlfall Beng. Consultant (formerly 2 Principal Engineer at the British Ceront Association) ‘This publication was jointly tunded by the British Cement Association and the Department ofthe Environment to promote and assist the use of DD ENV 1992-1-1 Eurocode 2: Part 1. ‘The Britsh Cement Association, BCA, is a research and information body dedicated to uthering the efficient and proper design and execution of concrete construction. Membership of BCA's Centre for Concrete Information is open to al involved in the construction process. BCA is funded by subscriptions from cement producers, through joint ventures, sales of publications, information and training courses, and the carrying out of research contracts. Full details are avaliable trom the Centre for Concrete Information, British Cement Association, Century House, Telford ‘Avenue, Crowthorne, Berkshire RGN 6YS. Telephone (0344) 725700, Fax (0344) 727202 (Ove Arup & Partners isan international frm offering a wide range of design and specialist services for the construction ingusty, S.B Tietz & Partners offer consultancy services in civ, structural and trafic engineering, ‘A catalogue and prices for BCA publications can be obtained from Publication Sales, Centre for Concrete Information, at the above address. 43.505 Published by First published 1994 British Cement Association Century House, Tellord Avene, emetic Crowthome, Berke RGM 6YS Price group M ‘Telephone (0344) 762676 © Briish Cement Association 1994 Fax (0944) 761214 From 15 Apt 1895 te STO Coote snl bo (01388) [Ml adic or inematen tom be Bash Cement Assan tended for thse who wil eal he sgncaroe and tations fs cores Gnd ste vesponobty fet uee and appleston No lity (cus at foe neggeee or any lee eeutg fem auth ache or rican Slecuteted Resour should rete ht a1 BCA pubieons he sabes fo reson ro tne 2 ime and rou Meare enawe tht ty ee ‘essen af the let vrsonWORKED EXAMPLES FOR THE DESIGN OF CONCRETE BUILDINGS Based on BSI publication DDENV 1992-1-1: 1992. Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures. Part 1. General rules and rules for buildings. Published by the British Cement Association in conjunction with: Ove Arup & Partners SB. Tietz & Partners The Department of the 18 Fitzroy Street 14 Clerkenwell Close Environment London WiP 68Q. Clerkenwell 2 Marsham Street Tel: 071-636 1531 London EC1R OPQ —_London SWIP 3EB Tel: 071-490 5050 Tel: 071-276 3000 July 1994FOREWORD Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures, Part 1: General rules and rules for buildings (EC2)” sets out both the principles for the design of all types of concrete structure, and design rules for buildings. Rules for other types of structure and particular areas of technology, including precast concrete elements and structures, will be covered in other parts of EC2. C2 contains a considerable number of parameters for which only indicative values are given. ‘The appropriate values for use in the UK ate set out in the National Application Document (NAD}"” which has been drafted by BSI. The NAD also includes a number of amendments to the rules in EC2 where, in the draft for development stage of EC2, it was decided that the EC2 rules either did not apply, or were incomplete. Two such areas are the design for fire resistance and the provision of ties, where the NAD states that the rules in BS 8110 should be applied. Attention is drawn to Approved Document A (Structure) related to the Building Regulations 1991, which states that Eurocode 2, including the National Application Document, is considered to provide appropriate guidance for the design of concrete buildings in the United Kingdom Enquiries of a technical nature concerning these worked examples may be addressed to the authors directly, or through the BCA, or to the Building Research EstablishmentCONTENTS 1 Ww 12 2 24 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 3 a1 32 33 34 35 4 4A 42 5 5A 52 53 54 55 56 57 6 61 62 7 7A 72 INTRODUCTION AND SYMBOLS Introduction 5 Symbols, 5 COMPLETE DESIGN EXAMPLE Introduction 5 Basic details of structure. materials and loading 5 Floor slab 7 Main beam ses 20 Edge beam (Interior span) 30 Colurns .... 34 Foundation 39 Shear wall 43 Staircase - 49 BEAMS Introduction 53 Design methods for shear 53 ‘Shear resistance with concentrated loads close to support 63 Design method for torsion 70 Slendemess limits 81 SLABS Solid and ribbed slabs 82 Fiat slabs 109 COLUMNS, Introduction . 132 Capacity check of a section by strain compatibility 132 Biaxial bending capacity of a section 137 Braced slender column 441 Slender column with biaxial bending 143, Classification of structure 147 ‘Sway structures 151 WALLS Introduction 184 Example . 154 FOUNDATIONS Ground bearing footings 158 Pilecap design 172 8 SPECIAL DETAILS 81 Corbels e100) 82 Nibs 185 83 Simply supported ends 188 84 Surface reinforcement 191 9 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE 91 Introduction 193 92 Design data 193 93. Serviceabilty limit state 195 94 Uttimate limit state 204 95 Minimum and maximum areas of reinforcement 207 96 Reinforcement summary 207 10 SERVICEABILITY CHECKS BY CALCULATION 101 Deflection 208 10.2 Cracking 219 11 DEEP BEAMS 41.1. Introduction 222 11.2 Example 222 12 LOAD COMBINATIONS 12.1 Introduction 236 12.2 Example 1 = frame 237 123 Example 2 = continuous beam 1 240 124 Example 3 = continuous beam 2 243, 125 Example 4 = tank 245 13. DESIGN OF BEAM AND COLUMN SECTIONS 181 Concrete grades 246 182 Singly reinforced rectangular beam sections: 246 433 Compression reinforcement... 248 134 Flanged beams 249 135 Symmetically reinforced rectangular columns 249 REFERENCES 2564 INTRODUCTION AND SYMBOLS 1.1 Introduction and symbols ‘The main objective ofthis publication is to illustrate through worked examples how EC2"” may be used in practice. It has been prepared for engineers who are generally familiar with design practice in the UK, particularly to BS 8110" ‘The worked examples relate primarily to in-situ concrete building structures. The designs are in accordance with EC2: Part 1 as modified by the UK National Application Document”, Where necessary, the information given in EC2 has, been supplemented by guidance taken from other documents The core example, in Section 2, isa re-design ofthe in-situ concrete fice block sed in the BCA publication Designed and detailed (BS 8110: 1988), by Higgins & Rogers. Other design aspects and forms of construction are fully explored by means of further examples in Sections to 12. Equations and charts for the design of beam and calumn sections, taken from the Concise Eurocade for the design of concrete buildings®, are given in Section 13. Publications used in the preparation of this book, and from which further information may be obtained, are listed in the References. Unless otherwise stated, all references to BS 8110 refer to Part 1 ‘Two conventions have been adopted in the preparation of this book. Statements followed by ‘OK’ mark places where the calculated value is shown to be satisfactory, Green type is used to draw attention to key information such as the reiniorcement to be provided. ‘The calculations are cross-referenced to the relevant clauses in EC2 and, where appropriate, to other documents; all references in the right-hand margins are to EC2 unless indicated otherwise The symbols used throughout the publication are lsted and defined below, and are generally those used in EC2 itsel. 1.2 Symbols A Avea of cross-section ‘A, Atea of concrete cross-section Aq Area of concrete within tensile zone Aape fea of concrete tensile Zone external to links A, Area enclosed within centresine of thin-walled section ‘A, Area of prestressing tendons ‘A, Area of tension or, in columns, total longitudinal reinforcement A’, Area of compression reinforcement ‘Ann Minimum area of tension of, in columns, total longitudinal reinforcement Acgoy fea of tension reinforcement provided Acq tea of tension reinforcement required Aran tea of surface reinforcement Az Atea of transverse reinforcement within flange of beam A, Afea of tension reinforcement effective at a section of, for torsion, area of additional longitudinal reinforcement ‘ay Atea. of shear reinforcement of torsion links Minimum area of shear reinforcement E.g Effective modulus of elasticity of concreteINTRODUCTION AND SYMBOLS m Poms mn 74 y : rT FTO Ho aoe xagese x x zs = = &¢ = = = = 3 2? ? Secant modulus of elasticity of concrete at transfer Secant modulus of elasticity of concrete Modulus of elasticity of reinforcement or prestressing steel Force due to concrete in compression at ultimate limit state Force in tension reinforcement or prestressing tendons at ultimate limit state Design value of tie force in pilecap Design value of support reaction Tie force in corbel or due to accidental action Vertical force applied to corbel ot, for sway classification of structures, sum of all vertical loads under service conditions Characteristic value of permanent action or dead load, Characteristic dead floor load Characteristic dead roof load Overall depth of tank Horizontal force applied to corbel Second moment of area of cross-section ‘Second moment of area of uncracked concrete section Second moment of area of cracked concrete section ‘Second moment of area of beam section ‘Second moment of area of concrete section ‘Second moment of area of column section ‘Second moment of area of slab section Second moment of area of section in x direction Second moment of area of section in y direction, St Venant torsional stiffness of rectangular section St Venant torsional stiffness of total section Deflaction-curvature factor dependent upon the shape of the bending moment diagram Reduction factor for calculation of second order eccentricity Coetficient taking account of decrease in curvature due to increasing axial force Bending moment Moment of force, F,, about tension reinforcement Moment causing cracking Moment of force, N,, about x axis Moment of force, N,, about y axis First order moment Design moment of resistance Moment of force, Naqg, about mid-depth of section Moment of force, N'g,., about mic-depth of section Moment of force, Nay, about mid-depth of sectionINTRODUCTION AND SYMBOLS == fe = § é& = = g fg = 5 * x= i = Z2e z 2 2 zp Pn ao zr Design value of applied moment Design moment in x direction Design moment in y direction First order moment at end 1 First order moment at end 2 Design moment in column strip Design moment in middle strip Moment in span Moment at support Maximum moment transfer value Moment about x axis Moment about y axis Axial force Axial force due to concrete in compression Design resistance to axial force Design resistance to axial force due to concrete Design resistance to axial force due to concrete of hypothetical section of depth x >h Design resistance to axial force due to reinforcement Design value of applied axial force Mean applied axial force Prostressing force or point load ‘Average prestressing force along tendon profile Initial prestressing force at transfer Mean effective prestressing force at time f Final prestressing force alter all losses Maximum inital prestressing force at active end of tendon Required prestressing force Final prestressing force at service Characteristic value of variable action or imposed load Characteristic value of imposed floor load Characteristic value of imposed root load Reaction at support A Reaction at support 8 First moment of area of reinforcement about centroid of section First moment of area of reinforcement about centroid of uncracked section First moment of area of reinforcement about centroid of cracked section Design value of tensile force in longitudinal reinforcement Maximum torsional moment resisted by concrete struts Maximum torsional moment resisted by reinforcementINTRODUCTION AND SYMBOLS Spee x ASS5 a SESS gge "ESSS85 » 2» » » woes s oe s o Design value of applied torsional moment Torsional moment applied to flange ‘otal applied torsional moment Torsional moment applied to web Shear force at support A Shear force at support B Design shear resistance provided by concrete Shear force at exterior support Shear force at interior support Design shear resistance of member without shear reinforcement Maximum design shear force to avoid crushing of notional concrete struts Design shear resistance of member with shear reinforcement Design value of applied shear force Design shear force in x direction Design shear force in y direction Maximum design shear force Design shear resistance provided by shear reinforcement Section modulus at bottom fibre Section modulus at centroid of tendons Characteristic value of wind load Section modulus at top fibre Distance or deflection or maximum drape of tendon profile Deflection based on uncracked section Deflection based on cracked section Distance of load from face of support (corbel) or from centre-iine of hanger bars (rib) Deflection due to concrete shrinkage Distance from face of support to effective centre of bearing Horizontal displacement of the envelope line of tensile force Total deflection Distance between positions of zero and maximum bending Deflection at distance x along span Values of a, at ends of span Width of section or flange width or lateral cover in plane of lap Average width of trapezoidal compression zone Width of effective moment transfer strip Effective width of flange Minimum width of support beam Width of rib Width of supportINTRODUCTION AND SYMBOLS Mean width of section over the tension zone Minimum width of section over the effective depth Cover to longitudinal torsion reinforcement Support widths at ends of beam Effective depth of section Depth to compression reinforcement Average effective depth for both directions Depth to bar considered Distance of critical section for punching shear from centroid of column Effective depth of flange Effective depth for punching shear check in column head Maximum effective depth for both directions Minimum effective depth for both directions Effective depth in x direction Effective depth in y direction Effective depth to bars in layer 1 Effective depth to bars in layer 2 ‘Additional eccentricity due to geometrical imperfections ‘Additional eccentricity in the y direction ‘Additional eccentricity in the z direction Equivalent eccentricity at critical section First order eccentricity in y direction First order eccentricities at ends of column Total eccentricity Eccentricity in y direction Eccentricity in 2 direction Second order eccentricity Second order eccentricity in y direction Second order eccentricity in z direction ‘Stress in conorete at bottom fibre Design value of ultimate bond stress Design cylinder strength of concrete Cube strength of concrete at transfer Characteristic cylinder strength of concrete Effective tensile strength of concrete at time cracking is expected to occur Mean value of axial tensile strength of concrete Characteristic cube strength of concrete Design tensile strength of prestressing steel Characteristic tensile strength of prestressing ste!INTRODUCTION AND SYMBOLS soe 733 k, Design value of ultimate bearing stress ‘Stress in reinforcement Stress in concrete at top fibre Design yield strength of reinforcement Characteristic yield strength of reinforcement Design yield strength of longitudinal torsion reinforcement Design yield strength of shear reinforcement or torsion links Characteristic yield strength of shear reinforcement or torsion links Characteristic dead load per unit area Overall depth of section or liquid in tank Reduced value of h for separate check about minor axis of column section with biaxial eccentricities Active height of deep beam Overall depth of corbel at face of support Overall depth of flange Depth of column head Larger dimension of rectangular section ‘Smaller dimension of rectangular section ‘otal height of structure in metres Radius of gyration of section Coeticient or factor Restraint coefficient at end A, Restraint coefficient at end B Restraint coefficient at bottom Minimum reinforcement coefficient associated with stress distribution Restraint coefticient at top Crack spacing coefficient associated with bond characteristics Crack spacing coefficient associated with strain distribution Length or span Length of tendon over which anchorage slip is taken up Basic anchorage length Minimum anchorage length Required anchorage length Diameter of circular column Height of column between centres of restraints Effective span Effective span of slab Distance from column face to edge of column head Clear distance between faces of supportINTRODUCTION AND SYMBOLS Distance between postions of zero bending or effective height of column for deep beams, clear distance between faces of support Length of compression flange between lateral supports Required lap length or floor to ceiling height in metres Minimum lap length Greater of distances in metres between centres of columns, frames or walls supporting any two adjacent floor spans in direction of tie under consideration Effective span in x direction Effective span in y direction Lengths between centres of supports or overall dimensions of rectangular column head Minimum design moment per unit width Utimate design load per unit area or number of tendons or number of sub-divisions. ‘Average loss of prestressing force per unit length due to friction Equivalent load per unit length due to prestressing force profile Characteristic imposed load per unit area Radius of bend or radius of curvature Radius of curvature based on uncracked section Radius of curvature based on cracked section Radius of curvature due to conorete shrinkage Radius of curvature due to concrete shrinkage based on uncracked section, Radius of curvature due to concrete shrinkage based on cracked section Total radius of curvature Spacing of shear reinforcement or torsion links or horizontal length of tencion profile Spacing of transverse reinforcement within flange of beam Maximum spacing of shear reinforcement or torsion links ‘Average final crack spacing Thickness of supporting element or wall of thin-walled section Minimum thickness of wall Circumference of concrete section or critical section for punching shear Circumference of area A, Design shear resistance per unit length of critical perimeter, for slab without shear reinforcement Maximum design shear resistance per unit length of critical perimeter, for slab with shear reinforcement Design shear resistance per unit length of critical perimeter, for slab with shear reinforcement Design value of shear force per unit length of critical perimeter ‘Support width or quasi-permanent load per unit length Design crack width 7INTRODUCTION AND SYMBOLS Fa Yom Yoow % 1 15 Minimum width of support Neutral axis depth or distance along span from face of support or distance along tendon or column dimension in x direction Maximum depth of concrete in compression in direction of minor axis for column section with biaxial eccentricities Depth of concrete in compression at position of minor axis for column section with biaxial eccentricities Drape of tendon at distance x along profile or column dimension in y direction Distance from centroid of uncracked section to extreme tension fibre Lever arm of internal forces Distance from centroid of section to centroid of tendons Reduction factor for concrete compressive stress or modular ratio or deformation parameter Value of parameter based on uncracked section Value of parameter based on cracked section Effectiveness coefficient for anchorage Effective modular ratio Reduction coefficient for assumed inclination of structure due to imperfections Moment coefficients in x and y directions Effectiveness coefficient for lap Coetticient with several appications including shear resistance enhancement, effective height of column, St Venant torsional sifiness, punching shear magnification, design crack width Reduced value of shear resistance enhancement coefficient Coetticient associated with bond characteristics Coetficient associated with duration of load Partial safety factor for concrete material properties Partial safety factor for actions Partial safety factor for permanent action or dead load Partial safety factor for permanent action, in calculating lower design value Partial safety factor for permanent action, in calculating upper design value Partial safety factor for actions associated with prestressing force Partial safety factor for variable action or imposed load Partial safety factor for steel material properties of reinforcement or prestressing tendons Ratio of redistributed moment to moment before redistribution Strain in concrete at bottom of section Basic concrete shrinkage strain Final concrete shrinkage strain Minimum strain in tendons to achieve design tensile strength Strain in tendons corresponding to prestressing force P,, 2INTRODUCTION AND SYMBOLS Pre Py Pu Puma PyPs Strain in reinforcement Estimated concrete shrinkage strain Mean strain in reinforcement allowing for tension stiffening effect of concrete Utimate compressive strain in concrete Initial yield strain in reinforcement Distribution coefficient Moment coetficient ‘Angle of rotation or angle between concrete struts and longitudinal axis Siendemess ratio Critical slenderness ratio Mean slenderness ratio of all columns in storey considered Slenderness ratio beyond which column is considered slender Coefficient of friction between tendon and duct or applied moment ratio Limiting value of applied moment ratio for singly reinforced section Efficiency factor or assumed inclination of structure due to imperfections Reduced value of assumed inclination of structure Longitudinal force coefficient Tension reinforcement ratio or density of liquid Compression reinforcement ratio Longitudinal tension reinforcement ratio. Longitudinal tension reinforcement ratios in x and y directions Effective reinforcement ratio Shear reinforcement ratio Minimum shear reinforcement ratio Principal and secondary reinforcement ratios in sold slabs Stress in concrete adjacent to tendons due to self-weight and any other permanent actions ‘Average stress in concrete due to axial force Initial stress in concrete adjacent to tendons due to prestress Initial stress in tendons immediately after stressing (pre-tensioning) or immediately after transfer (post-tensioning) ‘Stress in tension reinforcement calculated on basis of cracked section Value of 6, under loading conditions causing first cracking Basic design shear strength Factor defining representative value of variable action Value of ¥ for rare load combination Value of ¥ for frequent loading Value of ¥ for quasi-petmanent loading Mechanical ratio of tension reinforcement Mechanical ratio of compression reinforcement 3INTRODUCTION AND SYMBOLS Mae aM AN, ott) Limiting value of w for singly reinforced section ‘Total vertical force applied to frame at floor j Anchorage slip or wedge set Variation of longitudinal force in section of flange over distance a, Equivalent horizontal force acting on frame at floor j due to assumed imperfections Moment of force AN... about mid-depth of section Reduction in design moment at support Design resistance to axial force due to concrete in area of hypothetical section lying outside actual section Average loss of prestressing force due to elastic deformation of concrete Loss of prestressing force at active end of tendon due to anchorage slip Loss of prestressing force due to creep, shrinkage and relaxation at time t Loss of prestressing force due to friction between tendon and duct at distance x from active end of tendon ‘Variation of stress in tendon due to relaxation Bar size or duct diameter or creep coelficient Creep coefficient, defining creep between times t and t,, elated to elastic deformation at 28 days (01) Final creep coetficiont2 COMPLETE DESIGN EXAMPLE 2.1 Introduction Design calculations for the main elements of a simple in-situ concrete office block are set out. The structure chosen is the same as that used in Higgins ‘and Rogers’ Designed and detailed (BS 8110: 1985). Calculations are, wher- ‘ever possible, given in the same order as those in Higgins and Rogers enabling a direct comparison to be made between BS 8110 and EC2" designs. For the same reason, a concrete grade C32/40 is used. Thisis nota standard grade recognized by EC2 or ENV 206®, which gives grade C35/45 in Table NA.1 ‘Some interpolation of the tables in EC2 has, therefore, been necessary. The example was deliberately chosen to be simple and to cover a considerable range of member types. Comparison shows that, for this type of simple structure, there is very litle difference between BS 8110 and EC2 in the complexity of calculation necessary or the results obtained. 2.2 Basic details of structure, materials and loading These are summarized in Table 2.1 and Figure 2.1 Table 2.1 Design information Intended use Laboratory and office block Fire resistance 1 hour forall elements Loading (excluding selt-weight of structure) Root = imposed (kNi®) 18 = finishes (Nin 15 Froors imposes incluging partion alowance (kNim#) 40 = frishes (Nin?) 05 Stars = imposed (Ni?) 40 = fishes (Ni) | os Edernal cladding (kN) 50 Wind toad Speed (m/sec) 40 Factors 5 10 = os 5 19 & a Exposure class 2b (external) and 1 (eternal) ‘Subsoll condtions Sift clay — no sulphates ‘Allowable bearing pressure (kN!) 200 Foundation ype Reinforced concrete foatings to columns and walls Materials Grade 32/40 concrete with 20 mm maximum agoregate Characteristic stength of main bars (Nin?) 460 Characterisie sang of inks (Nine) 250 Saltweight of concrete (Wm) 24 = 1 J 8COMPLETE DESIGN EXAMPLE : i sD sgfel [et* sf TYPICAL CROSS SECTION | ® J ene ercin ND RESISTANCE « 8 @ 5000248,000_ a a AN 1 All columns 300+ 300 2 Main beams $00 « 309 2. Etge beams 35 = 300 1150» 7750 » 608 1 eS wing force resisted by 2 Lateral bracing in E-=W dirsction provides by staircase, and intilt, (asonty pasele, on ged 2/1 Gnd gris 37H © = Column (externat) he J | IE PROVISION horizontal ties Fr = (204mg) = 20 6 16+ 36 © 6048 Figure 21 Structural detailsCOMPLETE DESIGN EXAMPLE 2.3 Floor slab 2.3.4 Idealiza of structure Consider as a one-way continuous slab on knife-edge supports and design a typical 5 m interior span where f= 32. Nimm? fy = 480 Nim? 2.3.2 Cover for durability and fire resistance Nominal cover er oxposure class 1 Grtrra) is 20 me Nao Table 6 Cover shuld nthe es han the bar size when 20 mm masimum aggregate 4138 ale usd 175 mm sab wih 20 mm cover wi ove 18 hous fe resfance.... ok NABSY® “Use 20 mim norinal cover bonem andtop ——=SSSCSC*~idtCS*«éz 2.3.3 Loading Selfaweight of slab = 0175 x 24 = 4.2 kNim? Finishes = 05 kNim? Characteristic permanent load (g,) = 47 kNim? Characteristic variable load (q,) = 40 kNim? Design permanent load = 135 x 47 = 635 kNim® Table 2.2 Design variable load 15 x 40 60 kNim? 2.3.4 Design moments and shears Moments have been obtained using moment coefficients given in Reynolds and ‘Stedman's Reinforced concrete designer's handbook”, Table 33. ‘Support moment = 0079 x 635 x 5° + 0106 x 60 x 5° = 284 kNmim Span moment = 0046 x 635 x 5? + 0086 x 60 x 5* = 202kNmim Design shear force = 05 x 635 x 5 + 06 x 60 x 5 = 339 kNim 2.3.5 Reinforcement 2.3.5.1 Support Assume effective depth = 175 - 20-6 = 149mm mM = 0040 bot, Adm = 0048, xd = 0092 (Section 13, Table 13:1) bot, 7COMPLETE DESIGN EXAMPLE For zero redistribution, x/d should be less than 0.45 ok A, = 498 mmm Minimum area of reinforcement 6b fn £ 00015 bd = 224 mmm 0k im) Use T12 @ 200 mm ers. (665 mi 2.3.5.2 Span —* ~ coz bot, Ay —* = 0033, xd = 0063 (Section 13, Table 131) bay A, = 342 mmm Use T12 @ 300 mm crs, (877 mmtim) —_ Note: Reinforcement areas differ somewhat from those given by BS 8110 which permits ‘design for the single load case of maximum load on all spans combined with 20% redistribution. EC2 requires alternate and adjacent spans to be considered In this instance, no redistribution has been carried out but it would have been permissible to carry out 30% redistribution in the EC2 design. This would have resulted in an identical answer to that given by BS 8110 but ductility class H (as defined in prEN 10080") reinforcement would need to be species. 2.3.6 Shear Sheer rentance othe slab without shear rifrcement i gen by Yen = Taft? + 40n)bud where rg = 035 Nimm? Fe ete etait = — 2 _- ooose oolaas Hence Vag) = 1023 kNIm > Vz, = 339 kNim cee OK [he stearehtocenen waked] Note: ‘Since shear is rarely a problem for normally loaded solid slabs supported on beams, as the calculation has shown, itis not usually necessary to check in these instances. 6 2534.26) 8421.11) NAD Table 5 4323 Eqn 4.18 Table 48,COMPLETE DESIGN EXAMPLE 2.3.7 Deflection 77 Reinforcement ratio provided in span = 7 __ = 0005 1000 x 149 Using NAD Table 7” and interpolating between 48 for 0.15% and 35 for 05%, abasic spanieffective depth ratio of 44 is given. By modifying according to the steel stress, the ratio becomes 44 (400 x 37) yy 460 x 342 The actual spanfeffectve depth ratio is oe = 336 oK Had EC2 Table 4.14 been used instead of NAD Table 7, the basic ratio before ‘modification would have been 35, which would not have been OK. 2.3.8 Cracking For minimum area of reinforcement assume 3 Nimm? k= 04 k = 08 Ay = 05 x 175 x 1000 = 87500 mm? Hence AL = kK Ada, = 04 x 08 x 3 x 87500460 = 183 mmm ‘Area of reinforcement provided = 377 mm*/m 0k No further check is necessary ash = 175 < 200 mm Maximum bar spacing = 3h < 500 mm ok 2.3.9 Tie provisions The NAD requires that ties are provided in accordance with BS 8110. Internal tie in E-W direction, with F, = 96 kNim width, is given by 1 : BAO gg W298 eS 8 Tie force = F, x 418 kNim NAD Table 7 443.214) 4422 Eqn 478 44.23(1) NAD Table 3 5432.14) NAD 65(a) Bs 8110 3123.4 @COMPLETE DESIGN EXAMPLE 418 x 10° 460 Minimum area = 91 mmtim ‘Thus this area of the bottom reinforcement is the minimum that should be made continuous throughout the siab, 2.3.10 Reinforcement details The reinforcement details are shown in Figure 2.2. @ D4 pseram | O-— a8 — 7 0-44 Hed. 1 Tres3) dea 8 | FS aso 8] af fe 110-3 y300 | AED SHE reat ssrpeeouere O- 8 rr PLAN tard 2 omitted for clarity) | As aerate ae fs? 4.5 at, sale Ao a ren B28 COVER to outer bars =20 Figure 2.2 Slab reinforcement details 2.4 Main beam 2.4.1 Cover for durability and fire resistance Nominal cover for exposure class 1 (internal) is 20 mm: Nominal cover for 1 hour fire resistance is 20 mm. Use 20 rim nominal orto inks NAD Table 6 BS 8110 Table 35COMPLETE DESIGN EXAMPLE 2.4.2 Loading Permanent load from slab (Section 233) = 47 x 5 = 235 kNim Solf-weight of beam = (05 - 0.175) x 03 x 24 = 23 kNim Characteristic permanent load (9,) = 258 kNim Characteristic imposed load (q,) = 8 x 4 = 20kNim Maximum desgn led = 169, + 189, G48 Wm Minimum design oad = 1080," — 348 KN 2.4.3 Analysis 2.4.3.1 idealization of structure and load cases ‘The structure is simplified as a continuous beam attached to columns above ‘and below, which are assumed to be fixed at their upper ends and pinned at the foundations, as shown in Figure 2:3. 3500 6000 000 $000 Figure 2.3 Idealization of structure 2.4.3.2 Design moments and shears These are summarized in Table 2.2 and Figures 2.4 and 25. 2331 23.23(4) 2533COMPLETE DESIGN EXAMPLE Table 2.2 Results of frame analysis Load case 1 [Load case 2 | Load case 3 | ‘Load per m on 8 m span (kN) Bis | BB ue | Load per m on 6 m span (kN) 8 a8 eB Upper LH column momert (kvm) | 108 109 50 ower LH columa moment (Nr) 6 72 3 WH ena of 8 m span momers (Nm) | = 171 = 180 ~32 CH eng of 8 m span shear (N) 233 238 119 Middle of 8 m span moment (kN) eo | 88 "6 RH end of 8 m span moment (kNm) | 382 385 = 242 RH end of 8 m span shear (kN) 286 280 159 |) Upper carte column moment (kN) 33 ss | 3 Lower cans column moment (kNm) 18 23 2 Lif end of 6 m span momers (km) | — 331 262 247 LH end of 6 m span shear (KN) 20 146 23 | Mideéa of 6 m span momert (kN) 98 20 130 RH end of 6 m span moment (Nim) | 57 -2 76 ‘Upper AH column moment (km) 4 7 6 Lower RH column moment (im) 2 5 0 aeoisrarsurion at @ ano @ fase 1" Reduce 171 1926 (see 2) Recuce 382 to 268 (-20%) Cote 2=Reduee HO fo 126 (-30%! Reduce 5U8 to 268 [see 1) 369 14) Case 3-Ne redistribution (1) elastic 26818) 1211804 (2) elastic tay 26 gh (3) elastics, (3) elastic 9 78 (3) elastic 7 Ye (1) redistributed (2) elostic (0) a (2) redistributes 35 Envelope Moments in kim Figure 2.4 Bending moment envelope eeCOMPLETE DESIGN EXAMPLE ay 240 G1 23 (2) 106 oa om | Case 3 —- 149 01) Redistrivures + pee 68 3) Envelope —— Bin | Forces in KN 286.0) | | 8000 $000 _y | Figure 25 Shear force envelope 2.4.4 Reinforcement for flexure 2.444 Internal support From bending moment envelope M > = 268 KNm 6 = O7andxd < (@ - 044125 = 0.208 28342 Eqn 2.17 Mg = 00864 and u,,, = 011084 (Section 19, Table 13.2) . 268 1 = gute > a, 300 x 440? x 32 ‘Therefore compression reinforcement is required ve Ae 1 Bas 1442 — 0.0864 bd, 087 (I-a"id) 0.87 (1 - 50/440) 00750 (Section 13) Ad o = Bie - 0" = 01084 + 00750 = 01894 (ectn 1) 01834 x 300 x 440 x 32/460 = 1684 mm? Since dik = d10.208d = 0546 > (1 ~ 1/805) = 0429 Increase oto (1 = 9428) oor = 00943 1 — 0846 At, = 00943 x 300 x 440 x 92/460 = 866 mm? 1125 (1960 mm?) top 25 (982 mm’) bottor EJCOMPLETE DESIGN EXAMPLE 2.4.4.2 Near middle of 8 m span From bending moment envelope M = 325 kNm 3 >10 Effective flange width = 300 + 0.2 x 085 x 8000 = 1660 mm 25.2.21 Eqn 2.13 w= — 82x WL 090 1660 x 450? x 32 x/d = 0068 (Section 13, Table 13.1) Neutral axis is in flange since x = 31 < 175 mm » = 0,035 (Section 13, Table 13.1) A, = 0035 x 1660 x 450 x 32/460 = 1819 mm? Lx =] 2.4.43 Left-hand end of 8 m span From bending moment envelope M = 126 kNm 5 = O7 andy,, = 00864 (Section 13, Table 13.2) 1 ee 300 x 440? x 32 7 Therefore no compression reinforcement is required. w = 0084 (Section 13, Table 13.1) A, = 0084 x 300 x 440 x 32/460 772 mm? Using 2125 bentup bars, minimum diameter of mandrel 5212 NAD = 186 AxedArge)) = 106 Table 8 Use 2725 (982 mm’) with r = 56 Z| 2aCOMPLETE DESIGN EXAMPLE 2.4.44 Right-hand end of 6 m span From bending moment envelope M = 76kNm pe ML KWL 0m bat, 300 x 440? x 32 @ = 0,049 (Section 13, Table 13.1) A, = 450 mm? Use 2725 (982 mm?) with r= 4g minimum 2.4.45 Near middle of 6 m span From bending moment envelope M = 138 kNm Effective flange width = 300+02 x 085 x 6000 = 1320mm x 10° p= 181 L016 32 x 450° x 1320 019 (Section 13, Table 13:1) A, agg x 1320 x 450 x 32/460 = 785 mm? | Use 2125 (982 mm?) 2.4.4.8 Minimum reinforcement ALB KM Aclt, 4a22 * Eqn 478 where k= 08 k= 068 fea = 3 Nimmt Ag = 300 x 825 mm? 2, = 460. Nimm? Therefore A, = 173 mm? oK osbo a £ 00015 bd = 203 mm? OK = -54.2.1.1(1) hnCOMPLETE DESIGN EXAMPLE 2.4.5 Shear reinforcement 2.4.5.1 Minimum links Here, for comparison with BS 8110 design, grade 250 reinforcement wil be used. Interpolation from EC2 Table 55 gives Minimum >, == 00022 Ag/S = 00022 x 300 = 066 mmtimm Vay = (5) Vago ~ fefer to Section 2.453 for Vag lesser of 300 mm or 08d = 300mm Use RI2 links @ 900 mm crs. (A,./8_=_O75 mmn"imm) 2.4.5.2 Capacity of section without shear reinforcement Vpay = FagM(L2 + 400) bd Assume 2725 effective e, = 982300 x 440) = 000743 ko = 16-d = 16-044 = 116 Tag = 035 Vaey = 300 x 440 x 0:35 x 1.16 x (1.2 + 40 x 0.00743) x 10° = 80.2 KN 2.45.3 Shear reinforcement by standard method Maximum capacity of section » = 07 ~£,/200 = 07 - 327200 = 054 « 05 Vawe = 05 x O54 x (32/5) x 300 x 09 x 440 x 10°? = 684 kN Design shear force is shear at a distance d from the face of the support. This is 590 mm from the support centreline, Vgg ~ 80.2 09 x 440 x O87 x 250 00116 (V,, ~ 80.2) Design of shear reinforcement is summarized in Table 2.3. 432 5422 Egn 517 4323 Table 48 432.43 Eqn 4.21 Eqn 4.25 43.2,2(10) Eqn 423COMPLETE DESIGN EXAMPLE Table 23 Design of shear reinforcement > ————— 8 for 12 mm Location % Aus eel Links 8 msoan LH end 203 142 159 Ri2 @ 150 FH end 28 195 116 Fiz @ 100, 6m span Lend 202 11 160 Riz @ 160 FH eng 128 rin max, 2 @ 200 Mirena 2 @ 300 2.4.6 Deflection Reinforcement percentage at centre of 8 m span. = 100 x 1960(450 x 1660) = 026% Interpolating between 0.15 and 0.5%, basic spanietfective depth ratio for end span = 40) To modify for steel stress multiply by 400/460 ‘To modity for T section multiply by 08 To modity for span > 7 m mutiply by 7/8 Therefore permissible ratio = 40 x (400/460) x 08 x 7/8 = 243 Actual ratio = 8000/50 = 178 0k 2.4.7 Cracking For estimate of steel stress under quasi-permanent loads Utimate load 648 kNim Assuming ¥, 03 Quasi-permanent load = 03 x 20 + 258 = 318 kNim 460 | 318 x 28 115” 648 Approx, steel stress at midspan 196 Nimm? Approx. steel stress at supports allowing for 30% redistribution = 196107 = 280 Nimm? These are conservative figures since they do not allow for excess reinforcement cover what is needed or for moment calculated at centreline of support rather than at face of support. Check limits on either bar size or spacing, From EC2 Table 4.11, 25 mm bars in spans are satisfactory at ary spacing since steel stress < 200 Nimm? OK From EC2 Table 4.12, bar spacing at supports should be = 150 mm with no limitation on size, As bars are located inside column bars the maximum possible spacing is 125 mm Ok 4432 NAD Table 7 4422 NAD Table 1 44.23COMPLETE DESIGN EXAMPLE 2.4.8 Curtailment of reinforcement Reinforcement must extend for a distance of a, + |, beyond the moment envelope where 0902 = 198 mm = By Oy AL ream tong Tas * Ba yt ne = 980 mm Bars mark 8, which are located outside the web, must extend a further 150 mm = refer to Figure 28. 2.4.9 Reinforcement details Curtailment of the main reinforcement and arrangement of the link reinforcement are shown in Figures 2.6 and 27, Reinforcement details are shown in Figure 28 and given in Table 2.4. 1400 1600, 1800 1800 , | ars, Moment envelope Curtailment tine —— soo, 6400 Figure 26 Curtailment diagram of main reinforcement a2 @ , 150 300 100 300 ” ESQ)” (rninimom Uinksy % man Shear capacity of minimum Links (127300) with | SS | tN 166 206 2150 | (ee = Figure 2.7 Arrangement of link reinforcement 54.213 52341 54213 zeCOMPLETE DESIGN EXAMPLE aeseut_ ies? —] rest 4 TH ann pea Tw 0 © Oe et a-aurt Figure 28 Main beam reinforcement detailsCOMPLETE DESIGN EXAMPLE Table 2.4 “Bar |_ mans _| ‘Commentary on bar arrangement Notes | Tension bars are stopped 50 mm from column face 10 avoid clashing with the ‘column bars i Nominal cover = 20 + 12 = 32 > 25 mm oK Remaining tension bars stopped of at LH end as shown in Figure 26. Bars extended al RH end fo provide compression roiereement lap =.) | and continuity for internal ties fap = 1000 mm) (Check minimum distance between bars = bar size of 20 mm (900 - 32 x 2-4 x 25)8 = 45 > 25 mm °K Not used Similar to bar mae 1 Loose U bears ae fixed inside the column bars and provide continuity for ‘column and internal tes Top legs projct trom cenre line into span, minimum dimensions shown in Figure 26 otom legs are lapped 1000 mm to prove continuity for interna ies Yop legs = 1800 mm Botom lags = 200 + 1000 | User = 56 for both bends "Note thatthe botiom legs ae raise to avoid gan between bars being < 25 mm Top legs = 1500 mm Botom legs = 200 + 1000 200 mm 1200 mm 2116 provided as link hangers are stopped 50 mm Hom cokumn face 2.5 Edge beam ‘Tension bars over the support are stopped asin Figure 26. Bars mark @ are locaiod outsce the web Links are arranged in accordance wih Figure 27 for shear. Links also provie transverse reinforcement wih a spacing =< 150 mm af al laps —______ (interior span) 2.5.1 Cover for durability and fire resistance Nominal cover for exposure class 2b (external) is 35 mm. Nominal cover for 1 hour fire resistance is 20 mm. [ie #0 em rind covert ks 413366) Bs 8110 5214 54.213 BS 8110 52.11 54.2.1.2(2) 82.41.22) NAD Table 6 BS 8110 Table 35COMPLETE DESIGN EXAMPLE 2.5.2 Loading Permanent load from slab = 47 x 5 x 1.25 = 294 kN (assuming 1.26 m stip to be loading on edge beam) Self-weight of beam = (035 - 0.175) x 03 x 5 x 24 = 63 KN Cladding load @ 5 KNim = 5 x 5 = 25 kN Characteristic permanent load = 60.7 KN Characteristic imposed load = 4 x 5 x 1.25 = 25 kN [ea design toad 2.5.3 Design moments and shears ‘These are taken from the Concise Eurocode, Appendix, Table A.1®. 2.5.3.1 Interior support [ Moment = 0.10 x 1195 x 5 = 598 kNm Shear = 055 x 1195 = 657 kN 2.5.3.2 Mid-span [[Merent = 067 x 1105 x5 = 48 Kim 2.5.4 Reinforcement for flexure 2.5.4.1 Interior support Assume effective depth = 280 mm M 598 x 10° bai, 280" x 300 x 92 Af, 1 0.099 (Section 13, Table 13.1) bal, xd = 0189 < 045 OK — 258.426) A, = 579. mm? [Use 220 (628 mm’) _ 2.5.4.2 Mid-span ‘Assume effective depth = 290 mm Effective flange width = 300 + 0.1 x 07 x 5000 = 650mm 252.24COMPLETE DESIGN EXAMPLE M MB x 10° = 0024 bd, 650 x 290" x 32 0028 (Section 19, Table 13.1) A, = 867 mm? Use 2120 (628 mm’) _ id ‘The cross-section is shown in Figure 2.9. L Figure 29 Edge beam cross-section 2.5.5 Shear reinforcement Design shear force may be taken to be at distance d into the span from the 43.2.2(10) face of the support. This can be calculated approximately as Veg = 657 ~ 1195 (028 + 015)50 = 554 kN Voor = 900 x 280 x 095 (18 ~ 0.28) x [12 + #0 % 628 43230) . 300 x 260 = 582 kN This is greater than V,,, hence only minimum ink are required. 43222) ‘Assuming grade 250 reinforcement for links, EC2 Table 55 gives oo22 1 0.0022 x 300 = 066 mmn’imm a2), 32 05 (or - x 2 x 900 x 09 x 280 = 435 KN 432 200) 15 a8) <COMPLETE DESIGN EXAMPLE Since Veg << (EY Vise Suge = O18 = 224 mm 200 mm spacing gives A,, = 132 mm? Use RI0 links at 200 mm ors. (A, = 2 x 785 2.5.6 Deflection ‘Actual spanieffective depth ratio = 500/290 = 17.2 ‘At midspan 100 A, 100 x 628 bd 650 x 290 = 033% By interpolation trom NAD Table 7, modified for f,, = 460 Basic spanietfective depth ratio = 36 Note: This can be increased allowing for use of a larger than required steel area to = 36 x 628/367 = 616 But not greater than 48/1.15 = 41.7 Inspection shows this to be unnecessary. Allowable Id > actual lid OK 2.5.7 Curtailment of reinforcement ‘Since the bending moment diagram has not been drawn, simpified curtailment rules are needed. These are given in Section 8 of the Appendix to the Concise Eurocode. Using the rules, the 20 mm bars in the top may be reduced to 12 mm bars ata distance from the face of support = O1f + 326 + 045d = 500 + 32 x 20 + 045 x 280 = 1266 mm from the column face Eqn 517 Concise Eurocode Figure A.12 443.2(4) NAD Table 7 Note 2COMPLETE DESIGN EXAMPLE 2.5.8 Reinforcement details The reinforcement details are shown in Figure 2.10, 13R10~5 200 T || oneness || | 450 te 1250, 150 pam Tt bt oe0-4 I fop cover 60 sible she tonee ds ~ fz tt L arzo-1 ETL artze2 sale 50 ko} side cover 75. ELEVATION 3663 na Cover 10 tinks = 40 a] —fts kd uo Maes ACA Figure 2.10 Edge beam reinforcement details 2.6 Columns 2.6.1 Idealization of structure ‘The simplification assumed for the design of the main beam is shown in Figure 23 2.6.2 Analysis Moments and column loads at each floor are taken from the analysis for the main beam given in Section 2.43, 2.6.3 Cover for durability and fire resistance Nominal cover for interior columns (exposure class 1) is 20 mm. Nominal cover for exterior columns (exposure class 2b) is 35 mm. Nominal cover for 1 hour fire resistance is 20 mm. [Use 20 mm (interior) and 40 mm (exterior) nominal cover to linksCOMPLETE DESIGN EXAMPLE 2.6.4 Internal column 2.6.4.1 Loading and moments at various floor levels These are summarized in Table 2.5, Table 2.5 Loading and moments for internal column =<) ca cae co i a (area) ese (oem [os carssyee Ae Ae dA cc Root am | 200 | 238 | 53) or | ter | tr | a2 | a2 6m | 202 | 165 | 43| 6 | 159 | 159 ‘Soltwelght o| 9 6 | 67 | 266 | ass 3rd ocr 8m | 283 | 278 | 131 | 126 | 152 | 182 | aa] 49 6m | 236 | 143 | 110] 17 | 126 | 126 ‘Set-weignt @| 3 337 | 200 | 642 | 642 and toor 8m | 283 | 278 | 131 | 126 | 152 | 152 | 33 | 49 em | 236 | 143 | 110 | 17 | 126 | 125 | serswotge o| "9 | 78 | 343 | e209 | 020 tettloor 8m | 286 | 280 | 132 | 125 | 154 | 154 | 18 | 29 em | 240 | 146 | 111 | 17 | 120 | 320 Setewsight 44 | ‘ta Foundations eat | a6 | 1226 | 1206, a0 | 39 30 | 55 aa | 85 2.6.4.2 Design for column between first floor and foundation Effective height in N-S direction k ( x 675 x 10" | 675 x 10°) _ 5000 3500 3125 x 10° | 3125 x 10% 8000 ‘6000 = 0.28 but take not less than 0.4 Koon = Hence ea t08 Effective height = 0.8 x 5000 = 4000 mm Load case 1 gives worst condition (by inspection), Imposed load = 0.7 x 821 = 575 KN Eqn 4.60, Figure 4.27 Bs 6399: Part 1, Reduction factorCOMPLETE DESIGN EXAMPLE Dead load = 1226 KN Neg = 1801 KN Mg = 18 kNm (top), 0 (bottom) Fie apenas (O01 a 10z xa) 9 ere 435350 300? x 32 15[F, = 145 < 25 Hence Men = 28 nn yy = OO ag 300 Note: Ifi = (jh) x J12 ) > 25, hence column is slender in N-S direction The slenderness in the E-W direction will be found to be approximately the same. ‘The structure is braced and non-sway (by inspection), hence the Model Column Method may be used with the column designed as an isolated column. Yeg = 25(2 - 2,6.) = 50 in both E-W and N-S directions 43553 Eqn 462 Slenderness ratios in both directions are less than ,,, hence it is only ‘necessary to ensure that the column can withstand an end moment of at least Ngjl20 = 1801 x 03/20 = 270 KNm 43553 Eqn 464 This exceeds the first order moments, Hence N,, = 1801 KN and M,, = 270 kNm Noa = = 062 Dhl. M, . Meg 279 x 10° _ goa bht, — 300? x 32 Assume a= 45mmCOMPLET! 2.6.5 2.6.5.1 E DESIGN EXAMPLE Then dh = 45/300 = 0.15 AL, dis = 0.16 (Section 13, Figure 19.2()) ont, Hence A, = 1002 mm? 10120 EE — Note: In the design by Higgins and Rogers, the slenderness ratio exceeds the equivalent of },,, but the design moment is stil Nh/20, EC2 requires less reinforcement die to the smaller design load and the assumption of a smaller ‘cover ratio. If the same cover ratio is used in the Higgins and Rogers design. 4720 are sufficient in both cases, Externi Loading and moments at various levels column ‘These are summarized in Table 2.6 Table 26 Loading and moments for external column | Beam ioaas | Column design loads ‘Gatun moments a) oy nen | | taat —| imposed | Dead ep Botom T fesreorsg | a] ee fats | el eco kee ee Root \ | wan teu | 105 | 20) ar | sas | 145 | 104 | 107 Ege 55 | (55 5 | ‘5s | Satweigt 3 | 3 slalsl=| | |-|- 2d oor | | Man zas | ego | 109 | 14 | 126 | 126 | 93 | oe Edge joss | | 35 | 55 Sebweght 3 | 3 48 | 165 | 900 | s00 oo | 98 2nd floor | | Main zas | 240 | 100 | 114 | 126 | 128 | 99 | 98 Ege | 5 | | 35 | 55 Sebwoight 3) 8 | —|—| | ar | a0 | seo | 59 | 109 | 100 ‘1st floor | Main 233 | 238 | 108 | 113 | 125 | 125 | 68 | 72 Ege 3 | 85 Sotwcigh Foundations aCOMPLETE DESIGN EXAMPLE 2.6.5.2 Design for column between first floor and foundation 675 x 10° x 08 | 675 x ca (2x) - on 4000 3500 8000 Kom = Hence @ = 08s Figure 427 Effective height = 085 x 4000 = 3400 mm 2400 [7 0 Slenderess ratio = Ii =~" 478 _ g93 304 », will be small so 18/7, will be less than 25 Hence dy = [25 2 terior colin seraer NS dreoion +d Calculate d,, fq, botommement og 4985s tg” tproment 7 85 Hence Ae = 5 @ 40 = 50 Slenderess ratios in the E-W and NS directions are both less than 50, hence itis only necessary to ensure that the end moment is at least Nh/20. ‘The worst condition occurs with load case 2 at section just above the first floor, where M., is greatest = 589 +08 x 269 = 804 kN Nh 804 x 03 20 20 = 120 kNm Design end moment = 109 > 12 kNm a6COMPLETE DESIGN EXAMPLE 2.6.6 Reinforcement details ‘Maximum spacing of links for internal column 541.2.2(8) Generally 12 x 20 = 240mm NAD Above and below floor 067 x 240 = 160 mm Table 3 Maximum spacing of links for external column 541.2.2(4) Generally 12 x 25 = 300mm At lap and below floor 067 x 300 = 200mm The reinforcement details are shown in Figure 2.11 INTERNAL COLUMN F2 EXTERNAL COHN FT Tinks [Vertical bars] Section | Links [vertical bors] Section 2 = 6 e 5 B : aa g . & sleie 1 L + 11 athe fap Pte 8 ez s e| q 7 | dl a jo (3 f fone] é) = g ® TT at ze ee are we) eel alee) rales cues | | [sat ve ge fa Hi i 2] __p—tstarters, see rig. 203] 8 Figure 2.11 Column reinforcement details 2.7 Foundation Design typical pad footing for internal column. 2.7.4 Cover —— Use 50 mm nominal cover against blinding 413309) BS 8110 specifies a nominal cover of not less than 40 mm against binding EC2 specifies a minimum cover greater than 40 mm. This implies a nominal cover greater than 45 mm, hence the choice of 50 mm. 2.7.2 Loading Taken from internal column design. Ultimate design loads: Dead = 1226 Imposed = 575 Total = 1801 KN 39COMPLETE DESIGN EXAMPLE Hence service loads: Dead = 908 Imposed = 383 Total = 1291 KN ‘The assumption is made that the base takes no moment. Also it is assumed. that the dead weight of the base less the weight of soll displaced is 10 KNim? ‘over the area of the base. 2.7.3 Size of base ‘Since, at the time of publication, EC7: Geotechnical design® and EC2, Part 3: Concrete foundations have not been finalized, the approach used here is based on current UK practice. Use 2.75 m x 2.75 m x 06 m deep pad Bearing pressure under service loads = 25+ 10 = 181 < 200 kNim?® : OK ars Design pressure at utimate limt state = 101 256 Khim? 2.7.4 Flexural reinforcement Moment at face of column = 238 x 275 x 1,225%2 = 491 kNm ‘Average effective depth = 600 - 50 - 25 = 525 mm. M 6 se 491 X10? L029 bd", 2750 x 525? x 32 Al, = 0028 (Section 13, Table 13.1) bat, Hence A, = 0023 x 2750 x 525 x 32/460 = 2310 mm? Use 9120 @ 300 mm ors. each way (2830 mm?) 2.7.5 Shear 2.7.5.1 Shear across base ‘Shear force may be calculated at a critical section distance d from the face 43.2.2(10) of the column, (275 - 03) Design shear (V,,) = 298 x 275 x = 0525] = 458 kNCOMPLETE DESIGN EXAMPLE In cakusting Va. the inuence ofthe tinforcmertwil be ignored since 43.234) Sra bars ea, hey wil nl extend d+ er beyond te ciclsecton Vpq = 088 x 1075 x 12 % 2750 % 528M000 = 652 KN qn 418 [Vou > Vig Renae no equiomen' fo wear venioceret | 2.78.2 Punching shear ‘The critical perimeter is shown in Figure 2.12. Design load on base = 1801 kN Length of critical perimeter uu = (4 x 300 + #2 x 18 x 5251/1000 = 618m tc am 7 | Seeseeae nena a —__ Figure 2.12 Critical perimeter for punching Vooq = 098 x 1.075 x 1.2 x 525 x 615 = 1458 KN 43454 Area within perimeter = 298 m? Area of base = 756 m? Design shear (V,,) = (756 - 298) x 238 = 1090 KN 43.416) Veg < Vacs ence NO requirement for shear reinforcement 2.7.6 Cracking Approximate stee! stress under quasi-permanent loads 460, (908 + 03 x 983), 2310 = 186 Nimm? 115 1801 From EC2 Table 4.11 bar size should not exceed 25 > 20 mm used. 4423 Hence cracking ox Table 411 aCOMPLETE DESIGN EXAMPLE 2.7.7 Reinforcement details ‘The reinforcement detaiis are shown in Figure 2.13 and given in Table 2.7 i +—9120- 1-300 82 —A‘ 9r20-1-30081 PLAN “0 | 2ne-3-300 | ACA COVER 81 = 50, end =75 Figure 2.13 Base reinforcement details Table 2.7 Commentary on bar arrangement Bar mars Notes ] + | Swaioht bars eden! wich of base ess end cover of 75mm. Bae shoul tend an anchorage lng bajo the csr face Archorage lrg = 92 x 20 = 640 mm Actual extension = 110 mm 2 | Cokmn starr bars wired to botom mat Mimi proesion above top tas fs {eompresson ap char © 2220 4 78 = 715 mm 3 | Urks ae provided o abo and lost esate dung conarusion 4133(9) 52341 52413COMPLETE DESIGN EXAMPLE 2.8 Shear wall 2.8.1 Structure The structure is shown in Figure 2.14 ist floor go fe— 0-5 wind ca teas’ an buitain 8 “| 8 x, Ty 2 | = =e Figure 2.14 Shear wall structure 2.8.2 Loading at foundation level Dead load from first to third floors and root 05 (@ x 235 + 285) = 495 kNIm Soltweight = 0.175 x 24 x 155 = 65:1 kNim Characteristic dead load = 495 + 651 = 1146 kNim Characteristic imposed load from slabs = 25 (15 + 3 x 4) x O7 = 236 kNim Wind loading is taken as 90% of value obtained from CP3: Ch V: Part 2. NAD 4c) Total wind load on building in NS direction = 09 x 449 = 404 KN Wind load on wall = 404/2 = 202 kN Moment in plane of wall = 202 x 8 = 1616 kNm Hence ‘Maximum force per unit length due to wind moment Mx6 e = + XE Ls azaKnim 142 2.8.3 Vertical design load intensities at ultimate limit state Dead load + imposed load = 135 x 1146 + 15 x 236 = 1901 kNim Eqn 28a) Dead load + wind load = 135 x 1146 +15 x 474 = 2258 kNim; or Egn 2.82) 10 x 1146 - 15 x 474 = 435 kNimCOMPLETE DESIGN EXAMPLE Dead load + wind load + imposed load 135 x 1146 + 135 x 236 + 135 x 474 2506 kNim or 122.6 kNim Therefore maximum design load = 2506 kNim From analysis of slab (not presented), maximum moment perpendicular to plane of wall = 11.65 kNmim 2.8.4 Slenderness ratio = 205 ky ~ Hence 8 = 094 2.8.5 Vertical reinforcement Higgins and Rogers design the shear wall as unreinforced. Plain concrete walls, will be covered in EC2 Part 1A which, at the time of publication, has not yet been finalized. The wall will, therefore, be designed here as a reinforced wall AAs will be seen, the result is the same. Eccentricity due to applied loads Oo o0) Cg = ‘1165 x 1000/2506 = 465 mm Hence e, = 06 x 465 +0 = 279mm Accidental eccentricity 1 = OL gam ts Eqn 2800) NAD 4c) Eqn 460 Figure 427 Eqn 466 Eqn 461COMPLETE DESIGN EXAMPLE Second order eccentricity e 4 = TO Og tg eqns arz z Tex 200000 * Go x ie oe Sr etree ee Beene ete eee Design uma load = 2506 kNin Desgn inate moment = 663 x 2506000 = 223 KNmim u ~ 002s a = 0045 = 001 (Seaton 1, Faure 18.246) A, = 122. mmtim or 61 mm*im in each face Minimum area of reinforcement = 0004 x 1000 x 175 = 700 mm%im 5472 Tis ceeds the celeusted velie. Hence he minenum governs [Use T12 @ 300 mm crs. in each face (754 mmm) ~ ] 2.8.6 Shear Desgn horzontl shear = 15 x 202 = 00 4 shear sess = 241900 919 Winn? ox esokzie News Tia no coleated eines It rst be > 0125,¢ by ulck nspeton of OE Eqn aia 2.8.7 Horizontal reinforcement Mri a 50% of varcal nlorcerent provided sara A, = 188. mmm (EF) Minimum for controlled cracking due to restraint of early thermal contraction 44.2.2COMPLETE DESIGN EXAMPLE AL = KMaaAde, Eqn 478 k= 10 k = 08 Fag = 19 Nimm? (assuming concrete strength to be equivalent to Table 31 C16120 at time of cracking) 4, = 360 Nimm? (assuming 10 mm bars) Table 4.11 A, = 10 x 0B x 19 x 175 x 1000/3960 = 739 mm’im Use T10 @ 200 mm crs. in each face (785 mmim) L 2.8.8 Tie provisions at first floor NAD 65(0) According to the NAD, these should follow the rules in BS 8110. Bs 8110 3123 Fo = S6KN 2.8.8.1 Peripheral tie 36 x 10° A= = 78 mm? Use 1710 (785 mm) _ _ id 2.8.8.2 Internal tie force 25 x 36 (A7 + 40) . 143 Fores = = 29040 75 Hence A = BAI 550 mm? 460 “Wee STO im each face TESS Hence T10 @ 200 mm ers. horizontal reinforcement in wall 05 m above and below slab is adequate, 2.8.8.3 Wall tie Take the greater of (a) and (b) (@) Lesser of 20F, or + = 72 or 48 KNCOMPLETE DESIGN EXAMPLE (©) 3% of total vertical load = 003 x 1901 = 57 KN Hence Tie force = 48 kN = BX 104 mm? 460 [_Theretore reinforcement in dab wil sulfice 2.8.9 Strip footing EC2, Part 8: Concrete foundations, at the time of publication, has not yet been Grafted, hence current UK practice is adopted. Maximum pressure due to characteristic dead, imposed and wind loads = 1146 + 236 + 47.4109 = 191 kNim For 800 mm wide stip, pressure = 72! = 212 kNin? ‘Allow extra 10 kNim? for ground floor loads and weight of concrete displacing soil in foundations. This gives 222 kNim?. Allowable pressure = 1.25 x 200 = 250 > 222 kNim? OK Use 900 mm wide strip Calculate reinforcement for flexure Moment = 2506 x 2 9175" _ 165 kNimim A, = 209 mmm Minimum area = 00018bd 5A2A4 0.0015 x 1000 x 200 = 300 mméim “Use T12 @ 300 mm ors. (877 mméim) a7COMPLETE DESIGN EXAMPLE 2.8.10 Reinforcement details ‘The reinforcement details are shown in Figure 2.15 and given in Table 28. walt tie B__96112-3-300 His Teena-cer2 J] 6-209 WF fl -200 Sf-200, fs aeraRio-9 < =1000 EW serie-1-300 |S iuene s use2y 7 1 + cover =40 — | Se 4 a d dhl (grid 2 omitted tor clarity) 8 EAST_WALL ELEVATION COVER to outer bors = Nt= 40, FI 20 Figure 2.15 Shear wall reinforcement detailsCOMPLETE DESIGN EXAMPLE Table 28 Comment ry on bar arrangement Bar marks Notes 1 | Wal starters match vericatrerforcement “The preecton of he horizontal egs beyond the face fhe waltom the tension rarforeement in the foting Ths extension must be atleast a tension anchorage length 5222 fA 52.23 | aa = 208mm OK) 52341 The misimum projection above the top ofthe base is a compression lap "75 mm keer = 32K 12+ 75 = 459mm “Tis is detaied at 525 mm ok 2__| Minar iongtucnal rerorcerent prorded 8473 456 | Minirur novizontal reinforcement provided aoa 8S 8110 78 | Peripheral se a toor aay Vial spacers to mainain location of reinforcement 2.9 Staircase 2.9.1 Idealization The idealization of the staircase is shown in Figure 2.16. Figure 2.16 Idealization of staircase Design as end span of a continuous beam. Calculations will be given for 1m width, 2.9.2 Durability and fire resistance ‘As for floor slab, Section 23, 20 mm nominal cover will be satisfactoryCOMPLETE DESIGN EXAMPLE 2.9.3 Loading ‘Average slab thickness on plan = 250 mm Soltweight = 025 x 24 = 60 kNIm Finishes 0s Characteristic dead load = 65 kNim Characteristic imposed load = 40 kNim Design ultimate load = 135x65+15x4 = 2.9.4 Analysis Using coefficients in the Concise Eurocode Moment at interior support == “O11 x 1478 x 506? Moment near mid-span = 009 x 1478 Shear 06 x 1478 2.9.5 Reinforcement for flexure Effective depth = 175 - 20 - 6 = 149mm 416 x 10° Interior suppor, pas Or aa oat, ~ 10 x 149% x 32 From Section 13, Table 13.1 Aly “sk = gore bly Hence A, = 746 mein 1478 kNim 416 kN x 506% = 341 KNm x 506 = 449 kN = 0059 Use T12 @ 150 mm ers. (754 mm*im) Span AL, a 058 bat, Hence A 601 mmtim e T12 @ 150 mm crs (754 mim) Concise Eurocode Table A1COMPLETE DESIGN EXAMPLE 2.9.6 Shear 754 Reinforcement ratio = —* _ _ 90051 4000 = 148 Near support Vay = 035 x (16 = 175) x (12 + 40 x 00051) x 149 = 1043 kN > Ve = 449 KN, hence no shear reiniorcement required 2.9.7 Deflection Reinforcement ratio at mid-span = 051% Concrete is lightly stressed, hence basic spanieffective depth ratio is 32. Since f,, = 460, this should be moaitied to 82 x 400/460 x 754/601 = 349 Actual spanieftective depth ratio = 5060/49 = 34 < 349 oK 2.9.8 Cracking AAs for floor slab in Section 2.38 Minimum area of reinforcement = 183 mm*im Thickness of waist. = 175 < 200 mm No further check is necessary, 2.9.9 provisions E-W internal tie, the minimum area required = 91 mm*im (see Section 23.9) Total area for staircase = 91 x 3 = 273 mm? Provide 2712 tie bars each side of starcase in adjacent slab st 4323 Eqn 418 Table 4.14 443.24) 4422 4423 (1) Bs 8110 31232COMPLETE DESIGN EXAMPLE 2.9.10 Reinforcement details The reinforcement details are shown in Figure 2.17, 750, [150 I | sro-j1-300 | ! Lrorsz-12-150 ort2-13-150 LANDING o FLIGHT 4r10-9-300— j ® 10 =3110- be 203110-8 ® 21ia-7-150 st10-10-300| 6r10-11-250 Cover: b! 3110-9-300 te ae at0- 2-300 ora 36T12-41 S225 alternate FLIGHT Figure 2.17 Staircase reinforcement details A fr 4 Rr ar2ti0-6 El 6712-3 6112-14 1-125 aterm fF |3 BEAMS 3.1 Introduction ‘This Section covers the design of beams for shear and torsion, and supplements the examples given in Section 2. The requirements for adequate safety against lateral buckling are also examined, 3.2 Design methods for shear 3.2.1 Introduction C2” differs from BS 8110" because the truss assumption used in shear design is explicit. Leading on from this, two alternative methods are given in the Code, () Standard (2) Variable Strut Inclination (VS) The standard method assumes a concrete strut angle of 45° (cot@ = 1) and that the direct shear in the concrete, V.,. is to be taken into account. This contrasts with the VSI method which permis the designer to choose strut angles between the limits set in the NAD, as shown in Figure 3.1, but ignores the direct shear in the concrete. NAO mite bets | | | | -— Ec? tits Figure 31. Limits of cot® (VSI method) Because the direct shear in the concrete is not taken into account in the VSI method, no savings in shear reinforcement can be achieved until the applied shear exceeds three times the concrete shear (V,, > 3V,1) AA further disadvantage of this method is that with increasing values of cot, ie, reductions in the concrete strut angle, the forces in the tension reinforcement ssBEAMS 3.2.2 3.2.24 increase significantly and may well outweigh any notional savings in shear reinforcement. These forces are, t should be nated, explicitly checked in EC2 ‘but not in BS 8110. Given special circumstances the VSI method may be required bbut for most practical situations, the standard method will provide the most economic design, Example 1 — uniformly distributed loading ‘The beam shown in Figures 32 and 33 is to be designed for shear Ultimate toad = 385 KN/m = al ae Figure 32 Beam span and loading - example 1 900 1000 b + Ast = 6434mm2 (8732) pete] cover to Links = 50mm Figure 33 Typical section - example 1 ‘The material strengths are hy 30 Nimm? (concrete strength class C3037) Fra 250 Nimm? (characteristic yield strength of links) ‘The beam wil be checked for shear reinforcement al three locations using both the standard and VSI methods for comparison. These are () d from support (2) Where V,, = Vp, i@, the point beyond which only minimum shear reinforcement is required () An intermediate point between 1 and 2. Standard method ‘The shear force diagram is shown in Figure 34 1955 kW a 1155 WN Figure 34 Shear force diagram ~ example 1 432.43, 432.44 43.2.2(10) 43.2.2(2) 432.43, saBEAMS 3.2.2.1. Position 1 at d from support The design shear resistance of the section, Vj... is given by 43.23(1) = [tak (12 + 40p,) + 0.180,,) bd Eqn 418 Jpg = (034 Nimm? for f,, = 90 Nimm? Table 48 ko = 1-de1 = 1 A = 7H = 884 cots > 002 bd ~ 400 x 900 (assuming 8732 throughout span) Nsa % == 0 ° Ze Veg = 0341 (12 + 40x 0018) x 400 x 900 = 235 KN Vgg = 1155 - 09 x 385 = 8085 KN Veg > Vqgqs Shear reinforcement is required 43243 ‘The shear resistance of a section with shear reinforcement is given by Vaux Veg + Voy Eqn 422 Veg = Vygy = 235 KN Aw = 09H Eqn 423 where A,, = afea of shear reinforcement 5 = spacing of shear reinforcement yy = 25ONAS = 217.4 Nim? FOr Vass = Veg Vig Vqg ~ Vegi OF A —* 090V,,5 = Ves - V, s Theretore A = A (@0B5 = 295) x 10° 356 time s 09 x 900 x 2174 Try RX2 links @ 140 mm ors. (4 legs), A,,/S = 3.28 mm*immBEAMS Check crushing of compression struts Voge = Wf gb,08dlt + cota) For vertical links, cota = 0 f, = 055 € 05 0 Ly 2 = 20 Nimm? Therefore Vag = (4) X 055 x 20 x 400 x 09 x 900 x 1 = 1782kKN > ¥, = 1155 kN. OK Check maximum spacing of links A be = 82 goo ‘8b, sin 140 x 400 Veg ~ Veg _ (8085 - 3 x 235) x 10° Do 0.0081 x 400 x 800 = 35. Nimm? Maximum spacing for crack control = 900 mm Since CE) Vpug < Vag S Vp Spex = 08d 300 mm. 140 mm spacing OK Check minimum value ofp, Concrete strength class C3037 Steel class $250 By interpolation from EC2 Table 55 Pumn = 00022 < 00081 proposed Use R12 links @ 140 mm ors. (4 legs) Note: Using the standard method, the increase in force in the tension reinforcement is best covered by using the shift rule. ‘twill, however, be calculated in this example to provide a comparison with the values obtained in the subsequent examples using the VSI method. Force in tension reinforcement M, a = E+) Yyso0t0 ~ cota) Eqn 4.25 Eqn 421 4423 Eqn 4.79 Table 413 542.207) Eqn 518 Table 55 43.2.1) 642.13 Eqn 430Mz, = 884kNm, z = 09d = 810 mm Veg = 8085 KN cot = cota = 0 for vertical links 432.436) Therefore T, = 1091 + 404 = 1495 kN 82.2.1.2 Position 2 - where Vz, = Vay = 235 KN From Figure 34 hg = 1185 - 2x 985 = 235 KN @ = 239m from support From Section 32.2.1, Vee > Vex max . OK The amount of shear reinforcement provided should be greater than p,,,,, Table 55 Pan = 00022 A, Re-arranging EC2 Ean 516 in terms of —* gives “= p,b,sina S ~aPas For vertical links sina = 1 Hence A TB = 00022 x 400 x 1 = 088 mm?imm Maximum longitudinal spacing (6,,.) is given by EC2 Eqns 617-519. Veg = 285 KN Vege = 1782 KN from Section 3.2.2.1.1 Since Veg C5) Vagos EC2 Eqn 5.17 applies Spay = O84 300 mm Eqn 6:17 A 088 x 300 = 264mm? 4RI0 = 314 mm? [__Use 10 links @ 300 mm crs. (4 legs) __ 82.2.1 Position 3 — at 1.65 m from support This a point intermediate between the section at d from support and the point ‘at which shear reinforcement is no longer required. Vy 1155 - 1.65 x 385 = 520 kN < " ny = 235 KN 7BEAMS Since Vj, > Vpyy, Shear reinforcement is required Reearranging EC2 Eqn 423 Veg = - = AM 520 = 238) x1 62 maezimm s 9d, 09 x 900 x 2174 ‘Try Ri2 links @ 250 mm crs. (4 legs) = 1.81 mmYimm. Check maximum spacing of links A mo 8b,sina For vertical links sina = 1 Hence 452 0. oe = = gas o 260 x 400 Veg ~ Veg _ (620 - 3 x 235) x 10° bd (0045 x 400 x 900 114 Nimm? Maximum spacing for crack control = 300 mm . OK Since Wree < Veg = (WMeae Spex = O84 & 300 mm From Section 32.2.1.1 Vaso > Vea ok Provide F112 links @ 250 mm ers (4 legs) ‘To optimize link spacing, check the point at which shear reinforcement is satisfied by R12 @ 200 mm crs. (4 legs) #82 200 = 2.26 mmimm A, = —* say, = 2.26 x 09 x 900 x 2174 = 398 KN s -y, ha + V, es Equating Ves = Vgq Nd noting that V,, Veg Vag + Yq = 235 + 398 = 633 KN 4423 Eqn 479 Table 413 84.2.2(7) Eqn 518= 633 Distance of pot rm support = NEES _ 135m ‘The proposed link arrangement is shown in Figure 35. Figure 35 Link arrangement (standard method) - example 1 Note: In the centre portion of the beam R10 links are required by calculations but Fi12 (*) are shown to avoid the possible misplacement on site. Distance from the support (+) could be reduced to 1.70 m in this case. 3.2.2.2 Variable strut incli method This method allows the angle of the concrete compression strut to be varied at the designer's discretion within limits stated in the Code. Itcan give some economy in shear reinforcement but will require the provision of additional tension reinforcement. In most cases the standard method will suffice. This reduced shear reinforcement will only be obtained at high levels of design shear and is counter-balanced by increased tension reinforcement. This can bbe seen by a comparison of EC2 Eqns 4.22 and 4.23 in the standard method and EC2 Eqn 4.27 in the variable strut inclination method. ‘The standard method gives: Vag + Yous ow gE O8D ug Re-arranging gives Ba. Yass ~ Ves ST Oa The VSI method gives A, Voy = 2 (O85 COB s Re-arranging gives A, Voss (090), C18 43244 Eqn 4.22 Eqn 4.23 Eqn 4.27BEAMS Note. In the above equation the contribution of the concrete, V.,, to the shear resistance of the section is not taken into account, With cot@ = 1.5 which is the maximum value permitted in the NAD, reductions in shear reinforcement will only occur when Yeas Yeas — < O907,,, «15 O90), Vass << '5Vaas ~ Yoo) Putting V,, = Vagy Gives Vz, > 3V., I Vc, > 3V,y then the VSI method will allow a reduction in shear reinforcement, It this inequality is not satisfied, use of the variable strut inclination method will Produce an uneconomic amount of shear reinforcement, In this case the standard method should be used For elements with vertical shear reinforcement, Vay is given by bzw, oot + tan Eqn 4.26 Putting Vz, = Vag and rearranging gives Vox 1 bz, cot + tan@ Figure 3.1 shows cot@ plotted against 1/(cot@ + tan@) together with the EC2 and NAD limits for cot®. Hence for a given V,,, the limits for cot@ can be found, Increasing the value of cot® will reduce the shear reinforcement required but increase the force in the tension reinforcement, In this example, cot@ will be chosen to minimize the shear reinforcement. Position 1 - at d from support From above Vag 1 bz, colO + tand b, = 400mm Z = 09x 900 = 810mm oss « 05 Eqn 4.21BEAMS = 2 = 20Nimm? Veg = 8085 kN Therefore 1 5 8085 x 10 aoe cote + tan@ 400 x 810 x 055 x 20 From Figure 31, this lies under the curve. Therefore, cot® = 15.can be chosen ‘which is the maximum value allowed under the NAD limits. 2 {088 Eqn 427 Now equating Vj, to Ve, and re-arranging V, x 10° ei py LE er 2,08 B10 x 2174 x 15 166 = Qi, = 55 0K Try RI2 links @ 150 mm crs. (4 legs), A,/s = 301 mm*imm Check maximum spacing of links. 4423 A a = — 8 = 00075 Eqn 479 8b,sina (9085 ~ 3 x 235) x 10° 383 Nimm? (00075 x 400 x 900 Maximum spacing for crack control = 300 mm Table 413 B= QOS > yng = 00022... OK — Table 55. Check 5,5, 54.2.2(7) Veg = 8085 KN byzrhg 400 x 810 x 055 x 20 Vio = SO RO OE = 1644 KN cot + tan® 2.167 Since (Lage < Veg < Noa Eqn 518 Spx = 06d b 300 mm éBEAMS [Use Ri2 links @ 150 mm ers. (4 legs) __ Check additional force in tension reinforcement. T, = —%+ (4) V, {cot - cota) = 1091 + 606 = 1697 kN Eqn 430 This compares with T, = 1495 KN using the standard method. Note: Although not permitted by the NAD, values of col® up to 2.5 are given in EC2, ‘check on shear reinforcement using cot@ = 25 is now given to illustrate the effect of increasing values of © on shear and tension reinforcement, 8085 x 10° Zh, COD 810 x 2174 x 25 = 184 mm%imm Try Ri2 @ 225 mm crs. (4 legs), A,/s = 2.01 mm*imm Check maximum spacing of links p, = 0005 Vou = Mug 2 = 575 Nimm? bd Maximum spacing for crack control = 250 mm OK Table 413, 7 06d» 300 mm OK Eqn 618 Use R12 links @ 225 mm crs. (4 legs) ] Check additional force in tension reinforcement. + (pW gq (Col — cota) = 1091 + 1011 = 2102 kN This compares with T, = 1495 kN using the standard method 3.2.2.2.2 Position 2 - where Vj = Vpy Since only minimum shear reinforcement is required this case is identical to that shown in Section 2.2.1.2, 9.2.2.23 Position 3 at 1.65 m from support xg = 520 KN A Ve 3 = 2 HL eeescO sO 1.96 mm*/mm s A,c010 ~ B10 x 2174 x 15 Try Ri2 links @ 225 mm crs. (4 legs), A,/s. = 2.01 mmiimmBEAMS From Section 32.2.2.1 spacing is satisfactory. Use R12 links @ 225 mm ors. (4 le Asin Section 32.2.13, check the point at which the shear requirement is satisied by R12 @ 200 mm crs. (4 legs). A, 452 200 2.26 mm®imm, A yqj CRO = 2.26 x BIO x 2174 x 15 = SOTKN Distance trom support = TS — 58 L145 m 385 ‘The proposed link arrangement is shown in Figure 36. 12-150 | rz -200 | 12-300 | e12-200 | ar2-150 lege wtege | 4 legs | 4 legs 1s lege $45m usm | Le | Figure 36 Link arrangement (VSI method) - example 1 Comparing this with the arrangement in Figure 35 obtained using the standara method, it can be seen that less reinforcement is required near the support bout this needs to be carried further along the beam. Theres itie overall saving in this case 3.3 Shear resistance with concentrated loads close to support 3.3.1 Introduction Where concentrated loads are located within 28d of a support, the value 7, may be modified by a factor 8 when calculating V,,.. This enhancement only applies when the section is resising concentrated loads and the standard method is used. For a uniformly distributed load, an unmodified value of Vi. should be used. 3.3.2 Example 2 - concentrated loads only ‘The beam shown in Figures 37 and 38 is to be designed for shear Eqn 4.27 43.2.2(9) essoo kn 800KN ultimate toads Figure 37 Beam span and loading ~ example 2 -— oe + Agy= 4825mm 216732) fetta} caver to tinks = Som Figure 38 Typical section - example 2 ‘The materials strengths are be 30 Nimm (concrete strength grade, C30/37) ‘uy = 250 Nimm? (characteristic yield strength of links) In the example, V,,, will be calculated at positions between the support and 25d away at intervals of 05d. This is done to illustrate the effect even though the critical section will normally be at the position of the concentrated load. 3.3.2.1 Shear reinforcement The shear force diagram is shown in Figure 39, 00 KN Vegi (mod) Figure 39 Shear force diagram ~ example 2The basic design shear resistance of the section, Vp,,, is given by 43.23(1) Vast = Ugg k (0.2 + 40p,) + 0.15 0,,10,¢ Eqn 418 Tre = 034 Nimm? for f,, = 30 Nimm? Table 48 For concentrated loads within 2.5d of the face of the support, an enhancement (of shear resistance is permitted. 1,, may be multiplied by a factor 6 when determining Vpuy B = 25dix with 10 < 8 < 50 Eqn 417 Taking values of x between OSd and 25d gives values of 67_, shown in Table 31 Table 31 Design shear strength 87,4 fe inti ous 17 0.90 ~ - - 0.85 198 167 om 780 1.00" oe 235 100° 034 * No enhancement taken, see Figure 3.9 ‘The equation for V4, Can be modified to give a range of values corresponding to the distance from the support Vag) = [Brak (2 + 40p,) + 0.150,,]b,d Eqn 418 (nod) ko = 1 -d e1 = 1 A, a = oe = 8. 013 400 x 900 Values of design shear resistance, Vp... are given in Table 32, Table 32 Design shear resistance Voy, x Veo en) ot 045 1082 090 528 135 353 a) an 225 att esBEAMS Shear reinforcement is required when V,, > Vay 800 KN from x = Oto x = 135m From Figure 39, Vs, Using the standard method \, vi +, Putting Vag = Veg ANG Vi, = Vgoy GIVES Vou Vass + Vo Values of design shear resistance to be provided by shear reinforcoment, V, are given in Table 33, Table 33. Design shear resistance V,., | \, ve OT MY, i i oo | ony 1052 | <0 526 a) 24 353 ‘800 “a7 cu ° <0 an “0 <0 Therefore maximum shear reinforcement is required when V4, = 353 KN, ie, when x = 135m, This should be provided over the entire length trom x = Otox = 2.25m (0 < x < 25d) Note: lf a concentrated load is positioned close to a support, itis possible that using B to modify V,,,, may lead to only minimum. shear reinforcement being Provided throughout the beam. In this case, the designer may wish to base the shear resistance on the unmodified Vj, This can be illustrated by taking the example above but placing the point load at 050 from the support. ‘The modified shear force diagram is shown in Figure 3.10, Vags (mod) = 1052kN sd seo Hote B= 1 on span side of concentrated load Vpay= 21tkN gs 05 10 15 20 25 {position of concentrated load Figure 310 Shear force diagram (load at 05d) — example 2 modified 4324 432.43 Eqn 422 43.2.2(9) 43.2.2)In this case it would be prudent to check the shear resistance on the unmodified Vege = 211 KN. The required shear reinforcement should be provided from x2 Otox = 05d Check area of shear reinforcement required in example 2. Re-arranging the equation for V,,, gives v, a MT Lg 4 rae ?inm 3 O8cH,,, 09 x 800 x 274 Try R12 links @ 175 mm crs. (4 legs), A,/s = 2.58 mmmm. ‘Check crushing of compression strut Vaca = CB) whygb,09d (1+ cota) For vertical links, cota = 0 » = 07-—% = 055 200 fy = 22 = 20Nimm? 15 Therefore Vag = (8) x 055 x 20 x 400 x 09 x 900 x 1 = 1782 KN > Vj, = BOOKN ... oK Check maximum spacing of links. A 8b,sina For vertical links sina = 4 42 175 x 400 Pe = 00084 > Pynq = 00022 oK Veg ~ Veg _ (800 - 3 x 363) x 10° bd (0.0064 x 400 x 900 <0 Maximum spacing for crack control = 300 mm By inspection, EC2 Clause 5.4.2.2(7) is satisfied, Use R12 links @ 175 mm crs. (4 legs) for 0 < x < 225m Eqn 423 Eqn 4.25 Eqn 4.21 4423 Eqn 479 Table 55 Table 413 84.2.2(7)BEAMS 3.3.3 Example 3 — combined loading ‘The revised loading and shear force diagrams are shown in Figures 311 and 12 respectively. Ultimate toads 00 KN 800 kN 100 KN m Figure 311 Beam span and loading ~ example 3 100M 135m 100 aN Figure 312 Shear force diagram - example 3 ‘The basic design shear resistance of the section, V, is given by 43.23(1) Vou = (Taght.2 + 40p,) + 0.150,,]0,0 Eqn 418 For concentrated loads within 25d of the face of the support, 7, may be increased as in Section 33.2. However, no similar enhancement is permitted for uniformly distributed loads. 43.2.2) must be reduced depending on the proportion of concentrated loads to total design load. can then be written as V, Bg = 14+@-1) 2 with1o < B s 50 see) Vegeene) = design shear force due to concentrated loads Vegggy = design shear force due to total loads Values of the concentrated load ratio and the resulting design shear strength are given in Tables 34 and 36.Table 34 Concentrated load ratio V, seca! 5 Voce Venus Vogue! Maton m) (kN) N) (KN) os 00 25 vss ave 280 00 210 1010 078 138 00 165 68 083 120 ° rr 120 o Table 3.5 Design shear strength 8,.7a4 a 6 fs nian oa oi “08 wr 290 28 230 078 135 167 158 ass 180 10 100 034 228 10 1.00 034 The equation for V,,, can be modified to give a range of values corresponding to the distance from the support. Ves: 0) [BsTagh(1-2 + 40p,) + 0.15 9,,] bd Eqn 4.18 (mod) As in Section 8.8.2.1 Repeat oye 01S eaten a 0) Values of design shear resistance, V,,,, and design shear resistance to be provided by shear reinforcement, V,., are given in Tables 3.6 and 3.7. Table 3.6 Design shear resistance (Vau,) * Vow i) wi) 04s ea (0.90 a6 1.35 328 1.80 ait 225 ant Table 37 Design shear resistance (V,,) Van Vex Va Van = at) ast) ay on 1085 207 466 3010 546 28 965 ear an 120 <0 an 8 <0BEAMS ‘Therefore maximum shear reinforcement is requited when Vas = S28KN, is,, when x = 135 m This should be provided from x = Otox = 225m (0 V,, = 1100 kN oK Check maximum spacing of inks 44.23 By comparison with example 2, requirements are satisfied + OK 842.207 Use Ri2 links @ 125 mm ors. (4 legs) for 0 < x < 225m For the remainder of the beam beyond x = 25d (2.25 m) provide minimum reinforcement as example given in Section 3.2.2, 3.4 Design method for torsion 3.4.1 Introduction ‘The edge beam shown in Figure 3.13 carries the ends of simply supported floor slabs seated on the lower flange. The beam is fully restrained at its ends, The example chosen is the same as that used in Allen's Reinforced concrete design to BS 8110: Simply explained. Analysis of the structure and the design of the section for flexure is notincluded, The section will be checked for shear, torsion and the combination of bothBEAMS a — 250. 1500 Floor stab Figure 313. Beam section 3.4.2 Design data Design torsional moment (7) = 120 KN Design hear (V,) = 955 KN Conorete strength grade is C3097, f, = 30 Nimm? 3124 Table 31 Nominal cover to links is 95 mm, 4133 NAD ‘Assuming 25 mm bars and 10 mm links Table 6 25 a 1500 - 35 - 10-2 2 14415 say 1440 mm Assume 0.25% tensile reinforcement for flexure 3.4.3 Shear resistance Shear will be taken as acting on the web of the section only. When combined shear and torsion effects are to be considered, shear is to be checked using the variable strut inclination method. The angle © of the ‘equivalent concrete struts is to be the same for both torsion and shear design. 433.2.2(4) The design shear resistance, V,,, with Zero axial load is given by 43.2301) Voqy = Trgklt.2 + 40p,)b,0 Eqn 418 Tag = 034 Nim? for f= 30 Nimm? Table 48 ko = 16 -d = 16-144 = 016 £10Assuming 0.25% tensile reinforcement, p, = 00025 » 002 Vest 034 x 11.2 + 40 x 00025) x 250 x 1440 x 10-7 4501 KN < 355 kN Therefore shear reinforcement required. Use the variable strut inclination method, The maximum design shear force, Vag tO avoid web crushing is given by \, Pes 492.442) re (Coto + tane) Eqn 426 Re-arranging gives Yao 1 bz, ~ cat® + tand Veg = 355 KN b, = 250mm z= 09d = 09x 1440 = 1296 mm vos o7- © ~ os x 05 4324.26) 200 t = 2 DL DON % «15 Therelore Vo 355 x 10° eee 1 byw, 250 x 1296 x 055 x20 ~ ° 1 Sao tang SROU be = O1 By reference to Figure 31, it will be seen that the value of cot may be taken NAD anywhere between the limits of 067 to 15. Table 3 43.2.4.4(1) To minimize link reinforcement, take colo = 15 Design shear resistance, V, /psy f0F shear reinforcement is given by Yeas = F}=1.c0 43.24.42) Eqn 427BEAMS Re-arranging gives, a Vas s B08 Putting Vag equal to V,., Aw Vo s Fyyg00X8 Using high yield reinforcement nar : = ao Nin! A. x Bow 885 84g mmtimm ASS, vf, Aad «946 x4 «a4 = Mt = 05522 = 85 Ninn, OK Before choosing the reinforcement, the fects of torsion will be considered and the results combined The force in the longitudinal reinforcement, T,, ignoring flexure, is given by T, = BVq(cot® = cota) For vertical links, cola = 0 388 a) x15 = 2663 KN Additonal area of longitudinal reinforcement Ts 2663 x 10° = SE = 666 mm? 400 ‘This area of reinforcement must be combined with the tension reinforcement required for flexure together with the longitudinal reinforcement required for torsion, 3.4.4 Torsional resistance Torsional resistance is calculated on the basis of a thin-walled closed section. Solid sections are replaced by an idealized equivalent thin-walled section, Sections of complex shape are divided into sub-sections with each sub-section treated as an equivalent thin-walled section. The torsional resistance is taken. as the sum of the torsional resistances of the sub-sections, ‘The torsional moment, carried by each sub-section according to elastic theory, may be found on the basis of the St Venant torsional stitness. Division of the section into sub-sections should be so arranged as to maximize the calculated. sitiness, 432.4.4(2) Eqn 4.27 432.446) Eqn 430BEAMS For this example the section will be divided into the sub-sections shown in Figure 3.14, [| a Figure 2.14 Dimensions of sub-sections 4.1 St Venant torsional stifnesses. BH 8.4.4.1.1 Top and bottom flanges Pm = SOM, — Pigg = 200 mm h Pow. 310 155 Pn 200 From which @ = 0.203 Thereiore J = 0203 x 200° x 310 = 05 x 10? mm* 3.4.4.1.2 Web = 1500 mm, fig, = 250 mm Pos, 1500 _ me 250 From which 8 = 033 Theretore J = 033 x 250° x 1500 = 77 x 10° mm* L Bs 8110: Part 2 2.43 Eqn 1 BS 8110: Part 2 2.43 Table 2.2 Bs 8110: Part 2 243 Table 2.2 74344.13 Total stiffness Ig = “U2 x 05) + 77) x 10° = 87 x 10° mm 3.4.4.2 Thicknesses of equivalent thin-walled sections t A. > the actual wall thickness 433.16) u where u = outer circumference of the section A= tofal area within the outer circumference 344.2. Top and bottom flanges (B10 + 2002 = 1020 mm A = 310 x 200 = 62 x 10? mm? ‘Therefore 5 Oe er ran 4020 tmay not be less than twice the cover, ¢, to the longitudinal bars. Hence, with —433.1(6) 40 mm inks lan = 25 + 10) = 90mm 944.2.2 Web u = (1500 + 2602 = 3500 mm A = 1500 x 250 = 375 x 10% mm? Therefore oe 375 x 4 t= 107 mm > 2c Ok Values of t between the limits of Alu and 2c may be chosen provided that the design torsional moment, T,.,, does not exceed the torsional moment that can be resisted by the concrete compression struts. 3.4.4.3 Torsional moments Tos = 120 kN This total moment is shared between the flanges and web in proportion to their torsional stiffness. Theretore os Tey = 120 x 28 = 69kNm a7 Tew = 120% 22 = 106 kNm 7 87 Tog Must satisly the following two conditions 433.16) Teg La Eqn 438 Eqn 439 iBEAMS 3.4.44 Torsion in flanges. 20h, gA, = 433.16) cote + tand Eqn 440 Tras Re-arranging gives T, 1 2ui,JA, col + tand Putting Taq, equal to Ts, Tes 1 2yf, JA, cot® + tan@ Tyan = 69 KN #) 433.16) yo au (a7 - 200, Eqn 441 30 for ~ 22) = oses ass f, = 20 Nimm? t= 80mm A, = area enclosed within the centre line of the thin-wall section = (B10 ~ 90) x (200 - 90) = 242 x 10° mm? Therefore 69 x 10° = 0206 2ul,gA, "2 x 0385 x 20 x 90 x 242 x 10° By reference to Figure 3.1 it may be seen that the value of cot@ may be taken NAD anywhere between the limits of 067 to 15, Table 3 433.16) ‘To minimize link reinforcement take cot@ = 15, Note that this value must be consistent with the value taken for normal shear A = 2A cot) 433.17) e Eqn 443 Re-arranging gives A, To @ 2A Lg 2008BEAMS Pasting Tag CUA! 10 Toy Ame Tes 8 PAL 018 Using mild stee! reinforcement f = tm 2 Lot Nim? ood eo Therelore A Aw 88 gag emeti s 2x 2 x WW x 217 x 15 4 The spacing of torsion links should not exceed 3 54.233) where u, = the circumference of the area A, 43317) = 2[@10 = 90) + (200 - 90)} = 660mm Therefore Som = SO = 825 mm, say 80mm A, = 044 x 80 = 35.2 mm? Use R8 links at 80 mm crs The additional area of longitudinal steel for torsion is given by 4 Abs = [Fao = |ooto Eqn 4.44 aA, Resarranging and puting Tay equal tO Ts, 4 a) cote f ‘na Using high yield reinforcement 460 eee a 1.18 Therefore = 400 Nimm? A, = SLEEK COIS 369 400 x 2 x 242 x 10° Use 4712 bars 7Reinforcement will also be required in the bottom flange to cater for flexure of the flange acting as a continuous nib, 3.4.45 Torsion in web Tey = 106 kN A= (1500 - 107) x (250 - 107) = 1992 x 10° mm? Theretore Tos 106 x 10° st = ———~*"___-_ 92 Dut JA, 2 x 0385 x 20 x 107 x 1992 x 10! ‘Again by relerence to Figure 3.1, cot should fall within the limits of 067 to 1.5 Similarly use cot@ = 15 ‘As the web is subject to shear and torsion, the combined effects should now be checked to satisty the condition Gey + Gey = sszz8 Teas Was! au oe Tr 433.16) 15+ = 355 kN —— 43.2.4.4(2) cote + tand Eqn 4.26 150 x 0 «055229 — egy Ge) + fee} Tre Vs! tos» | (9286 (isis) * (iso ‘Where the entire section is used to resist normal shear, each sub-section should be checked to satisfy the above interaction condition,BEAMS 3.4.5 Ri forcement in web Link reinforcement for torsion Using high yield links A, . eS On 8 2 x 1992 x 10° x 400 x 15 Note that A,, for torsion relates to a single leg in the wall of the section. Link reinforcement required for shear A, = 0.46 mm®imm from Section 34.3 $ Note that A, for shear relates to the total shear link legs. Assuming single links, total area for one leg o46s Ay = + 044s = 067s mm? Using T12 links 67s = 113 mm? $= 168 mm, say 160 mm ‘Maximum link spacing for shear (Wess < Vea $ GM eae Spe = 06d = 864 & 300 mm Therefore Spq, = 300. mm For cracking = Vey 2" = 50 Nimm? p,D,d Therefore s,,, = 300 mm For torsion Spa = ax 5 u, = 2[(1800 - 107) + (250 - 107)] = 3072 mm Therefore Maximum spacing to suit all conditions is 300 mm. Use T12 links @ 160 mm crs. 542.217) Eqn 518 44.2316) Table 413BEAMS Additional area of longitudinal steel for torsion in web. Eqn 444 A, = 108 X10 x 9072 18 65 mame 400 x 2 x 199.2 x 10° [Use 1oTi6 bas ~ | ‘The bars in the tension face of the web will need to be increased to provide for the additional longitudinal steel required for shear and combined with the reinforcement required for flexure Area required in tension face for combined torsion and shear (065 x 2) | 16 666 = 1049 mm? Use 3125 bars 3.4.6 Summary of reinforcement [ Top tange 42 engin! bars Fa ts @ 80 Em ors Bator flange 4712 longivcinal bars Fe teks @ 80 mn cis Pius renorcerert fr Heaure of the op Wed | 5125 longtudinal bar in tension ace 776 bare n each ste face Ti2 inka @ 160 mm crs Pre rrforcoment fr Henure The reinforcement details are shown in Figure 315 aa | a | ree 160 | newaee ter Hetre iss ian Shwe naw VV ar oanes, Figure 315 Beam reinforcement details a0BEAMS {t will be seen from this example that choosing the upper limit value of cotO. to minimize the link reinforcement, results in substantial additional longitudinal reinforcement being required. In practice the value of cot® should be chosen 0 as to optimize the total reinforcement in the section 3.5 Slenderness limits The Code requires that a beam has an adequate factor of safely against buckling, Providing that the following requirements are met, the safety against lateral buckling may be assumed to be adequate 1, < 806; and no < 4b where b = width of the compression flange, which can be taken as b., for T and L beams total depth of the beam unrestrained length of the compression flange taking lateral bracing into account For example, consider the beam shown in Figure 316 975 « 400 beam | Figure 316 Beam spans and loading for slenderness check In this example the top of the beam is loaded but unrestrained (for instance, the beam is carrying a wall. ‘The second requirement is satisfied ie. h < 45 = 1600 mm In calculating /,., the unrestrained length of the compression flange can be taken as the distance between points of contratlexure, These distances, which need tobe < 50b = 20m, can be obtained from E02 Figure 23. 1,(A-B) O8Si(A-B) = 085 x 22 187m 1,{B-C) = O7KB-C) = 07 x 22 = 154m 1{C-D) = 2(C-0) = 2x = 2m ‘Spans A~C are satisfactory but span CD is not. Its too slender and | the width will need to be increased, or additional lateral retraint will need to be provided 4387 4357(2) Eqn 477 NAD 25.2.2.) 2522.14) Figure 23 a4 SLABS 4.1 Solid and ribbed slabs 4a 44.2 41.24 4N21A One-way spanning solid slabs Example of a one-way spanning slab is given in Section 2. labs EC2"” permits the use of elastic analysis, with or without redistribution, or plastic analysis for ultimate limit state design. Elastic analyses are commonly employed for one-way spanning slabs and for two-way spanning slabs without adequate provision to resist torsion at the corners of the slab and prevent the corners from lifting, Plastic analyses are ‘commonly used in other situations. Tabulated results for moments and shears from both types of analysis are widely available ‘Two-way spanning si Care is necessary in subsequent design to ensure that adequate ductility is present. Where redistribution has been performed, the necessary checks should be carried out. Design example of a simply-supported two-way spanning solid slab Design a solid slab, spanning in two directions and simply-supported along each edge on brickwork walls as shown in Figure 4.1. The slab is rectangular on plan and measures 5 m by 6 m between the centre of the supports. In_addition to seltweight, the slab carries a characteristic dead load of 05 kNim? and an imposed load of 50 kNim?. The slab is in an internal environment with no exposure to the weather or aggressive conditions, 20mm wise 7 H i I I | sappernng wate Thy i i L Figure 4.1 Layout of slab Durability For a dry environment, exposure class is 1 Minimum concrete strength grade is C25/30. 25.1.6) 2535112) BS 8110 Tables: 314 & 315 253.2.2(5) 253.4.2(3) 253552) Table 41 ENV 206 Table NAASLABS 44.242 44.213 44214 For cement content and wic ratio, refer to ENV 206 Table 3, Minimum cover to reinforcement = 1 mm. Assume nominal aggregate size = = 20 mm Assume maximum bar size = 12mm Nominal cover = 20mm _——— ee — Use nominal cover = 25 mm | Note: 20 mm nominal cover is sufficient to meet the NAD" requirements in all respects. Check requirements for fire resistance to BS 8110: Part 2 Materials ‘Type 2 deformed reinforcement = 460 Nimm? f fg = = SS = 00 Nie % 115 €25/30 concrete with 20 mm maximum aggregate size Loading ‘Assume 200 mm thick slab G.= 48 +05 = 53kNim? Q, = 50 kNim? tg = 138 % = 15 Ultimate load = 4G, + 70, = 1466 kNim? Flexural design Bending moment coefficients for simply-supported two-way spanning slabs, ‘without torsional restraint at the corners or provision to resist upift at the corners, based on the Grashof-Rankine Formulae, are widely published and are reproduced in BS 8110. Mogg = esl? = ' a, 12 0084, a, = 0059 NAD Table 6 NAD 6.4(a) NAD Table 3 41336) NAD 6.1(2) NAD 63(@) 2232 Table 23 Table 2.2 Egn 2.8(a) NAD 6.2(¢) Bs eto Table 314 asSLABS Giving Mz, = 308 kNmim My = 216 kNmim For short span with reinforcement in bottom layer 12 d = 200- 25-— = 169mm 2 Mss * = 0043 bot, = = 0099 < 045 a Ad, th = 0052 bd, Therefore A, = 478 mmm [se Tre @ 200 mm er (65 mn So span For longer span d= 200-25 12-6 = 157mm = 0035 = 0042 bat, Therefore A, = 359 mméim Use T12 @ 300 mm crs. (377 mrntim) in long span 44.215 Shear a, Vou = a, (} = 246 kNim t) Vo = Bay = 144 KN S07 «lay The shear resistance with no axial load: Vast = TagA(l2 + 40p,)b,4 Where 03 Nimm? Te = ok 2534.25) 432 4323 Eqn 418 Table 48‘SLABS 41.218 Assume > 50% of reinforcement curtailed at support ko = 16 -d = 1431 «1 Assume Ay a gr 0 » 002 Hence Vag) = STOKNIM > Vag = 246 kNin No shear reinforcement required Serviceability - deflection Control by limiting spanieffective depth ratio based on the shorter span for a two-way spanning slab. Aco = 586 mm*im, —p = 00033 NAD Table 7 gives basic spanielfective depth ratios which are assumed to be based on f,, = 400 Nimm? Note 2 to NAD Table 7 states that modification to the tabulated values for nominal reinforced concrete should not be carried out to take into account service stresses in the steel (refer to EC2 Clause 4.43.2(4)). However, itis assumed that the correction ought to be made for concrete with 0.15% = p< 05% but that the resulting values should not exceed those tabulated in the NAD for nominally reinforced concrete Basic limiting spanietfective depth ratios are, Concrete lightly stressed (p = 05%): 25 Concrete nominally reinforced (p = 0.15%): 34 By interpolation at p = 033% 204 ‘The actual service steel siress modification factor is 250 400 400 = —0 2 __*0_ = 43 2, by ArrdAy 460 x 478/566 Therefore, permissible spanletfective depth ratio = 103 x 294 = 303 < 34 Since span & 7 m, no further adjustment is required 5000 Actual spanietfective depth ratio = “° = 296 < 903.... OK 169 Note: No modification to the longer span reinforcement is required in cases where short span reinforcement is increased to comply with deflection requirements. Figure 412 43.2.1P(2) 432.2 4432 443.2(8) NAD 6.4(e)8 (1) Table 7 443.23) BS 8110 357 esSLABS 41.2.1.7 Serviceability ~ cracking For asiab with h_ = 200 mm, no further measures to control cracking are necessary if the requirements of EC2 Clause 5.43 have been applied. 41.2.8 Detailing Detailing requirements for cast in situ sold slabs, including two-way slabs Slab thickness, h = 200 > 50 mm 0k For the short span, use alternately staggered bars and anchor 50% of the mid- span reinforcement at the supports. a Anchorage tre, F, = Vey (2) + ny st Va My = 0 a o-d Therefore F, = 246 kNim F, x ic eee csr 5 “400 Aspe = 283 mein : ce LA Net bond length, ny = “8am gy Acro @, = 10 for straight bars Al bars in slabs with h < 250 mm may be assumed to have good bond = 27 .Nimm* 12 400 Roo Sx 444mm 4 Lomn = O3l, € 10601 100mm = 133 mm In calculating f,,., take A,,,, as mid-span reinforcement/é giving 1 Ig = 10 x 444 x > at 27 PMM > Loo oK 44.2301) 543 543.101) 5432.21) 8432.10) 5421.42) Eqn 5.15, 5432.1(1) 5234.11) Eqn 54 52341 62.23 Eqn 53 $2.24 Table 53 5224.11) Eqn 55 NAD 65(c) 84.2.1.43) Eqn 5441.2.2 For a direct support, the anchorage length required is (23g: = 148 mm The reinforcement details are shown in Figure 42. 12-300 220 fe (273) ly, nop = 148 Figure 4.2 Section through short span support The use of (2/3)/,,., at a direct support is an allowance for the transverse compression due to the support reaction Minimum area of reinforcement 06h a: 000150 = 254 mmiim 112-200 alternately staggered Minimum area provided (T12 @ 400 mm crs) near support Maximum bar spacing Maximum spacing used = 283 mmm 3h 500mm 1 400 mm near support ok ok Design example of a continuous two-way spanning solid slab Design a solid slab spanning between beams, as shown in Figure 43. In_addition to self-weight, the slab carries a characteristic dead load of 1.0 kNim? and an imposed load of 50 kNim?. 842:1.4(3) Figure 512(@) 6432.18) 54.2.4.1(1) NAD Table 3 543.2.1(4)SLABS [ | Supporting beams | 6m L—1 om 4m Figure 43. Layout of stab 41.2.2. Durability For a dty environment, exposure class is 1 Minimum concrete strength grade is C25/30. For cement content and wic ratio, refer to ENV 206 Table 3. = 15mm 20 mm Minimum cover to reinforcement ‘Assume nominal aggregate size ‘Assume maximum bar size 12mm Nominal cover = 20 mm Use nominal cover = 25 mm Note: 20 mm nominal cover is sutficient to meet the NAD requirements in all espects. Check requirements for fire resistance to BS 8110: Part 2. 41.2.2.2 Materials Type 2 deformed reinforcement, f, = 460 Nimm? C25/30 concrete with 20 mm maximum aggregate size. Table 41 ENV 206 Table NAA NAD Table 6 NAD 64(a) NAD Table 3 41.33(8) NAD 6.1(a)SLABS 44.2.23 Loading Assume 200 mm thick slab cae Q,= % = to 7 48 +10 = 58 kNim® 5.0 kNim® 135 or 10 eee 15 or 00 For non-sensitve structures, a single design value for permanent actions may 23.23 be applied throughout the structure, i. 7, = 135 throughout [ ener utimate load = 135 x 68 + 15 x 60 = 1833 KNinf Minimum ultimate load = 135 x 58 = 783 kNim? 41.224 Load cases For continuous beams and slabs in buildings without cantilevers subjected to 2.5.1.2(4) dominantly uniformly distributed loads, it will generally be sufficient to consider only the following load cases. @ (0) Alternate spans carrying the design variable and permanent load (700, + 76). other spans carrying only the design permanent load, 7,6, ‘Any two adjacent spans carrying the design variable and permanent load (7,0, + 7G). All other spans carrying only the design permanent load, 7,6, 41.2.25 Flexural design Bending moment coefciens for two-way spanning slabs supported on four 8S 8110 edges, wit th provision for torsion at the corners, have been calculated based Table 315 (on both elastic and yield line theory. The coefficients published in BS 8110: Part 1, Table 3.15, are based on yield line analysis and are used in this example For continuous slabs the effects of rotational restraint from the supports can 2533(3) be ignored Yield line methods can only be used for very ductile structural elements. Use 2.53.2.2(6) high ductility steel Class H to prEN 10080®, NAD Table 5 No direct check on rotational capacity is required if high ductity steelis used. 2.5355(8) ‘The area of steel should not exceed a value corresponding to 25355(2) = 0.25 which is equivalent to = 0102 hy For the yield line (kinematic) method, a variety of possible mechanisms should 25355(4) be considered. This is assumed in the use of the published bending moment coefficients.SLABS ‘The ratio of moments at a continuous edge to the span moment should be 2.535.5(5) between 05 and 2.0. This is true for the published coefficients. Consider the design of the corner panel, D, in Figure 44 2512 |-0.032 a 02 6.032|-0.037 * pone cz A z 8 =0-037 7 2:028 -o.037]-o-0u5 T2034 ¢ ° Figure 44 Bending moment coefficients f/f, = 1.2 Using the coefficients shown in Figure 4.4 and the method described in 8S 8110 BS 8110 to adjust moments for adjacent pane's with unequal conditions, the 3536 following moments and shears can be calculated for this panel In the 6 m direction, M,,, = 297 kNmim Maa = 285 kNenim In the 7.2 m direction, M,,, = 21.0 kNmim Mey = 208 kNenim The support moments calculated can be further reduced by an amount AM,, 2533(4) BM eg ™ Fesay X Ogg/® Eqn 2.16 where Fesaip = design support reaction compatible wth the analysis moments. Inthe 6 m direction, Fa... = 819 KNim In the 72 m direction, Fa, = 699 kNim For a 300 mm wide supporting beam: Inthe 6 m direction, AM,, = 31 kNmim In the 7.2 m direction, AM,, = 26 kNmim Therefore, the design support moments are: In the 6 m direction, M,, = 266 kNmvm In the 7.2m direction, M,,, = 184 kNmimSLABS For the short span, with the reinforcement in the first layer 2 oe 2 M, 2 = 0038 ba, x 5 = 087 < 025 sees OK 2535502) AL, Sik = 0045 bal, A, = 414 mmtim Use T12 @ 250 mm crs. (452 mm?/m) T in short span The span moment is similar to that over the support and the same reinforcement may be used in the bottom For the long span, with the reinforcement in the second layer 12 d= 200-25- 12-— = 167mm 2 M, “2 = 0030 bot, x Gt 0068 < 045 oK ALy Se = 0035 bal, A, = 297 mmtim Use T12 @ 300 mm ers. (877 mmm) T in long span ‘The span moment is again similar to that over the support and the same reinforcement may be used in the bottom For arrangements of reinforcement in middle and edge strips use BS 8110 The BS 8110 NAD directs the use of BS 8110 where torsion reinforcement is requited inthe 3535 comers of panels. NAD 65(@) 84322 44.226 Shi ear 432 Use forces consistent with the analysis moments. In the 6 m direction At internal beam, V,,, Atedge, V,, O47 x 1633 x 6 = 432 kNim O31 x 1533 x 6 = 285 kNim ofSLABS 41.227 In the 7.2 m direction Atinternal beam, V,, = 04 x 1533 x 6 = 368 kNim At edge, Vex 0.26 x 1833 x 6 = 239 kNim Vag = Utpsk(12 + 40p,) + 0.150,,] bo pg =: 08 Nim? Assume > 50% of the bottom reinforcement curtailed at edge support. k= 16-0169 = 1431 A ao, = —* = 000134 » 002 a Note: Ensure detailing provides necessary anchorage to A,,. See EC2 Figure 4.12 for definition of A,, ly CO Therefore Van ™ 91OKNIm > V,, = 285 kNim at edge support It is also clear that Vag, > Vey = 432 kNim at the internal beam. [No shear eriowonentequied Serviceabilly ~ detection Control by limiting span/etfective depth ratio based on the shorter span for a two-way spanning siab, 6000 ‘Actual spaniettective depth ratio 169 = 355 For a corner panel use structural systern 2. 't may be normally assumed that slabs are lightly stressed (p < 05%). NAD 6.4(e) and (1 allows the basic spanleffective depth ratio to be interpolated, according to the reinforcement provided, for values in the range 015% < p < 05%, Basic spanieffective depth ratio (p = 059) = (o = 015%) = 44 For the span moment 4... = 441 mim Argos = 452 mmm, p = 027% Basic spaniettective depth ratio (p = 027%) = 399 43.23 Eqn 4.18 Table 48 543.22 43.2.1P@2) 43.2.2) 4432 443266) Table 4.14 443.26) NAD Table 7SLABS 41.228 412.29 Using reinforcement with 4, > 400 Nimm, this value should be muitipied to reflect the actual service steel stress by the factor 250 400 400 x 452 th AuedAcga, 460 x 441 aga ‘Therefore, permissible spanletfective depth ratio = 089 x 399 = 355 ok Note 2 to NAD Table 7 is taken to mean that the resulting span/effective depth ratio, after the service stress modification, is limited to the value tabulated for nominally reinforced concrete, In this case the value is 44. Serviceability — cracking For a slab with h < 200 mm no further measures are required to control cracking, provided the requirements of EC2 Clause 5.43 have been applied, Detailing Slab thickness, h = 200mm > 50mm 0k For the short span, use alternately staggered bars and anchor 50% of the mid- span reinforcement at the external support. Anchorage force (at external support) a F, Vg X E+ Nag a Ny = 0 4-4 Fl = Vag = 285 kum 285 x 10° Lien BK = Thmmiim te 400 Ace = 226 mm@im OK Net bond length ee lan by =a a, = 07 for curved bars , ox by a 4 443.218) 44.23(1) 543 543.01) 5432.21) 64.2.1.4(2) Eqn 5.15, 5432.11) 5234:(1) Eqn 54 5223 Eqn 53 38SLABS For all bars in slabs with h < 250 mm, good bond may be assumed fg = 2:7 Nimm? 12 400 = GX Gy = Mem In calculating 1, take A,_,, a8 mid-span reinforcemerti4, 1 log = OF x 444 x oct 37 158M > gy + oK Bars to extend into support for a distance 2 = 256mm 3 thane Giving sufficient end cover in 300 mm wide section ok 44.2.2.10 Top reinforcement at edge beam Design moment = M,,/4 = 7125 kNmim M = 001 bd, AL, Se = 0012 bat, A, 10 mmtim £ Avy Minimum area of reinforcement osha «Ek 000154 = 254 mmiim In Use T10 @ 250 mm crs. bars extending 0.2! from inner face of support into span The reinforcement details are shown in Figure 45. 62.21 Table 53 NAD 65(c) 54.2.1.4(3) Figure 5.12(b) 5432.22) $432.13) 543.2.2(2)SLABS 412.20 442.212 44.2.2.13 [ 119-508 secondary | 112-300 midete strip 110-390 adge strip tie-250 — L.r12-280 olternataty staggeree age strip || Migele strip Figure 45 Detail at edge beam Secondary transverse reinforcement ~ top Principal reinforcement, T10 @ 250 mm crs, A, = 314 mm*im Secondary reinforcement, A, = 02 x 314 = 63 mmm Maximum spacing = 500 mm Use T10 @ 500 mm ors. (157 mm*im) Corner reinforcement Use the detailing guidance given in BS 8110, Anchorage of bottom reinforcement at intermediate supports Retain not less than a quarter of mid-span reinforcement at support and provide not less than 10¢ anchorage. Provide continuity bars lapped with bottom reinforcement as shown in Figure 46. Using alternately staggered bars with continuity for 50% of the mid-span reinforcement, 112-500 [4 106 =120 Figure 46 Detail at interior support 543.2.12) NAD Table 3 5432.14) 54323, NAD 65(e) 54323 542.15 54.2.1.4(1) Figure 5.13(b) 95SLABS 41.22.14 Transverse reinforcement at laps No requirement for slabs. NAD 65(b) 5241.2 4.1.3 Ribbed slabs EC2 permits ribbed slabs to be treated as solid slabs for the purposes of analysis, 2.5:2.1(8) provided that the flange and transverse ribs have sufficient torsional stiffness. 4.1.3.1 Design example of a ribbed slab Design a ribbed slab spanning between beams as shown in Figure 47. In addition to self-weight, the slab carries a characteristic dead load of 1.0 kNim? and an imposed load of 50 kN/m?. Supporting beamsSLABS 413.14 Durability For a dry environment, exposure class is 1. Minimum conerete strength grade is C25/30, For cement content and wic ratio, refer to ENV 206 Table 3 Minimum cover to reinforcement = 15 mm Assume nominal aggregate size = 20 mm ‘Assume maximum bar sz6 = 20mm Nominal cover = 20mm [Use nominal cover 25 mm Note: 20 mm nominal cover is sutficient to meet the NAD requirements in all respects. Check requirements for fire resistance to BS 8110: Part 2. 413.12 Materials Type 2 deformed reinforcement, y= 460 Nimm* = = 400 Nimm? ia sees €25/30 concrete with 20 mm maximum aggregate size 41.313 Analysis model Span= 4 x slab depth 6m = 4 x 0275 = 11m Ok Rib spacing = 600 < 1500 mm Ok Rib depth = 175s 4 x ‘ib width = 500mm OK Flange depth = 100 mm 1 = 7p % Clear spacing between ribs = $0 mm... OK Transverse ribs (at supports only) Spacing = 6m > 10 x slab depth = 275m Hence the ribbed slab may not be treated as a solid slab in the analysis under the terms of this clause unless intermediate transverse ribs are incorporated. This is not always desirable ‘The model adopted in this example uses gross concrete section properties of the T shape in sagging regions and a rectangular section, based on the rib width, in the hogging region. EC2 Figure 23 has been used initially to define the extent of the hogging. This method can clearly be refined. Table 41 ENV 206 Table NA4 NAD Table 6 NAD 64(a) NAD Table 3 41.338) NAD 6:1(@) 2.2.3.2P(1) Table 23, 252.18) 262.105) 25.2118)SLABS 4.1.3.14 Effective span lye tata, ‘Assume 300 mm wide supporting beams 1, = 8700mm a, at edge beam = a taken as(t)t = 150mm a, at central beam = a = ()t = 150mm 1g = 6000 mm For ratio of adjacent spans between * and 15 1, = 0851, = 085 x 6000 = 5100 mm 413.15 Effective width of flanges Effective flange width is assumed constant across the span for continuous beams in buildings. For a symmetrical T beam by = BFL 4,, = 0167 (ection 13, Table 13.2) bot, Therelore ie 3 > 048 This section may be analyzed to take account of the varying width of the ‘compression zone, as shown in Figure 49, + + 18 4 ‘ss 193] [otee | ro *] 2 ns Figure 49 Analysis of section Consider x < 045d = 94mm as a tal value Using the rectangular stress block clagram with a = 085 gives Pee ae 15 08x = 75mm = 140mm 2534.25) NAD Table 3 42133(12) Figure 44SLABS z= d-39 = 199mm F, = O8x(al,.b,, = 75 x fa x 140 = 1491 kN M, = wor x 22-39) _ 299 > 209 Km 0 en oer rai 400 x 193 Use 4712 (452 mm*/rib) top at interior support Minimum longitudinal reinforcement with , = 160 mm A, K OG bd, £00015 bd = 56 mm*Itib < A,.,., Maximum longitudinal reinforcement A, = 0044, 3450 mm? > AL, 41.818 Shear in rib Veg = 288 KNiib at interior support Shear resistance with no axial load =< , Tag KO.2 + 40p) bo 03 Nimm? 16-d = 1368 £1 Based on top reinforcement: Ay = 452 mm’hib b, = 125mm Ay o, = —% = 00155 p 002 bd Giving Vax = 216 KNIb << V,, ‘Therefore shear reinforcement must be provided. Use the standard design method for shear: Vacs = Vea Vass = Vig + V, {rot} ok OK OK 84.2.1.1(1) 54.21.12) 432 4323 Eqn 4.18 Table 48, Figure 4.12 43.2.2) 432.27) 432.43 Eqn 422SLABS where Veg Veg = 216 KN 43.2.43(1) Therefore Vag = SX 08g, & 298 - 216 = 82 KNIb Eqn 4.23 Check maximum longitudinal spacing of links 84.2.2(7) Vpag = (5) rhb, X 090 (1 + cota) Sanaa For vertical stirrups, cota = 0 t, » = o7- —*& = 0575 = 05 Eqn 4.21 200 Vago = 05 x 0575 x 167 x 125 x 09 x 232 x 10° = 125 kN ) Vase < Vea S (3) Veco = 06d = 139 » 300mm Eqn 518 Try mild steel links at 125 mm ors. Pama = 00022 Table 55 A 00022b,s = 35 mm? [Use R6 links @ 125 mm crs (A, = 87 mm’) 250 fig = SO = 217 Nim? val 115 SZ x 09 x 292 x 2 125 = 207 > 82KNirib ... OK Link spacing may be increased where Veg SCE) Vpuq = 25 KN Spa, = 08d & 300 = 185mm Eqn 517 Use R6 links @ 175 mm crs. apart from region within 06 m of interior support Vig = TAT > 8.4 KN oKSLABS 413.19 Shear between web and flanges (Sl, = 2550 mm Maximum longitudinal force in the flanges FL = al, 08%» 5 = 0075 at mid-span FL = 142 x 0B x 0075 x 232 x 22 = 22K : 0 Force to one side of web af, = 120 x OT gow oa * 2x 600 Therelore vy = 2 62 kN 255 Vase = Op = 02 x 167 x 100 = 394 kNim > vy, .. OK Adt Yoas 7 — With A, = 0 vp) = 25% 03 X 100 = 7SKNIM > vey ok No shear reinforcement required 4.13.1.10 Topping reinforcement No special guidance is given in EC? regarding the design of the flange spanning between ribs. The Handbook to BS 8110") gives the following guidance. 3615 Thickness of topping used to contribute to structural strength Although a nominal reinforcement of 0.12% is suggested in the topping (3662), itis not insisted upon, and the topping is therefore expected to transfer load ‘o the adjacent ribs without the assistance of reinforcement. The mode of transfer involves arching action and this is the reason for the insistence that the depth be at least one-tenth of the clear distance between the ribs. Minimum flange depths are the same in EC2 and BS 8110 and the above is. therefore equally applicable. Provide minimum reinforcement transversely and where top bars in rib, which have been spread over width of lange, are curtaled. 4325 Eqn 433, Figure 4.14 Eqn 436 Eqn 434 Eqn 437 Eqn 435 252.118) 03}SLABS A, — € O6baf, € 000154, dg < fh, = 100mm ‘Therefore, conservatively Ay * 150 mmm Use T8 @ 200 mm ors. (251 mm*/m) or consider fabric 413.1411 Deflection 6000 ‘Actual spanletiectve depth ratio = 35 = 259 403 Mid-span reinforcement ratio, p = —————— = 00029 600 x 232 Therefore section is lightly stressed. Basic spanvetfective depth ratio (interpolating for p) = 39.2 Modification factor f RO 8 un octcation factor for steel stress = Go = 139 Since flange width > 3 x ‘ib width, a 08 modification factors required Since span & 7 m, no further modification is required Permitted spanielfective depth ratio = 392 x 1.19 x 08 = 313 > 259 ok 418.112 Cracking For exposure class 1, crack width has no influence on durability and the limit ‘of 03 mm could be telaxed. However, the limit of 03 mm is adopted for this example, ‘Satisfy the requirements for control of cracking without calculation. Check section at mid-span: Minimum reinforcement, A, = k,M,9A,Jo, Note: ,, can be conservatively taken as the area below the neutral axis for the plain ‘concrete section, ignoring the tension reinforcement, as shown in Figure 4.10, Eqn 514 4432 4432.6) NAD Table 7 44.2106) 44,23(2) 44.2.2(3) Eqn 478SLABS | »f Neutral axis fet sJisils Figure 4.10 Tensile zone of plain concrete section Depth to neutral axis = 92 mm Ag = 160 x 175 + 600 (100 - 92) = 32800 mm? 100%f,, = 460 Nimm? recommended value 3 Nimm? 44.2.2(3) 04 for normal bending k = 08 A, = 04 x 08 x 3 x 32800460 = 69mm? < A,,.,, OK Eqn 478 Check limit on bar size. Table 4.11 Quasipermanent loads = G, + 030, = 61 kNim? 442303) 234 - SL Eqn 29(¢) Ratio of quasipermanentiutimate loads = 51 = 045 ae Table 1 Estimate of stee! stress A 04s x Ae xp, = 045 x 22 x 400 = 132 Nimm? Aver 408 Maximum bar size = 32 > 16 mm provided OK Table 4.11 For cracks caused dominantly by loading, crack widths generally will not be 4.4.2.3(2) excessive. 443:.13 Detailing Minimum clear distance between bars = ¢ & 20 mm, 52.118) Nominal clear distance in rib = 49 mm okSLABS Bond and anchorage lengths: For h > 250 mm bottom reinforcement is in good bond conditions, ‘Top reinforcement is in poor bond conditions, Therefore, ultimate bond stresses are Bottom reinforcement, f,, = 2.7 Nimm? Top reinforcement, f,, = O7 x 27 = 189 Nimmé 4, Basic anchorage length, J, = ae 400 For top reinforcement, /, = &*% “00 _ gay 4188 Fortean rircorent , = £249 og 4x27 Anchorage of bottom reinforcement at end support Treat 2s a solid slab and retain not less than half of the mid-span reinforcement. Use 2T12 L bars bottom at end suppor Anchorage force for this reinforcement with zero design axial load a Flo= Vg > a where Voy = 21 KNirib For vertical shear reinforcement calculated by the standard method z(t = cotay2 £0 @ = 90° and zis taken as 09d Although this ribbed slab falls outside the solid slab classification requirements for analysis, treat as a solid slab for detailing and take a, = 0. Therefore Fl = 21 kNIniD Aegg XN 53 mm? < A. ok 400) ed Required anchorage length for bottom reinforcement at support a, 1A fat EE he Astros @, = 07 for curved bars in tension 031, = 1116 * 106 or 100 mm han ™ lamin 522 5224 Figure 5.1(c) 8.2.2.2(2) Table 53 62.2.2(2) 52.23 Eqn 53 54214 5432.2(1) 54.21.42) Eqn 515 54.2.13(1) 5.432.101) 5234 5234.11) Eqn 54 Eqn 55 roSLABS In caloulations Of fags Azigg SROuld be taken £ AL,.,/4 = 101 mm? Aggon = 226mm? 401 how 07 x 87x 12x BTS 99mm > hang oK 226 Minimum transverse reinforcement (for indirect suppor): A, = AJA = 22614 = 87 mm? Use 178 bar as transverse reinforcement Minimum top reinforcement at end support Mi, = (Cy) 267 = 67 kNmitib M080 bain. Therefore nominal reinforcement is sufficient. [Use 2112 L bars top as link hangers ‘The reinforcement details are shown in Figure 4.11. 2482 per cit R6- 175 Uke | | | 7116 per ib arn ber rio 139 _| 100 oz 2 lyme 23 te Figure 4.11 Detail at edge support Provide full lap length, 1,, for bottom bars: f= taney F lain For 100% of bars lapped andb > 2$,a, = 14 Hence with a, = 10 and AL. = Aca, = 376 = 37x12 = 444mm Logg = OS a,al, = 187 mm £ 16 oF 200 mm NAD 65() 542.143) Eqn 54 5233 842.1.2(1) Figure 512 52.413, Eqn 57 NAD Table 3 Figure 56 Eqn 54 Eqn 58SLABS Therefore 444x414 = 622mm > | 0k ‘Transverse reinforcement at lapped splices should be provided as for a beam section. Since ¢ < 16 mm, nominal shear links provide adequate transverse 5.2.41.2(1) reinforcement Anchorage of bottom reinforcement at interior support. 54215 Treat as a solid slab and continue 50% of mid-span bars into support §432.2(1) The reinforcement details are shown in Figure 4.12, Figure 5.13(0) pati per rib 6-125 links | | [tame Figure 4.12 Detail at interior support This detailing prohibits the easy use of prefabricated rib cages because of the intersection of the bottom reinforcement with the supporting beam cage. It is suggested that providing suitably lapped continuity bars through the support should obviate the need to continue the main stee! into the support The arrangement of the reinforcement within the section including the anchorage 5.2.5, of the links is shown in Figure 4.13. NAD. Figure 4.13 Tables = ————— 388 40 50 min 64.2.1.2(2) | Figure 6.10 loternat radius of bend 28min ‘Arrangement of reinforcement {03}SLABS 4.2 Flat slabs 4.2.1 Flat slabs in braced frames ‘The same frame is used in each of the following examples, but column heads are introduced in the second case, 4.2.1.1 Design example of a flat slab without column heads Design the slab shown in Figure 4.14 to support an additional dead load of 10 kNim? and an imposed load of 50 kNim? | wonton oe S| )) TTT | | I Figure 4.14 Plan of structure The area shown is part of a larger structure which is laterally restrained in two ‘orthogonal directions by core walls. The slab is 225 mm thick. All columns are 300 mm square and along grid 5 there is an edge beam 450 mm deep x 300 mm wide. 4214.4 Durability For @ dry environment, exposure class is 1 Table 41 ENV 206 Minimum conorete strength grade is C25/30, Table NA1 Since a more humid environment is likely to exist at the edges of the slab, increase conerete strength grade to C30/37. For cement content and wic ratio, refer to ENV 206 Table 3. 09}SLABS A2AA.2 42443 42144 Nominal cover to reinforcement = 20 mm Nominal cover to all bars ¢ bar size £ nominal aggregate size = 20mm OK [Use nominal cover = 20 mm Materials Type 2 deformed reinforcement, f,, = 460 Nimm? C3097 conerete with 20 mm maximum aggregate size Load cases Itis sufficient to consider the following load cases (@) Alternate spans loaded with ¥.G, + ¥9Q, and ¥,G, on other spans (b) Any two adjacent spans carrying 7,G, + 74, and all other spans carrying 7,G,. g, 6.4 kNIm? 0225 x 24 + 10 eG, = 135% 64 = 87 kNIm? WG. + 0A = 87 +15 x 50 = 16.2 kNim? Analysis Analyses are carried out using idealzations of both the geometry and the behaviour of the structure. The idealization selected shall be appropriate to the problem being considered. No guidance is given in EC2 on the selection of analysis models for flat slabs, or on the division of panels into middle and column strips and the distribution of analysis moments between these strips. This is left to the assessment of individual engineers. The requirements set down in BS 8110 for the above points, are taken as a means of complying with EC2 Clause 25.1.1P(3) EC2 allows analysis of beams and slabs as continuous over pinned supports, It then permits a reduction in the support moment given by AM Foca qPagl® ‘The analysis in this example includes framing into columns. Thus the reduction AM, is not taken Consider two frames from Figure 4.14 as typical () Grid 3/A-D subframe (i) Grid 6. NAD Table 6 NAD 6.4(a) 41336) NAD 63(a) 2512 Table 2.2 Eqn 28(a) 251.1.P) and P(4) 2533(3) 2533(4) 0]SLABS Analysis results for the frames described above are given in Figure 4.15. The results for each frame are practically identical as the analysis for Grid 8 has an increased loaded width (6.2 m), since thisis the fist internal support for trames, in the orthogonal direction Member stifnesses have been based on a plain concrete section in this analysis. Column moments and reactions are given in Table 4.1 3500 3500 ANALYSIS MODEL -198 -19 -200 09 107 102 1m BENDING MOMENT ENVELOPE (kNm) [eeeeeeceee Figures 4.15 Analysis of frame iSLABS Table 4.1 Column moments and reactions Support Max. reaction = aura ax E conn wun wo) End 1564 wa | x79 1 interior war «8 i 4.2.1.1 Flexural design - Panel A-B/1-2 EC2 does not spectically address the problem of edge column moment transfer and the provisions of BS 8110 are adopted here. Miyg, = 0156,0F,, Column A/2 moment transfer ‘Assuming 20 mm cover and 20 mm bars in the top d, = 225- 20-10 = 195mm d, = 195-20 = 175mm b, = 300 + 300 (say) = 600 mm f= 37 Nimm? = 0.15 x 600 x 175? x 37 x 10° = 102 KNm This ought to be compared with an analysis for a loading of 1.4G, + 1.60,, which would give approximately 5% higher edge moments than the EC2 analysis results above. Ming = 102 > 105 x 379 = 398 kNm OK Design reinforcement to sustain edge moment on 600 mm width. Usingy, = 18a = 08S andy, = 115 Referring to Section 13, Table 131: Mga 379 x 10° — =———*—__ = 069 bd, ~ 600 x 175% x 30 oes A = 0085 x 600 x 175 x 30 = 582mm? = 970 min . 460 3 = 0163 < 045 (zero redistribution) OK BS 8110 3742 NAD 4133(6) Table 23, 2634.26) raSLABS [[ Use 716 @ 150 mim ce (640 min) lp at edge column Place over width = 900 mm (see Figure 4.16) Note: This approach gives more reinforcement than is necessary. Figure 4.16 Edge column moment transfer Check above moment against minimum value required for punching shear. Me, = Wey For moments about axis parallel to slab edge n= #0125 per m Veg = 1564 KN ‘Therefore Mg = #0125 x 1564 = + 196 kNmim 379 Edge moment = “= = 682 > 196 kNmim oK Design for m,, above in region outside edge column moment transfer zone. m, 10° Mea, __196 x 1° __ gga bd, 1000 x 175% x 30 ose Minimum steel suficient = 2589 ¢ goorsoa = 00015 x 1000 x 175 = 263 mm%m [Use 12 at 800 mm ors. (873 mm?im) top and bottom (minimum) | Maximum spacing = 3h p 500 = 500 > 300mm oK 43.453 Eqn 459 Table 49 54244 NAD Table 3 643.2.1(4) 3]SLABS Column AM moment transfer ‘Assume the design forces for the frame on grid 1 are directly related to those for grid 3 in proportion to their loaded widths. (4.2512) 52 The ratio of the edge column distribution factors for the frames is 2.0. Load ratio = = oat Mg, = 379 x O41 x 20 = 31.1 KNm Using design approach as for column A/2: b= 200 +2 omy = 480. Minor = 015 x 450 x 175% x 37 x 10° = 76 KNm > 105 x 314 = 32.7 KNm OK Design reinforcement to sustain edge moment on 450 mm width M, leg 311_x 10% ors. ba’, ~ 450 x 175" x 30 Al, Sy = 9093 bat, A = SB x OK TEAS 478 mm? = 1062 mmim Use T16 @ 150 mm crs. (1340 mm@/m) top for a width of 600 mm Check above moment against minimum value required for punching shear 43.453 = gq where y= + 05 per m for comer columns ‘a Eqn 459 = £05 x (041 x 1564) say = + 32.1 KNm/m Table 49 Edge moment = 311/045 = 691 kNmim > 321 OK In region of slab critical for punching shear: M. 2.4 x 108 fy 821 X10 gag ba*t, ~ 1000 x 175? x 30 AL, A = o042 bet, a A = 2042 x 1000 x 175% 30 40 can 460 tmSLABS ‘wide moment transfer zone and over area determined in punching | wt T16 @ 300 mm ers. (670 mm*im) top and bottom outside 600 mm | calculation The division of panels into column and middle strips is shown in Figure 4.17, 8S 8110 Figure 3.12 Although BS 8110 indicates a 236 m wide column strip at column B2, a 2.6 m width has been used in the following calculations. This is considered reasonable as a loaded width of 5.2 m has been taken in the analysis for grid B and grid 2. A 1 425m 2 sem) |) st Figure 4.17 Assumed strip wicths (arrangement symmetrical about diagonal AN-Ci3) Column 8/2 support moments Analysis moment = 198 kNm in both directions Column strip Moya = O75 x 198 = 149 kNm BS 8110 Table 320 >’ 1300 x 2 = 2600 mm M. . lace 149 x 10! a bd,” 2600 x 175? x 30 5SLABS 0076 Ao 20N6 x 2600 X 175 X90 965 rn? I 460 Use 13T%6 (2618 mm?) top in column stip. Provide ST16 @ 150 mm crs | in central 13 m and 2T16 @ 300 mm crs. on ether side Check whether minimum moment required for punching shear has been met. With g = 0125 My, = Weg = 0125 x 4447 = -556 kN This isto be carried over a width of 031. Since V,,q includes for a loaded width of 52 m, itis assumed that the larger panel wicth may be used. ost 1.56 m 03 x 52 By inspection reinforcement (8T16 in central 13 m) is sufficient. Ok Middle strip (using average panel width) 025 x 198 x 10° eee, = 0028 (4725 — 2600) x 175? x 30 x x = 0059 < 045 cee OK a Ad, = = 0031 ba, A, AL 0081 x 1000 x 175 x 30 354 mmmzim ’ 460 Use T16 @ 300 mm crs. (877 mm*%/m) top in middle strip Itis noted that EC2 Clause 25:33(6) would allow the use of the moment at the face of the support (subject to limits in EC2 Clause 2.53.4.2(7)), but this is considered more appropriate to beams or solid slabs and the peak moment over the support has been used in the above design. Span moments No special provisions are required in EC2. Hence the design basis of BS 8110, is adopted for the division of moments, The same pattern of reinforcement will be provided in all panels The column strip moments are given in Table 4.2 where Mose = 055 Mg, ano 3731 Table 49 Eqn 459 2534206) ing]SLABS Table 4.2 Column strip span moments Mas Mee > oes (ir) co) ® wo End 589 22 278 1% interior er | Using the greater value: IM, 2 (ths] Oy VEN coe PU tae 2 = 00a =F = 00 < 04s Ok 253.4265) A x x AL 0087 x 175 x 30x10 yo sci 460 Use T12 @ 250 mm ors. (452 mmm) bottom in column strips Using the midalle strip moment for the frst interior span b = 4725 - 236 = 2365 m (average panel wicth) Mg x sare O45 x 123 X10" 96 bat, ~ 2365 x 175 x 30 Abn x —* = 00st 5 = 0059 < 045 OK = -2.53.4.2(6) bat, a A A, | 0081 x 175 x 90 X10 354 tin > 460 Use T12 @ 300 mm crs (377 mmim) bottom in middle strips Minimum longitudinal reinforcement, using d,,,, = 195 mm sb & 00015bd 00015 x 1000 x 195 = 293 mmiim ok 7]SLABS 4.2.4.4.6 Punching Column 8/2 (300 mm x 300 mm internal column) Critical perimeter located at 1.5d from face of column, d= 185 mm (average) For a rectangular columniwall check geometry Perimeter = 4 x 300 = 1200mm tid = 2035mm.. OK length breadth = 1 p2 Hence ok Um Be x 15 x 185 + 1200 = 2944mm Veg = 4447 kN Note: No reduction in this value has been taken, The applied shear per unit length: Vogb = where @ intemal column = 1.15 = AT iz Nm 2944 Shear resistance without links = Tal + 400,)h Tag = 094 Nim? k = 16-0 = 16-0185 = 1415 = 10 », = Feinforcement ratio within zone 1.5d from column face (T16 @ 150 mm crs. top each way gives 1340 mm*%m) = To, Xo, & 0015 OS 0002 1000 x 185 Note: The amount of tensile reinforcement in two perpendicular directions > 05%. Assume p,, + py = 2 (00072) > 0005 OK 434 43.4.1) Figure 4.16 43.42.1(1) Figure 4.18 43.43(4) Eqn 450 Figure 421 43451 Eqn 456 Table 48 434.109) 9]SLABS Therelore Vga = 034 x 1415 x (1.2 + 40 x 00072) x 185 = 133 Nimm Ugg = TPH Nim > Vay Therefore shear reinforcement required such that Vag, 2 Vs, Slab depth = 200 mm ok Check that applied shear does not exceed the maximum section capacity Vpso = 20M%pq = 20% 139 = 266 > 174. Nimm OK ‘Shear stress around column perimeter = “47% 1 _ 29 Nimm? 1200 x 185 < 09/7, = 49 Nimm? oK Design shear reinforcement using EC2 Eqn 458 since Noi = TANS << 16 LAS, eens u Using type 2 deformed high yield bars as links Ig, 480 % 7 TS = 400 Nimme Therefore EA, = 074 ~ 139884 = 560 mn? Minimum reinforcement ratio = 100% x value given in EC2 Table 55. Pam = 90012 by interpolation FAs a area within critical perimeter — colurnn area Denominator = (800 + 3 x 1857 - (15 x 185)%(4 - =) - 300? = 575000 mm? Thus A... 2 00012 x 575000 = 690 mm* Maximum spacing of links is determined by the ratio Ve,/Vaq where it is assumed that Vaip is calculated in accordance with EC2 432.434) 43.43) 43.45.25) NAD Table 3 4345.2(1) NAD 64(¢) NAD 64(0) Eqn 458 Table 23 NAD Table 3 5433(2) Table 55 43.45.2(4) 5433(4) 542.27) ire]SLABS 174 Nimm (b,x 08d t » = 0o7-/® = 085 200 fg = 22 = 20'Nimm? 15 Therelore Yao = FH) x O55 x 20 x 09 x 185 = 916 Ninn VodYag= AIG = O19 < 02 Spe = 08d > 300 mm Longitudinal spacing » 075d = 138 mm Transverse spacing J Placing shear links on 100 mm grid in 700 mm square gives 48 links with 44 inside the critical perimeter. By inspection the minimum preferred bar size will govern and rrild steel links could be used t Ie 250 Nimm? EA, 010022 x 576000 = 1265 mm? v Use 44 RB links (2220 mm’) Where necessary the punching shear resistance outside the shear reinforced area should be checked by considering further critical perimeters, Check where Veg = Vag = 193 Nim GAT x 10 x 1.15 133, = 9845 mm Therefore distance from column face = (G845 — 1200)2n = 420mm = 2.270 This would be approximately at the next critical perimeter taken to be at a distance 0.750 beyond the previous one. No further shear reinforcement required. The tensile reinforcement (16 @ 150 mm crs) should extend for a full anchorage length beyond the perimeter at 420 mm from the column face Eqn 425 Eqn 421 2332 Table 23 Eqn 5:17 NAD 65¢)) 542.20) 43.4522) Table 65 43.452(3) Bs 8110 Figure 3:17 29}SLABS Column AN (300 mm x 300 mm comer column) Critical perimeter located at 1.5d from face of column (see Figure 4.18) | | ! | 4.54 =] 277mm | Figure 4.18 Critical perimeter at corner column. 600 + 277x/2 = 1035 mm V, O41 x 1564 = 641 KN sa Applied shear per unit length, wih @ = 15 Yeo _ sa x x15 u 1035 Reinforcement within zone 15d from column face is T16 @ 150 mm crs. top each way (see Figure 4.19). Vea 93. Nim | ' 1 | | a | 116-150 Figure 4.19 Corner column detail Vea: = 193 Nimm (as for column 8/2) Vast > Ys Therefore no shear reinforcement required 43.41) 43,43(4) Figure 421 Eqn 450 43.43(2) fatSLABS Column A/2 (300 mm x 300 mm edge column) Critical perimeter located at 15d from face of column, uo = 900 + 277% = 170mm Vey = 1564 KN Applied shear per unit length, with 8 = 1.4 Veg 1564 x 10° x 1.4 % = RRO RT KS 124. Nimm u i770 Yaa = 188 Nimm (as for column 8/2) Ya > Yaa Therefore no shear reinforcement required 42.1.7 Deflection Control by limiting spanvettective depth ratio using NAD Table 7. For flat stabs the check should be carried out on the basis of the longer span. For span < 85 m, no amendment to basic spanietfective depth ratiois required, Note 2 to NAD Table 7 states that modifications to the tabulated values for nominally reinforced concrete should not be carried out to take into account service stresses in the steel (refer to EC2: Clause 4.43.2(4)). However it is ‘assumed that correction ought to be carried out for 0.15% = p < 05% but that the resulting values should not exceed those tabulated in the NAD for nominally reinforced concrete. NAD Table 7 gives basic spanletfective depth ratios which are assumed to be based on f,, = 400 Nimm? when fy = MO Nine? and AL, = Acs, 400A, Modification factor = —— x— = og7 ne scr Basic spanieffective depth ratios for flat slabs are lightly stressed (p = 05%) = 30 nominally reinforced (p = 0.159%) = 41 ‘Span reinforcement is typically T12 @ 250 mm crs, (452 mm*im) 100A, 100 x 452 bd, 41000 x 175 = 026% Figure 421 Eqn 450 43.432) 4432 443.215Xd) 443.20) 44324) NAD Table 7 & 64) 2a}SLABS By interpolation (p = 0.26%), basic spaniettective depth ratio = 975 mn _ 5200 _ 297 < 375 x 087 = 326 OK 175 4.2.1.18 Crack control Use method without direct calculation 4423 Estimate service stress, 6,, under quasipermanent loads as follows: 4423) G+ ¥,0, = G, +030, = 64+03%5 = 79kNim? 234 Eqn 290) Ratio of quasipermanent to ultimate design loads = 79/162 = 049 NAD Theretore Table 1 Av A o, = 049 xf, x8 < 200 x bs A ‘ ‘sory Limit bar size using EC2 Table 4.11 or bar spacing using EC2 Table 4:12. The relevant limits are shown in Table 43. Table 43° Crack contro! limits And se 10 08 | ‘Steal sess (Nim) 200 160 Bar Sie (rm) 5 8 | table an Bar spacing (mm) 250 Table 412 Maximum bar size used is less than 25 mmn throughout. OK Check minimum reinforcement requirement 44.230) AL Kit Ado, Eqn 478 Ac A, at e 2 7, = 100% xf, = 460 Nimm? face = Minimum value suggested, 3 Nimm? k= 04 k= 08 Therefore Pe A, = 04x 08 x 3x = 0001 A. L 2 x 460 u < 00015 b¢ (minimum flexural steel) OK 2SLABS 42.149 Detailing Consider combined requirements for flexurelshear and for punching for top stee! over supports. Column B/2 For flexureishear bars should extend for a distance d + I... * 2d beyond the point at which they are no longer needed (a, = d=. shift in moment diagram), i he = om? x where f,, = 400 Nh ba 4, ale For h < 250 mm bond conditions are good and hg = 90 Nimm? Therefore @ , 400 4 2 fx - sas, 4° 3 * Aa hana = My BO A For straight bars a, = 10 andit 2 = 10 Aeron Ing = fy = $34 mm for T16 bars, say 550 mm, Curtail alternate bars as shown in Figure 4,20, Alternate bars curtailed ott and 2 20, 1 10 08 ‘ os ae o fen | Figure 4.20 Curtailment diagram 842.13 1) Figure 5:11 843.2.1(1) Eqn 53 Figure 51 Table 53 52344 Eqn 54 raSLABS Check that bars are anchored past relevant critical punching perimeter, Earlier calculation required column strip reinforcement to extend beyond a perimeter 420 mm from column face ie. 570 mm from grid. tt is assumed sulticient to provide an anchorage /,,,., beyond this perimeter. Inspection of Figure 4.20 shows that this is satisfied Design example of a flat slab with column heads The previous example will be used with column heads introduced at the internal columns to avoid the need for shear reinforcement, The rest of the design is unaffected by the change 421.2. Punching at column 8/2 (800 mm x 300 mm internal column) In the previous example it was found that V,, = Vag, at 420 mm from the column face where u = 3845 mm. Provide a column head such that |, = 15h, (see Figure 421), Figure 422 - SS Figure 4.21 Slab with column head For a circular column head, assume that EC2 Equation 451 appliestothe case 43.44(1) where, = 15h, Tis sugosted thal 2 Equation 455 should rea d,, = 16d, + OS Which reduces to the same as Equation 451 when J, "= 15h, ‘Assume an effective column diameter, |, = 300 mm To awid shear reinforcement: 2rd, = 9845 mm d, = 612mm J, -& 612 ~ 180 ~ O81, = 612 ~ 15(185) - 150 = 185mm Eqn 451 fistSLABS = 123 mm say 125 mm 185 15 i + 2h, = 670mm Circular column head 125 mm below slab and 670 mm diameter is sufficient to avoid shear reinforcement If a square column head is preferred, 1, 180 + 056 /@, 1) <15d + 0691, Gy 15d + OSGI, + 1.121, To avoid shear reinforcement d,, 2 612mm 1 4 = 4h ere - 180 - 056 =i « 0 = chy ie = 15 185 — 056 x 200) = 148 mm hy = ® = 00mm 15 + 2h, = 600mm ‘Square colurnn head 100 mm below slab and 600 mm wide is sufficient to avoid shear reinforcement 4.2.2 Flat slabs in laterally loaded frames In the following example, the structure used in Section 4.2.1 is considered to be unbraced in the North-South direction. 4.2.2.1 Design example of an unbraced flat slab frame This example considers only the analysis of the frame on grid B, consisting of three upper storeys plus a lightweight roof structure, as shown in Figures 4.22 and 4.23. Eqn 452SLABS t 1 “F = = = —h le 25m] | 1 q 2 - -- - sam] ft 1 : : 3 = : - + = 5 Rg 5 = — = a8 c D £ é Figure 4.22 Plan of structure 35m 35m 4+ 35m 35m 4 rhe Ed ieee Figure 4.23. Frame on grid 8 4.2.2.1. Design loads Office floors Dead load = 64 kNim® Imposed load = 50 kNim® Roof imparts load to columns B/t and BIS Dead load = 20kN Imposed load = 30 kN aSLABS ‘Assume characteristic wind load = 1.0 kNim? This is 90% of the value obtained from CP3: Chapter V: Part 2" Note: ‘The distribution of horizontal load between each frame is determined by their relative stiffness. 4.2.2.1.2 Frame classification Determine whether sway frame or non-sway frame. Check slenderness ratio of columns in the frame. ‘A calculation is required for those columns that resist more than 07 of the mean axial load, Ng,,,. at any level. Service loads are used throughout (.2. %e = 10). Itis also assumed that these are vertical loads without any lateral loads applied. a Noam = Ee F, all vertical loads at given level (under service condition) a Number of columns Consider a simple analytical model of the top floor to determine columns concerned as shown in Figure 4.24. Figure 4.24 Load arrangement at third floor = 114 kNim? x loaded width 11.4 x 52 (determined in Section 42.1.1) = 593 kNim R, 3x 593 x 4258 +50 = 145 KN R, = 5 x 593 x 4.25/8 + (593 x 52/2) = 312 KN R, = 593x 52 = 308 kN Nag = 100-41189* $93) pay yy 5 OTN, = TKN > RA, = 145 KN ‘Therefore siendemess of internal columns only needs to be checked. Clearly, this will normally be the case for multi-bay frames unless the edge columns carry large cladding loads. d= Lfiwhere NAD 4(0) 43533 (0803) A32 A320) Figure A3.4 AB2t1) 43535(2) 29SLABS 309 866 mm fe For a horizontally loaded flat slab frame determine the stiffnesses of the frame and thus the effective lengths of the columns using half the slab stiffness. Consider the centre column from foundation to first floor Eleallen + E,,, assumed constant 4353500) Bath Eqn 460 yg = 22 0675 x 10% mm* 2 r= MBB % 28 a0 x 10° mt 2x 12 hy = 3500 mm fy = 5200 mm 25222 a@ = 10 Therefore pe OTe xnIOIEEOO) * 212.24 x 10715200) kg = & (pinned at foundation) Assuming that EC2 Figure 4.27(b) is appropriate to determine 6 1, = Bl, = 2:48 x 3500 = 7500 mm Figure 4.27 Hence d= 75001866 = 87 For non-sway frames A3.2(3) ned, = 2 x2 435352) Neg * Ady Ultimate design load for centre column, ignoring selt-weight of column, Ng = 3x 162% 52 = 1314KN t fg Bw eco Nim? Eqn 44 td Table 23 Therelore 1314 x 10° », = BAX _ oz 300° x 20 18 den 178 «25 435352) [Since x” > 25 the arocure ie Gaaifed ae away tame |SLABS ‘The analysis and design would need to follow the requirements of EC2 Clause ‘A365 to take into account the sway effects. EC2 Clause 253.4.2(4) does not generally allow redistribution in sway frames. The method above is included to demonstrate its complexity. However, note the omission of guidance in EC2 Clause A3.2(3) on which nomogram to use in EC2 Figure 4.27. AAs an alternative means of determining the frame classification, itis suggested 43.53.3(8) that an analysis as detailed in BS 5950"? is used to demonstrate that the EC2 BS 5950: requirements are met for non-sway frames. Part 1 ‘Assuming in the above example that the column sizes are increased such that 543 @ non-sway frame results, the following load cases need to be considered for design These same load cases would also be applicable to sway frames where ampltied horizontal loads are introduced to take account ofthe sway induced forces, complying with EC2 Clause A3:1(7) (b). 4.2.2.13 Load cases and combinations 2512 With the rigorous approach the design values are given by 23.2.2 PQ) Pr 6, + tees + E tas Eqn 2710 where Q,, = primary variable load, Q,, = secondary variable load ¥, = 07 generally NAD Table 1 The +, values are given in EC2 Table 2.2. Load cases with two variable actions ( mposed and wind) are: (@) Imposed load as primary toad 135G, + 15Q, + 105W, (©) Wind load as primary load 1356, + 1050, + 15W, In addition, load cases with only one variable action are: (©) Dead load plus wind 4106, (favourable) + 1.51%, 1356, (unfavourable) + 150, (d) Dead load plus imposed 135G, + 150, For non-sensitive structures it is sufficient to consider the load cases (a) and NAD 6.2(e) (b) above without patterning the imposed loads. 25.1.2P(1) The NAD allows the use of EC2 Equation 2.8(b) to give a single imposed and wind load case: 135G, + 1350, (all spans) + 1351, 139}‘SLABS Final load combinations for the example given here @) 1384, + 15Q, (as Section 4.2.1.1) (i) 106, "+ 15¥%, “engle load caso) | Gi) 1386, + 18W), (single load case) | 3) 135Gt + 125d, + 1360, (angle load cose) | 4.2.2.1 Imperfections Consider the structure to be inclined at angle 1 = 0005 radians o0ft 1 = frame height = 105m a, = $(1+4) where n= number of columns = 5 = 078 tug = %y = 078 x 0005 = 00039 radians Take account of imperfections using equivalent horizontal force at each floor. BH = EVP EV, = total load on frame on floor j Using 1356, + 1.50, on each span gives EV, = (189 x 62) x 162 = 1592 kN Theretore AH, = 1892 x 00039 = 62 KN per floor ‘Assuming the frame by virtue of its relative stiffness picks up 4725 m width of wind load: = (A725 x 35) x 10 = 165 KN per floor Therefore the effects of imperfections are smaller than the effects of | design horizontal loads and their influence may be ignored in lo Combinations (i 0 (vy). 4.2.2.1 Design The design of the slab will be as described in Section 4.2.1.1. 2.81.3(4) Eqn 2.10 NAD Table 3 Eqn 2.11 251.366) 251318) i5 COLUMNS a 5.1 Introduction The design of column sections from first principles using the strain compatibility method is covered Examples of slender column design are also presented to extend the single ‘example given in Section 2. 5.2 Capacity check of a section by strain compatibility 5.2.1 Introduction ‘Two examples are considered 1. Where the neutral axis at ultimate limit state lies within the section; and 2. Where the neutral axis at ultimate limit state lies outside the section. ‘The first of these is very simple while the algebra necessary for the second is more complex. For convenience, the same section will be used for both ‘examples. This is shown in Figure 5.1 Assume fe = 460 Nimm? and f, 30 Nim? a0 30 250 Pt 232 soo a ones wel YN LE # Figure 61 Column section 5.2.2 Example 1 Calculate the moment thatthe section can sustain when combined with an xia Toad of 2750 KN 5.2.2.1 Basic method lf the neutral axis is within the section, the compressive force generated bythe 42.133 concrete at ultimate limit state is given by Figure 42 Npae = 0-4594,,bx 39]COLUMNS 5.2.2.2 and the moment by Mage = Nagdhl2 ~ 016%) ‘The strain at the more compressed face is taken as 0.0035 The procedure adopted is as follows: a @ @ (4) © © a ®) ‘Assume a value for x Calculate Np. Calculate the strain at each steel level Calculate force generated by reinforcement (N,,) +N, ITN, 18 not close enough to 2750 kN, modify the value of x and return to step (2) If Nj. i approximately 2750 KN, calculate M, Mea Meas + Maas The design yield strain for the reinforcement 460 "= coz 115 x 200000 First iteration ‘Assumed value for x is 250 mm = 0459 x 30 x 360 x 250/000 = 1205 kN 0.0035 pe 0008) x 200 = 0.0028 “0 250 Strain > 0002; therefore f, = 400 Nimm? gga = 2X 804 x 4001000 = 643 KN feng = OaNd Ny, = 0 Soe ~ an therefore f, = -400 Nimm? Neg = ~2 x 491 x 400/1000 = —993 KN Hence Npg = 1205 + 643 - 303 = 1455 kN This is considerably less than 2750 kN, hence x must be increased 250 x 2750 Try new value forx = 2° 270 _ 473 mm 1455COLUMNS 5.2.2.3 Second iteration Meee tne + 228 ra ~ 250) = oootes * 473 (0.00165 x 200000 = 330 Nimm? Nygsg = 330 x 2 x 4911000 = 324 KN fea ~ 2288 cara - 450) = 000017 73 f, = 0.00017 x 200000 = 34 Nimm? Noga = 94% 2 x 4911000 = 33 KN Hence Nog = 2289 + 643 + 324 + 33 = 3289 KN les This is too large, hence x should be reduced. Linear interpolation gives 2750 ~ 1455 x = 2504 (673 - 250) = 407 mm ‘3289 — 1455 5.2.2.4 Third iteration Noge = 0459 x 30 x 350 x 407000 = 1961 kN Nags: = 643 KN as before = 20085 (aor — 260) = a00195 407 f, = 270 Nimm? and Nj,.. = 265 kN fon = 22288 (aor = 450) = -0.00087 oo 407 f= “7A Nimm? and Niysg = -73 KN Hence Neg = 1961 + 643 + 265 - 73 = 2706 KN ‘This is within 2% of the given axial load of 2750 kN OkCOLUMNS 5.2.2.5 Moment Mgge = 1961 x (250 - 0.416 x 4071000 = 158.2 kNm. = 643 x 02 = 1286 kNm Mgso = 0 Maes = 73 02 = 146 kNm ™, 3682 + 1286 + 146 = 301.4 KNm 5.2.3 Example 2 Calculate the moment and axial force that can be sustained by the section where the neutral axis depth is 600 mm, Note. The example has been given in this way so that repeated iterations are not necessary. These would not provide any new information to the reader 5.2.3.1 Basic method When the neutral axis is outside the section the ultimate compressive strain is, less than 0.0035 and is given by: gx 00020002 600 Gag asia) y-sn7 ” @00-3x 6007 (ai) & Figure 4.11 The conditions in the section are shown in Figure 52. 6, =0:0031 a9s-30/15 ° ° . . . e “| 7 7 oe ly L Strain Stress in concrete Figure 5.2 Conditions in section for Example 2 35]COLUMNS 5.2.3.2 ‘The technique adopted for the calculation of N,.,, and M,.,, is to calculate the effect of the stress block on a depth of 600 mm and then deduct the influence of the part lying outside the section. Concrete forces and moments The equations for the full stress block are N'pae = 05667(1 - B/S)bx1., Mae = ON ege where co = ne X= +9) ay 12 - 48 6 = = 002K, Note: Itwillbe found that, ite, = 00036, these equations give the values used in the first example ‘The equations for the force and moment produced by the part of the stress block lying outside the section are Neg = O566TaC1 - a/S)x — hbf, Mage = ANage" where oe - |x ng - KM - 3a) 12 - 4a a = «0002 € = strain at bottom of section From the strain diagram, «, = 000051 Hence @ = 0255 andg = 0645 N'gge = O5667(1 ~ 0645/3) x 350 x 600 x 30/1000 = 2802 KN e- 4x c= 250 — $00(0645' = 4 x 2645 + 6) 567 mam 12 — 4 x 0645 Hence Mig, = 567 x 2802/1000 = 159 kNm ANgy, = 05667 x 0.255(1-0.255/3(600-500}350 x 30/1000 = 139 kN c= ~ [600 — 250 - (600 - 500K8 = 3x 0255)] og, 12-4 x 0.255COLUMNS Mpg" 199 x 284/1000 = -394 KNm Hence Nage = 2802 - 139 = 2663 KN Mpje = 189 +394 = 553 KNm 5.2.3.3 Steel forces and moments 0028 0.0031 Strain in upper layer of bars = “= x 860 This is > 0.002; hence f, = 400 Nimm? Niggas = 643 KN Meg = 643 X02 = 128 KNm 1 Strain in middle layer of bars = 23! 359 = oor 600 Hence f= 362 Nimmt Nagao = S85KN, | Mya = 0 Strain in bottom layer of bars aa x 180 = 0000775 Hence f= 185 Nim? easy = 152 KN Maggy = ~304 kNe 2663 + 643 + 355 + 152 = GBI9 KN Myy = 953 + 128-904 = 153kNm 5.3 Biaxial bending capacity of a section 5.3.1 General To carry out a rigorous check of a section for biaxial bending by hand is very tedious but possible i the simpitied rectangular stress block is used. Itis not suggested that the example given here is a normal design procedure for common use but it could be employed in special circumstances. There would be no dificulty in developing an interactive computer program to carry out design, in this way, by trial and error. fsCOLUMNS 5.3.2 5.3.3 Problem Demonstrate that the section shown in Figure 53 can carry ultimate design moments of 540 and 320 kNm about the two principal axes in combination with an axial load of 3000 kN. The characteristic strength ofthe reinforcement is 460 Nimm? and the conerete strength is 30 Nim, 500 S00 ia TY Figure 53 Column section Basic method The conditions in the section are shown in Figure 5.4. 0.0035 ested -— ee Strain ‘Stress in concrete Figure 5.4 Conditions in section Note: It is assumed that EC” Section 4.2.13.3(12) implies that a should be taken ‘as 08 for biaxial bending but the NAD would allow 085. It.can be seen from the diagram that the axial force provided by the conerete is given by N, = OBbx/, 42.133(12) NAD Table 3 139}COLUMNS The moments about the centroid of the concrete section are given by 12 ‘These equations are valid where x’ < fh. When x’ > Ah, rather simpler ‘equations can be derived, ‘The location of the reinforcement is shown in Figure 65. r Figure 55 Location of reinforcement The stress in a bar is given by (20000 om) 2 Too 2 y x x i where E % (bI2 - a’tan® - d,|cos@ 08 depth from top face of section to bar considered. This will be for top bars and h — dor bottom bars. ‘The force in each bar is fA, and the moments are obtained by multiplying the forces by the distance of the bars from the centroid of the concrete section. Dimensions to the right or upwards are taken as positive. The total moments and forces carried by the section are the sum of the steel ‘and concrete contributions. The correct values of x and @ have to be found by iteration. 5.3.4 Initial data ste 2 = 20Nimm?COLUMNS Stress over upper 08 of the depth of the compression zone 087, = 16 Nim? f = 400 Nimm? 415 As a first estimate of ©, assume that the neutral axis is perpendicular to the direction of principal bending, This gives @ = tan (2 tan1059 540, Try © = 30° which gives tan@ = 058 andcos@ = 087 The limiting value of x, is where x’ = h Hence Xepay = f= (bm2}an@ 500 - 250 x 058 = 355mm This gives 355 x 500 x 16 N, “000 2840 kN The reinforcement will increase this value significantly, hence x, will be less than 355mm. Try x, = 300 mm, 5.3.5 Calculation The simplest way to carry out the calculation is by writing the equations into a spreadsheet and then adjusting the values of x, and © untl the correct axial load and ratio MM, is obtained. The resulting Gutput forthe final iteration is given below. It will Be seen that the result is satistactory. ‘Section breadth (6) 600 (Overal desth (1) 500 Embecment (2) 50 Stee ares ange Concrete strength 20 ‘Average stress 6 Steol strength 480 Design erese 400 Estate of angle saz ‘adians) Cd Estimate of, 2825 Neutral xis depth 9258 Tan (angie) osrasoas Lever arm (x) oe Cos (angle) 08270806 Bar na 2 1 F M, M, 1 19923 20478 assor gna) =01'28 2 e313 4000081620» tea04 16304 32.29 6226 10880-7130 2130 -19254 3157-63497 3289912698 74280 35095 22012 226000 20729 “327 Design resistances Ny M, M, MM, 300880 ser23 33939 1701432 20COLUMNS 5.4 Braced slender column 5.4.1 General ‘The calculation of the effective length of columns has been adequately covered in Section 2. In the following example, the effective length is assumed 5.4.2 Problem Calculate the reinforcement required in a 400 mm x 400 mm column subjected to. design axial load of 2500 kN combined with the first order bending moments. shown in Figure 56, ‘The effective length has been calculated as 88 m. 43535 Hop= 75 kWm Mor= 30 Km Figure 56 First order moments Assume yg = 480 Nimm? and f, = 30 Nim? 5.4.3 Slenderness ratio 43532 a = Yi = Winfre = e800400)/12 = 762 5.4.4 Design requirements for slenderness Micimum slendemess rato = greater o 25 or 181f%, 435352) w= NedlA Lg) 2500 x 10%(400 x 400 x 30/15) = 078 Hence fr, = 170 < 25 Therefore minimum slenderness ratio = 25 Siendemess ratio > 25, therefore column is slender faiCOLUMNS Critical slenderness ratio h,, = 25(2 - €,le,.) 435532) 64 = 30 x 10/2500 x 103) = -12 mm @. = 75 x 10°(2500 x 10°) = 30mm Hence Aye = 25(2 + 12190) = 60 Sienderess ratio > X,,, therefore design is required for second order effects 5.4.5 Eccentricities ‘Additional eccentricity 435.43) e = M2 » = 1200 25.13(4) Eqn 2.10 2, = 8800400 = 22mm Equivalent first order eccentricity is greater of 43562 O6e,, + 040, = 06 x 30-04 x 12 = 132mm; or O4e,, = 04 x 30 = 120mm Hence e, = 132mm Utimate curvature, ir = 2K,¢,/090 4356365) 472 ‘Assumed = 400 ~ 60 = 340 mm a 2 x 460 x K, Wr = ~ "2 ____s._ 1307K, x 10° radians 200000 x 1.15 x 09 x 340 Second order eccentricity e, = 01K LZ) Eqn 469 jean Eqn 471 Hence ©, = 8800 x 1307 x 107K, = 101.2K,mm Total eccentricity 4356.2(1) Eqn 465 e, +e, +6, = 182 + 22 + 101.2K, mmCOLUMNS 5.46 Iterative calculation to establish K, and hence A, Make initial assumption of K, = 1 This gives = 1364 mm Nibhf,, = 2500 x 10°(400 x 400 x 30) = 052 Mibtt, = 1364 x 2500 x 10°40? x 30) = 0178 dih = 601400 = 016 Using chart in Section 13, Figure 13.2(¢) gives K, = 069 Take this modified value of K, to recalculate €,, Therefore ey «= 12 + 22 + 1012 x 069 = 1050mm Hence Mibri,,= 0137 This reduoes K, to 062 and Mibh?f,, to 0.128 Try reduction of K, to 060 This gives Mibh’?,, = 0.125 which corresponds to K, = 060 in the chart Hence Aly <= 3s ht. A 3965 mm? Use 4732 and 2725 (4200 mm) 5.5 Slender column with biaxial bending 5.5.1 General This example has bending dominantly about one axis and is designed to ilustrate the application of EC2 Section 4356.4. There is some ambiguity in the dratting of this Section but the interpretation below seems reasonable. 5.5.2 Problem Design a 400 mm square column, having an effective length of 8 m in both directions to withstand the design ulimate frst order moments shown in Figures 57 and $8 combined with a design aval oad of 2000 kN. The concrete strength class is C30/37 and the reinforcement has a characteristic strength of 460 Nim’, {ras}COLUMNS > = (8000400) [12 = 693 in both directions Assume dh = 015 Mog = 334 KNm Mga =83 kK Figure 57 First order moments Figure 58 First order moments in z direction in y direction 5.5.3 Assumptions for design of section It is assumed that €, and e, in EC2 Section 43564 are the first order ‘eccentricities at the crtical section. They wil therefore, be effective values as defined by Eqns 466 and 467 in EC2 Section 4356.2. Since e, = 0 43562 Eqn 466, 2 = 060, Hence = BBX 884 KI G6 mm 2000 = 08K 53X16 aay ’ 2000 16 (ejbweyh) = = 016 < 02 43564 100 Eqn 475 Hence separate checks for the two axes are permissible ejh = 100100 = 025 > 02 435640) ‘A reduced value ofh, therefore, must be used in carrying out a check for bending in the y direction. The additional eccentricity in the z direction is 20mm 051,200 Hence e,+¢6, = 120mmCOLUMNS itis assumed that the intention of EC2 Section 43.56.43) is that, using the reduced section, the applied load should just give zero stress at the least siressed face, ie. as shown in Figure 58 ier y I Actual section Elastic stress distribution Reduced section Elastic stress distribution fon reguced section || Figure 59 Assumption for check in the y direction It will be seen that the point of application of the load must lie on the edge of the middle third of the reduced section. Hence tt aUhi2 - @, - e,) 3(200 - 120) = 240 mm 5.5.4 Check for bending in z direction This check uses the full section dimensions 1 2 x 460 x 10° K, r 15 x 09 x 340 x 02 = 107K, x 10° 43563 Eqn 472 a5}COLUMNS Hence e, = O41 x 8 x 10° x 1307K, x 10-° = 837K, mm Eqn 469 (ince d > 35, K, = 1 in EC2 Eqn 469) y= «100 + 20 + 837K, mm 43562 Eqn 465 ‘As in the previous example, iterate using the design chart in Section 13 Figure 13.2(¢)to find the appropriate value for K, and hence A,f,/Ohf,, stating with K, = 1. This procedure results in kK = 08 Mibht, = 0.194 lbh, = oat? Hence Alylbtig= 055 A = 055 x 400? x 30/460 [Use 12725 6890 mm) —) 5.5.5 Check for bending in y direction The assumed section is shown in Figure 5.10. 400) -. Figure 5.10 Reduced section for check in y direction = 16 mm ey = 8, = 20mm ©y = Cy = 837K, mm 36 + 837K, mm 2000 x 10° 240 x 400 x 30COLUMNS 0694 x (36 + 837K,) Mibrit, 400 00625 + 0.148K, Using the same design chart as belore, iterate to obtain K, and hence Alglohl,,. This gives kK, = 047 Mibti,, = 0.13, Hence Ag,loht= O57 = 057 x 240 x 400 x 30/460 = 9569 mm? This is less than required for z direction bending ok ‘An appropriate arrangement of reinforcement is shown in Figure 5.11 ire 5.11 Arrangement of reinforcement 5.6 Classification of structure 5.6.1 Introduction EC2 provides more detailed rules than BS 8110"! for deciding whether or not a structure is braced or unbraced, or sway or non-sway. While it wil normally be obvious by inspection how a structure should be classified (for example, with shear walls it will be braced and non-sway), there may be cases where direct calculation could give an advantage. The structure in the example folowing is chosen to ilustrate the workings of EC2 in this area. Its entiroly hypothetical and not necessarily practical 5.6.2 Problem Establish an appropriate design strategy for the columns in the structure shown in Figures 5.12 and 5.13. The applied vertical loads in the lowest storey are set out in Table 5.4 faCOLUMNS e 4 D300 » 300 e a « € a . aso » = «00s 300 3 g 400390 t o ¢ O<— 300 «300 CI Figure 512 General arrangement of columns = 35m = 35m Lt 11 35m | 25m Figure 613 Gross section of structure ‘Table 5.1 Column sizes and loads ‘alu dimension | 2nd moment of area ‘om (rmx 6-5 | Sanice | Utmae Coun ‘eas’ | “Teas we | oy : 5 fay | OD a soo | 400 a0 | 1600 | 1900 | 2600 > ao | 400 soo | 1000 | 2100 | 2060 ° 70 | 450 | 15820 | seas | 3000 | so60 a | 20 | 20 os | os | 120 | 1700COLUMNS 5.6.3 Check if structure can be considered as braced with the 750 x 450 columns forming the bracing elements To be considered as braced, the bracing elements must be sulticiently stif' to 4353.2(1) attract 90% of the horizontal load. Since all columns are the same length, this will be so if EL, bracing Llp, 5.6.3.1 y direction Tlyong 4 x 15820 = 0008 Ely 6 x 900 + 4 x 15820 + 2 x 675 Hence the four 750 x 450 columns can be treated as bracing elements carrying the total horizontal loads and columns type a, b and d can be designed as braced in the y direction 5.6.3.2 x direction Tlyacing = ——_4% 5095 ___ ggg, a 6 x 1600 + 4 x 5695 + 2 x 675 Structure cannot be considered as braced in x direction 5.6.4 Check if structure can be considered as non-sway Classification of structures as sway or non-sway is covered in EC2 Appendix 3 5.6.4.1 y direction For braced structures of four or more storeys, the frame can be classified as non-sway if i aa a2 aoe Eqn A32 where fy = height of frame in metes = 4x35 = 14m F, = sum of all vertical loads taking y, = 1 = 4x 1900 + 2 x 2100 + 4 x 3300 + 2 x 1200 = 27400 kN E,,, 1, = sum of the stifnesses of the bracing elements. Taking E.,, a8 32000 Nim? 31,252 Table 32 Exgl, = 4 x 15820 x 32000 x 10° Nmm? 2024960 x 10? Num?COLUMNS 5842 Hence F, x10 Fee | FAO x 10° rng = 0.000116 J mm = 0.116 / m Ek 2024960 x 10° Note: Since the height ofthe building is stated to be in metres, it seems reasonable to assume that m units should be used for the other factors, though this is not stated in EC2 Hence ray = 14x O16 = 162 > 06 [[hersore ihe bracing srucure i a vay fame in they avecion | x direction For frames without bracing elements, if k < greater of 25 or 15/fm, for all elements carrying more than 70% of the mean axial force then the structure may be considered as non-sway. sum of ultimate column no. of columns Mean axial force aes) No = AX 2680 + 2 x 2060 + 4 x 4660 + 2 x 1700 2 = 9968012 = 3223 KN TO%N,,,, = 2256 KN Columns type d carry less than this and are therefore ignored, Assume effective length of 400 x 300 columns is 08 x 35 = 28m (ie. value appropriate to a non-sway condition). » 2425 < 25 ‘Therelore structure is non-sway Discussion The results obtained in Sections 5.6.4.1 and 5.6.4.2 above are totaly illogical as the structure has been shown to be a sway structure in the stifer direction and non-sway in the less stiff direction. There are two possible areas where the drafting of EC2 is ambiguous and the wrong interpretation may have been made. (1) In Eqn A32 it is specifically stated that the height should be in metres. Nothing is stated about the units for J, F, and E... Since the output from Eqn A322 is non-dimensional, the statement of the units is unnecessary Unless the units for J,, F, and E., are different to that for h,,. Should 1, F, and E, be in N and mm units While h,, is in rm? If this were so, then the structtire would be found to be ‘braced’ by a large margin. A323)COLUMNS 5.7 Sway 5.74 5.7.2 (2) 1nA32(8) it does not state whether d should be calculated assuming the columns to be sway or non-sway. In the caleulation, the assumption was made that the \ was a non-sway value, If a sway value had been adopted, the structure would have proved to be a sway frame by a considerable margin. Cleatly, clarification is required if A32 is to be of any use at all Its possible to take this question slightly further and make some estimate at what the answer should have been Considering the y direction, the ultimate curvature of the section of the 750 x 450 columns is, 1 2 x 460 x K, i ———_—— 2 __ |. 35k, x 10° 7 02 « 10° x 1.15 x 09 x 700 Ingpection of the design charts and levels of loading suggest K, is likely to be about 06. Assuming an effective length under sway conditions of twice the actual height gives a deflection ot: 2 Cx 85 5635 x 06 = 19mm This an overestimate of the actual deflection. It corresponds to an eccentricity of 191750 of the section depth or 2.5%. This must be negligible, hence, in the y direction, the structure must effectively be non-sway. Structures Introduction ‘Aithough EC2 gives information on how to identity a sway structure, it does not give any simple approach to their design. However, Clause A.35,(2) states that "the simplified methods defined in 435 may be used instead of a refined analysis, provided that the safety level required is ensured’: Clause A35(3) amplifies this slightly, saying that ‘simplified methods may be used which introduce ..... bending moments which take account of second order effects provided the average sienderess ratio in each storey does not exceed 50 oF 20//r,, whichever is the greater": EC2 Section 435 gives the ‘mode! column’ method which is developed only for non-sway cases, s0 it is leit to the user to find a suitable method for sway frames on the basis of the Model Column Method. BS 8110 does this, s0 it is ‘suggested that the provisions of 3837 and 3838 of BS 8110; Part 1 are adopted, but that the eccentricities are calculated using the equations in EC2, Problem Design columns type c in the structure considered in Section 6.2 assuming sway in the x direction. The column loads may be taken from Table 5.1 The design utimate first order moments in the columns are as shown in Figure 514, 8 has been assessed from EC2 Figure 427(b) as 16 for all columns. fsCOLUMNS Figure 6.14 First order moments 5.7.3 Average slenderness ratio The slenderness ratios are shown in Table 52. Table 52 Slenderess ratios ‘Columa type | No » a 4 485 b 2 485 e 4 4a 6 2 oT Mean value \,) = 494 Since X,, < 50, the simpitied method may be used. A35@) 1 2K, x 460 o.0044K, r 200000 « 115 x 08d od Hence (16 x 35% 00044K, x 10° _13800K, e, = Saye, - mm. 10 a 1 1 » . z= 2513 woofia ~ 200 Eqn 2:10 This may be muttipied by a, Eqn 2. Where, with 12 columns @, f+ ineye = 0736 Hence » = 000368 = 000868 x 16 x 3500/2 = 103 mm Eqn 461 a =, + 0, + 13800K Jd = ©, + 103 + 19800K,Jd mm Eqn 465 ‘The total eccentricities are shown in Table 53,COLUMNS Table 53. Total eccentricities coum | ‘. N ‘ype | mm | (Nn) om, a 350 | 80 20 ora > sso | 10 | 37 0.22 © ao | 178 | 38 0.480 a 250 2% 16 0.630 tn) 403 473 403 253 29K, 29K, 25K, 59k, Table 54 Lateral deflections ‘Cour ‘ype ‘ Table 55 Summary of designs Asin the previous examples, the design char's can be used iteratively to establish , and hence e,, This process gives the values shown in Table 5.4 All columns will be assumed to deflect by the average value. The resulting designs are shown in Table 55 Column 6 Me N Ae A ome cy | Bre oi, oH, (ot) a 580 0,108 o7as 058 aus > 650 0.138 age o75 5870 © 660 0.067 0.460 010 2201 é 430 0.080 0.630 038 2230 BS 8110 38386 WALLS 6.1 Introduction ‘A wall is defined as a vertical load-bearing member with a horizontal length 2.5.2.1(6) not less than four times its thickness. The design of wallsis carried out by considering vertical strips ofthe wall acting as columns. 6.2 Example Design the iowest level of a 200 mm thick wall in an eight storey building supporting 250 mm thick solid slabs of 60 m spans on each side. The storey heights of each floor are 35 m, the height from foundation to the first floor being 45 m, The wall is fully restrained at foundation level. The building is a braced non-sway structure 6.2.1 Design data Design axial load (N,,) 700 kNim Design moment at first floor 5 kNmim Design moment at foundation = 25 kNmvm Concrete strength class is C30/37, 31.24 fg = 30 Nimm? Table 31 6.2.2 Assessment of slenderness Consider a 1.0 m vertical strip of wall acting as an isolated column, The elfective height of a column 1, = Bl. 43535(1) where |g = actual height of the column between centres of restraint is a factor depending upon the coefficients _k, and k, relating to the figidity of restraint at the column ends. E Laleg , © daa Eqn 460, Assuming a constant modulus of elasticity for the concrete = RL 667 x 10 mt 72 fg OB ay get 2 5 a 3 eo 0" sm ew ex XW") _ on 45 a5 6 Base of wali uly restrained. Therefore 43535(1) kg = 0.40 which is the minimum value to be used for ky oF Ky. Fors 427(@)WALLS Hence 6 = 07 1g = 4500 mm Theretore 1, = 07 x 4500 = 3150 mm The slenderness ratio = 17 43535(2) where i = radius of gyration T 7 = JL = [20,57 mm a #2 x 1000 x 200 Theretore = 3150 ag 877 Isolated columns are considered slender where X exceeds the greater of 25 or 15/fy,, where Nea 435352) 8 Ades Neg = 700 KN A, = 1000 x 200 = 200 x 10? mm? f 30 = 20 Nimm? 18 Therefore . fe too hg 200 x 10? x 20 Hence as Pe [0a75 [Thetstor the walls sender 6.2.3 Design ‘The wall may now be designed as an isolated column in accordance with EC2" Clause 4356 and as illustrated in the example in Section 5, ‘Although the column or wall has been classified as slender, second order effects need not be considered if the slenderness ratio d is less than the critical slendemess ratio ¥, 55]WALLS ay = 252 - e,6,.) 43553(2) Eqn 462 where e,, and e,, are the first order eccentricities at the ends of the member rélating to the axial load. M, M, , = Mt onde, = Mee Nex Ney Ma, and M,, are the fist order applied moments. Therefore Nem = 25 (2 — Mag /Mgad) where May S Moxy ‘These moments must be given their correct algebraic signs in the equation. In this example: ‘The column or wall should therefore be designed for the following 43553(2) minimum condone Design axial resistance (N,) = Ean 463 h Design resistance moment (Ma) = Ny, * 3 Eqn 464 For this example Mag = 00x22 = 70 > SOK 20 6.2.4 Reinforcement The vertical reinforcement should not be less than Q004A, or greater than 5.4.7.2(1) 004, Half of this reinforcement should be located at each face, 847.2(2) ‘The maximum spacing for the vertical bars should not exceed twice the wall 5.47.2(8) thickness or 300 mr. The area of horizontal reinforcement should be at least 50% of the vertical 54.73 reinforcement. The bar size should not be less than one quarter of the vertical (1)-(3) bar size and the spacing should not exceed 300 mm. The horizontal reinforcement should be placed between the vertical reinforcement and the wall face.WALLS Link reinforcement is required in walls where the design vertical reinforcement exceeds 002A. | normal buildings itis unlikely that walls will be classified as slender. For practical considerations they will generally not be less than 175 mm thick and the vertical load intensity will normally be relatively low. Thus the limiting slonderness ratio given by 15//7, will be high. in cases where the wall is slender, only slenderness about the minor axis need bee considered. Even in this case it is likely that only the minimum conditions given in EC2 Clause 43553(2) Eqns 463 and 464 will apply. 847.4(1) fs7}7 FOUNDATIONS 7.1 Ground bearing footings 7.1.1 Pad footing Design a square pad footing for a 400 mm x 400 mm column carrying a service load load of 1100 KN, 50% of this being imposed load with appropriate reduction. The allowable bearing pressure of the soil is 200 kNim®. TAAA Base size FAAS TANS With 500 mm deep base, resultant bearing pressure = 200 ~ 05 x 24 = 188 kNim? Area of base required [Weeadm x 25m x 05m deep Durability For components in non-aggressive soil andlor water, exposure class is 2). Minimum concrete strength grade is C30/37, For cement content and wic ratio refer to ENV 206 Table 3°. Minimum cover to reinforcement is 30 mm. For concrete cast against blinding layer, minimum cover > 40 mm. Use 75 mm nominal cover bottom and sides Materials ‘Type 2 deformed reinforcement with f,, = 460 Nimm? Concrete strength grade 30/37 with maximum aggregate size 20 mm Loading Utimate column load = 135G, + 15Q, = 1570 KN base «SY Flexural design Critical section taken at face of column 1570 (25 ~ 04) Mg = P0028 = O47 see kay 8x 25 ‘Assuming 20 mm bars d,, = 500-75 - 20 = 405mm Using rectangular concrete stress diagram , 30 fg = = = = 20.Nimm? 15 1 aig = 085 x 20 = 17 Nimm? Table 41 ENV 206 Table NA1 NAD Table 6 41330) NAD 63(@) Eqn 2.8(a) Table 2.2 253366) Figure 44 Eqn 44 Table 23FOUNDATIONS TANS For reinforcement 460 = 400 Nimm? 2.23.2P(1) % 118 Table 23 For the design of C30/37 concrete members without any redistribution of — 25:3.4.2(6) moments, neutral axis depth factor xs 045 da Using the design tables for singly reinforced beams Me 1 = —686x 1 _ poze bot, 2500 x 405% x 30 x = = 0063 < 045 . OK a Ad * = 0033 bat, Hence 30 A, = 0083 x 2500 x 405 x —— = 2179 mm? s 460 Minimum longitudinal reinforcement 543.21 BA2I4 o6bd = — = coisa « conse 460 = Q0015 x 2500 x 405 = 1519 mm? 7720 gives 2198 > 2179 mm? OK 2500 - 2(75) - 20 Bar ors, = S00 = AP) = 20 356 mm 6 Maximum spacing = 3h p 500 = 500 > 388mm OK NAD Table 3 7720 (EW) are sufficient for flexural design. Additional checks for punching and §.432.1(4) crack control require 9120 (EW) - refer to Sections 71.47 and 7.1.18. Use 9720 Shear Minimum shear reinforcement may be omitted in slabs having adequate 43.2.1P(2) provision for the transverse distribution of loads. Treating the pad as a slab, therefore, no shear reinforcement is required if Vi S Vag, 43.2.2(2) EFOUNDATIONS ‘Shear force at critical section, distance d from face of column 1870(25 _ 04 ie RO - S - 040s} = 405 Kv 2sle 2 Shear resistance, Va, with zero axial load Vag = Trgk(1-2 + 40p,) bd rag = 034 Nim? ko = 16 -d = 1195 € 10 To calculate A,, area of tension reinforcement extending d + f, ., beyond critical section, determine A For curved bars with concrete side cover of at least 36 = 07 Loe ()% » Al fe For bars in the bottom half of a pour, good bond may be assumed. Hence for 6 < 32mm 400 7 3338 For anchorage in tension 4, lamin = 03 x I, 109 £100 mm = 108 = 200mm Actual distance from critical section to end of bar 2500 400 =F 05-75 = 570mm <4 + hog = 405 + 200 = 605mm 43.2.2(10) 4323 Eqn 418 Table 48 Eqn 54 5234.1) Eqn 53 52.2.1(2) Table 53 Eqn 55FOUNDATIONS Therefore A, = 0 \, 034 x 1.2 x 1195 x 2500 x 405 x 10-7 = 493 kN a > Veg = 405 KN No shear reinforcement requir Check that } Vagg 10 avoid crushing of compression struts, f vo = 07 - X= 085 £ 05 Nimm? Eqn 4.20 200 vigge,084 O55 x 20 x 2500 x 09 x 405 x 10-9 v, aa Eqn 419 i 2 2 = 5012 > 405 kN OK 74.4.7 Punching Length of base from face of column a = 1050 mm a _ 1080 g Figure 4.16 4 400 By definition the foundation should be considered as a slab. Gritical perimeter at 1 5d trom face of column should be checked for punching. 4.4/4) u = 2x (15 x 405) + 4 x 400 = 547mm eel In foundations the applied shear may be reduced to allow for the soil reaction 43.4.1(6) within the critical perimeter. Enclosed area Total width = (8 x 405) + 400 = 1615 mm Corner radius = 18 x 405 608 mm, ‘Area = 1615? - (4-9) 0608? = 2.29 m* 2.29 v, = 1870 ( == . fa om 995 KN The applied shear per unit length 43.43(4) Veg Veg =e u 8 — = 1.0 for pads with no eccentrcity of loadFOUNDATIONS Therelore : Yog = RI L184 Nim © B47 The amount of tensile reinforcementiin two perpendicular directions should be 43.4.1(9) greater than 05%. This is assumed to require p,, + p, > 05% Using 9720 (EW), A, = 2830 mm? (EW) For BI d= 415mm 1004, —* = 02m bd, For 82 4, = 395mm 1004 t= 028% bo, 0.27% + 0.28% = 055% > 05% ok Punching resistance for a slab without shear reinforcement Vest = Frgk(l-2 + 40p))o 4345 ‘The equation produces similar values to the shear check performed above Yas 034 x 1195 x 1.2 x 405 = 197 > 184.Nimm. forcement required Check the stress at the perimeter of the column NAD 64(¢) fegluds 090ff, = 090/30 = 49 Nimm? d= 405mm uw = 4x 400 = 1600 mm st Ox Lag < 49K oK tess = — = < Imm? 405 x 1600 7AA.8 Crack contro! Use method without direct calculation 4423 Estimate service stress in reinforcement under quas: permanent loads US" gy pa) the following approximation 2.2.23P(2) G.+¥,0, = G+ 030, = 550+03 x 550 = 7I5KN 234 Eqn 2.9(c) & NAD Table 1 fi62}FOUNDATIONS TAA Hence quasi-permanent loadifactored load = 71511570 = 046 and estimated service stress A set 046 x 400 x 27 6 142 Nim? 2830 = 046 x fx Either limit bar size using EC2 Table 4.11" or bar spacing using EC2 Table 44.2.3(2) 412, @ = 2 < 32mm... 0k This has been chosen to comply with Table 4.12 as well Using $720 (EW) bar spacing = 290 < 300 mm oK Check minimum reinforcement requirement 44.2302) A, KMag Ado, 4422 Eqn 478 For A,, itis considered conservative to use (h/2)b 100% Xf ‘460 Nimm? For fq use minimum tensile strength suggested by EC2 — 3 Nimm? k, = 04 for bending For k interpolate a value forh = 50 cm from values given k = 05 + 03(80 ~ 50y(80 - 30) = 068 Therefore Aug = 04 x 068 x 3 x 250 x 2500/40 = 1109 mm? Assy, = 2830. > 1109 mm? oK Reinforcement detailing Check that flexural reinforcement extends beyond critical section for bending §43.2.1(1) fora distance = + hw & 54213 a = 3336 = 667 mm Assuming straight bar without end hook hee = 10 657 x 272 14mm Eqn 54 i 2830 Dt hig = 405 +514 = 919mm 2500 400 Actual distance = — ory -75 = 975 > 919mm OK ‘The reinforcement details are shown in Figure 7.1FOUNDATIONS 1 500 ets ns en T 15 cover 9120 300€W 2500 Figure 7.1 Deiail of reinforcement in pad footing 7.1.2 Combined footing Design a combined footing supporting one exterior and one interior column. An exterior column, 600 mm x 450 mm, with service loads of 760 kN (dead) ‘and 580 kN (imposed) and an interior colurin, 600. mm x 600 mm, with service loads of 1110 kN (dead) and 890 kN (imposed) are to be supported on a rectangular footing that cannot protrude beyond the outer face of the exterior column, The columns are spaced at §5 m centres and positioned as shown in Figure 7.2. ‘The allowable bearing pressure is 175 kN/m®, and because of site constraints, the depth of the footing is limited to 750 mm. - ee Figure 7.2. Plan of combined footing 71.21 Base size Service loads = G, + Q, Column A: 1340 kN and Column B: 2000 kN Distance to centroid of loads from LH end 2000 x 55 pee 3340 03 3593 mFOUNDATIONS TA22 71.23 TA.24 For uniform distribution of load under base Length of base = 2 x 3593 say 7.2m With 750 mm deep base, resultant bearing pressure = 175 - O75 x 24 = 187 kNim? 3340 72 x 167 Use 7.2m x 30 m x 075 m deep base Durability Width of base required = = 296 say 30m For ground conditions other than non-aggressive soils, particular attention is, needed to the provisions in ENV 206 and the National Foreword and Annex to that document for the country in which the concrete is required. In the UK it should be noted that the use of ISO 9690" and ENV 206 may not comply with the current British Standard, BS 8110: Part 1: 1985 Table 61° where sulphates are present, Class 2(a) has been adopted for this design Minimum concrete strength grade is C3007 For cement content and wie ratio reter to ENV 206 Table 3. Minimurn cover to reinforcement is 30 mm. For concrete cast against blinding layer, minimum cover > 40 mm, However, itis suggested that nominal cover > 40 mm isa sufficient interpretation of the above clause. Use 75 mm nominal cover bottom and si jes and 35 mm top Materials Type 2 deformed reinforcement with {,, = 460 Nimm? Concrete strength grade C3017 with maximum aggregate size 20 mm. Loading Ultimate column loads = 1356, + 150, Column A: 1896 kN and Column B: 2834 kN Distance to centroid of loads from LH end |, 2834 x 55 4730 = 03 = 3595 m ie. virtually at centre of 7.2m long base 4730 Assume uniform net pressure = = 657 KNim = 219 kNim? See Figures 73, 74 and 75 for loading, shear force and bending moment diagrams respectively. Table 41 ENV 206 Table NA1 NAD Table 6 41330) NAD 63() Eqn 28(@) Table 22 65}FOUNDATIONS 1896 kN 2024 aN | 4123 kN 57 ENT oon 9m 9.6m) 1.4m Figure 73 Loading diagram i717 Kw ‘Veet = 957 Ki | ‘soz kw Figure 74 Shear force diagram 2161 km 500 2290 2610 00,1100 Figure 75 Bending moment diagramFOUNDATIONS 74.2.5 Flexural design 74.251 Longitudinal direction ~ top steel Mid-span Mz, = 2167 kN d= 750 - 35 - 20 ~ 3212 = 679 say 675 mm Using the design tables for singly reinforced beams May 2167 x 10° me FX 0053 bd, 3000 x 675? x 30 X= 0128 < 045 limit with zer0 redistribution ok a AL i = 0064 bat, A, = 0064 x 3000 x 675 x 22 = 452 mm? = 2818 mm?im 460 Use 12132 @ 250 mm ers. (8217 mméim) Continue bars to RH end of base to act as hangers for links. Particular attention is drawn to the clauses for bar sizes larger than 82 mm, These clauses are restrictive about laps and anchorages, such that designers may need to resort to groups of smaller bars instead. Maximum spacing = 3h 6 500 = 500 > 250mm oK 71.252 Longitudinal direction — bottom steel At column face = " 398 kNm a 1 750 - 75 - 10 = 665mm 398 x 10° = ——**— = oon 3000 x 665? x 30 AL, Ale = oot bat, 30 A, = 0012 x 3000 x 665 x—~ = 1561 mm? = 520 mmtlm 460 For minimum steel A,,,, = 000156 = 998 mmtim 2534265) 5.2.63P(1) & P(2) NAD Table 3 5.432.104) 842.11FOUNDATIONS 71.253 Transverse direction ~ bottom steel 045 219 Minimum steel governs. Use 120 @ 250 mm ers. (1258 mm*im) 74.2.6 Shear Critical shear section at distance d from face of column Column 8 interior side < 1 A717 ~ 0675 x 657 = 1273 KN sa Voor = Taq KU12 + 400,)b of Trg = 034 Némm? k = 16-4 £10 = 10 = 000476 Ensure bars are continued sulficiently. Vag) = 987 KN Veg > Van Therefore shear reinforcement required. ‘Shear capacity with links Vette Ven Vee VoraV) Vig & 1273 - 987 = 316 KN Ae x a9at > Ime Sc 400 Nimm?, d= 675 mm Aw 5 __316 x 10° s 09 x 675 x 400 30 mm#mm Where shear reinforcement is required, the minimum amount is 100% of the EC2 Table 55 value, With fy = 460, Pygq = 00012 by interpolation 43.2.2(10) 4323 Eqn 4.18 Table 48, 43.243 Eqn 422 Eqn 4.23 NAD Table 3 5.433(2) Table 55FOUNDATIONS For links A, fsb, Eqn 5.16 Therelore (3) i, Therefore minimum links govern 0012 x 3000 = 36 > 130 mmimm Determine link spacing, using EC2 Eqn 517-19. Vege = Uy By 09 NZ Eqn 425 = 055 x 20 x 3000 x 09 x 675 x 10°72 = 10020 kN VedVage = 127810020 = 013 < 02 Use EC2 Eqn 5:17 to determine link spacing. Say = 08d (Note: 300 mm limit in Ean 5.17 5433(4) does not apply to stabs) 078d = 506mm NAD 65() Transverse spacing of legs across section 54.2.2) ss dor800mm = 675mm Use 12 legs T10 @ 250 mm ors. in each direction where V,, > V, 12 x 785 = == = 377 > 36 mmimm ok 250 ‘Check diagonal crack control 84.2.2(10) Vig = Vag = 957 KN Veg = 1273 KN (max) Veg < BV gy No further check required, 44.2306) Distances to where Vz, = Via, fYom face of columns A and 6 1502 ~ 957 x, = ———— = 0830m - 657 x = 157m Check shear in areas where bottom steel is in tension and p, = 00015 (min. stee!) ieFOUNDATIONS es 0.34(1.2 + 0.06}3000 x 665 x 10°? = 854 > 723 KN .. OK [_ No nis requied at ivend clase In ormogonal direction, shear at d rom column face 219(30 ~ 045 ~ 06 x 5 apee nO aD = 148 kNim From above 4 Vas) = ae = 284 > 148 kN Ok nas 30 (Ns iis reauiea a ortogona Sesion 74.2.7 Punching Length of one side of critical perimeter at 1.80 from face of column 43.41P(4) & = 3 x 690 + 600 = 2670mm 43422 This extends almost the full width of the base 3000 mm Hence it is sufficient just to check line shear as above and shear around perimeter of column face, where V,Jud = 090 /T, = 090 x [30 = 49Nimm? NAD 64(d) ‘The shear stress at the column face perimeter with d = 675 mm is less than 49 Nimmé? in both cases (see Table 7.1). OK Table 71 Punching shear at column face Couma Pevimcior lose Sires (en). oy (ime) A 1650 1096 7 8 2400 2004 | 175 7.1.28 Crack control Use method without direct calculation. 4423 Estimate service stress in reinforcement under quas-permanent loads, using the following approximation: 442308) G+ ¥,0, = @, +030, The relevant loads are shown in Table 7.2 Table 72 Column loads for cracking check ra cama coma G, + 030, (kN) 934 arr 1356, + 150, «) 1696 72034 rs 70FOUNDATIONS TA29 Estimated steel stress A 049 x J, x 2 ry 8452 > = 049 x 400 x ——"— = 172 Nimm’ 12 x 604 Either limit bar size using EC2 Table 4.11 or bar spacing using Table 4.12, 442302) In Table 4.11 bar size < 25 mm > 32 mm used, In Table 412 spacing < 285 mm in pure flexure > 250 mm used. . OK Check minimum reinforcement requirement 44.2312) 442.23) AL =k MsenAal%, Eqn 478 For A,, it is considered conservative to use (h/2)b. 0, = 100% x f, = 460 Nimm? For faq USE Minimum tensile strength suggested in EC2, 3 Nim? k, 044 for bending For k interpolate a value for h = 75 om, which gives k = 053 Theretore A, = 04 x 053 x 3 x 750 x 3000/(2 x 460) = 1555 mm? 12132 gives A, > 1555 mm? OK Detailing Check bar achorage detail at LH end. ‘The anchorage should be capable of resisting a tensile force 54.21.42) eee ae Vea dl with aod 543.2.1(1) Ot Meg Veg = Column reaction = 1896 KN ‘The bond strength for poor conditions in the top of the pour 522 4 & 7 x Table 53 value 07 x 3 = 21 Nimm? t, 4, (OHNE Jf.) = 4768 = 1824 mm Eqn 53 Continuing all 32 bars to end Acar = 9650 min? Vollhy = 1896 x 103400 = 4740 mmr friFOUNDATIONS Hence required anchorage, (2)/,,., at a direct support = ©, x 474019650 = 00 mm > 031, OK Anchorage up to face of column = 600 - 75 = 25mm Ok The anchorage may be increased to /,.., if preferred, by providing a bend at the end of the bar. ‘The requirement for transverse reinforcement along the anchorage length does not apply at a direct support. ‘Secondary reinforcement ratio for top steel Pp, = 0.2p, = 02 x 000476 = 000095 a 750 - 35 - 10 = 705mm A, = 670 mmiim Use T16 @ 250 mm crs. (804 mm*im) transversely in top Spacing < 500 mm OK The reinforcement details are shown in Figure 76. 12132 250 1220-280 720 250€W Figure 76 Detail of reinforcement in combined footing 7.2 Pilecap design 7.2.1 Pilecap design example using truss analogy ‘A four-pile group supports a 500 mm square column which carries a factored load of 2800 kN. The piles are 450 mm in diameter and spaced at 1350 mm centres. 7.2.14 Pilecap size ‘Assume a pilecap depth of 800 mm. Allow the pilecap to extend 150 mm beyond the edge of the piles, to give a base 2.1 m square as shown in Figure 77. [Use 2m x2 m x08 m deep plocap Figure 512 5233 54321FOUNDATIONS a0, ee 375, 72.12 burabitty eee 7.2.1.3 Materials Type 2 deformed reinforcement with f,, = 460 Nimm? NAD 63(a) Concrete strength grade 30/37 with maximum aggregate size 20 mm. 7.2.14 Element classification ‘A beam whose span is less than twice its overall depth is considered a deep -2.5.2.1(2) beam, With the effective span, ly, taken to the centre ofthe piles 25222 4 1350 oa ew <2 h 00 ‘Therefore treat as deep beam for analysis. 7.2.1.5 Loading | Utimate column load = 2800 kN | Pllecap (settweight) = 08 x 25 = 20 kNim* Ultimate pilecap load = 135 x 20 = 27 kNim? Eqn 28(a) 7.2.1.6 Design Deep beams under a concentrated load may be designed using a strut and. 25373. tie model. {173}FOUNDATIONS Use 2 model with a node at the centre of the loaded area and lower nodes BS 8110 over the centre lines of the piles at the level ofthe tension reinforcement together 3.11.4.1 with an effective column load to account for the pilecap weight of, for example N, 2800 + 135° x 27 = 2850 KN sa d,, = 800 - 100-25 = 675mm The total tensile force in each direction Neg * I. ae ly _ 2850 x 1350 _ 405 kay 40 4 x 675 For reinforcement 1 “= 480 © 400 Nim? 2.23.2P() % M5 Table 23 Ang = MESA age 400 There are no specific requirements within EC2 for the distribution of the calculated reinforcement. The provisions of BS 8110: Part 1: Clause 311.42 are adopted in this example. With piles spaced at 3 times the diameter the reinforcement may be uniformly distributed, Use 8125 at 275 mm crs. (3928 mm) Maximum spacing = 3h & 500 = 800 > 275mm Ok NAD Table 3 osba 5432.18) Minimum A, = © & 00015 bd = 00015 x 2100 x 675 = 2127 mmé.. OK 642.1.) In The reinforcement details are shown in Figure 78. — _—___ ane 00 er2sew Figure 78 Details of pilecap reinforcement 74FOUNDATIONS 7.247 Shear Only in elements such as slabs may shear reinforcement be omitted where calculations justify. Despite the classification for the pilecap given above, in line with common UK practice, itis not intended to provide shear reinforcement when Vz, S Vy 432.2(2) Take the critical section for shear to be located at 20% of the pile diameter into. BS 8110 the piles, extending the full width of the pilecap Figure 323, Distance from centre of loaded area x = 1350/2 - 03 x 450 = 540 mm ‘Shear resistance Vag: = Tag K(L2 + 409)b,d 43.23 Egn 4.18 Tog = 034 Nino? Table 48 ko = 16-0 £10 = 10 a 00077 *% BIO x 675 Al of tension steel is to continue sufficiently past critical section; check when detailing. Vag = 034(1.2 + 40 x 000277) 2100 x 675 x 10-° = 632 KN Consider enhanced resistance close to the supports 43.226) 25d _ 25 x 675 = ST Re 3105 x 540 43270) 10 5s 8 s 50 Ok Shear force 2850 Veg = om 425 KN < BY, ra No shear reinforcement required Having taken into account the increased shear strength close to the supports, 4.2.21) itis necessary to ensure that the reinforcement is properly anchored. In this case all reinforcement will extend to centre line of pile and be anchored beyond that position. . . OK 3125 x 632 = 1975 kN Punching Piles fall within 1.5 perimeter from column face, itis thus only necessary to 43.42.2(1) check shear around column perimeter, where Stress < 09 ff, = 09x [30 = 49Nimm* NAD 6.4(d) No enhancement of this value is permitted 43.2.2)FOUNDATIONS 2800 x 10° Taso xe 7 21 < 49.Nimm OK Stress 7.2.4.9 Crack control Use method without direct calculation. Estimate service stress in reinforcement under quasi-permanent loads using following method G.+¥,0, = G, +030, For this example the column loads, G, = 1200kNand @, = 785 kN 200 + 03 x 785 2800 Hence the quasi-permanent loaditactored load ost Estimated steel stress SS = 051 x 400 x = 185 Nim? = 051 xf, x " 3928 Either limit bar size to EC2 Table 4.11 value or bar spacing to EC2 Table 4.12 value. From Table 41 bar size < 25mm = 25mm used oK From Table 4.12 bar spacing < 270mm < 275mm used Check minimum reinforcement requirement Al = Ke Maven Bel For A,, itis considered conservative to use (hi2}b. I Xion Imm? 2, 100% x fy, = 460 Nir For fy, USe minimum tensile strength suggested by EC2, 3 Nimm?. k= 04 for bending k= 05 forh = 80cm Therelore A, 1096 mm? Acgo = 3928 mm? oK 7.24.10 Detailing ‘The reinforcement corresponding to the ties in the model should be fully anchored beyond the nodes, ie., past the centres of piles. (he 4423 44.23) 442.32) 44.232) 44.2.2) Eqn 478 5451) 52.23(2)FOUNDATIONS For bars in bottom half of a pour, good bond may be assumed. 82.21 Hence hg = 30Nimm? (6 = 32mm) Table 53 25 x 400 | =~ = 834mm p 4x3 al, A, Foot amin Agron Using bobbed reinforcement, a, = O7 3663 Ine = OT X 834 x = = 530 mm 3928 Length beyond centre of pile allowing for end cover = 975-50 = 325 < 630mm Bars cannot be anchored in manner shown in EC2 Figure 6.2. Use bentup. bars with large radius bend and anchorage length Aor 1, x = = 756mm Diameter of bends can be obtained from NAD Table 8". Assume that the limits NAD given for minimum cover in the table are equally applicable to bar centres. Table 8 For T25 @ 275 mm crs., bend diameter = 136, bend radius = (18/2) x 25 = 165mm ‘The use of NAD Table 8 is conservative, as tis based on full stress in the bars at the bend. The values given appear to be consistent with BS 8110: Part 1 Clause 312.825 using /,, = 30 Nimm?, For concrete placed in he UK, it should be possible to demonstrate compliance with EC2 Clause 5.2.1.2P(1) by using the BS 8110 Clause above, with the result that smaller diameter bends may be used For the edge bars, which have a minimum cover > 3 = 75mm, NAD Table 8 gives 200 mm radius bend (see Figure 79) The requirement for transverse reinforcement along the anchorage length does not apply at a direct support. Provide bars to act as horizontal links, such as 4T16 @ 150 mm crs, fi}FOUNDATIONS {___ — Figure 79 Detail of bentup bars 7.2.2 Pilecap design example using bending theory Take the pilecap from the preceding example but use bending theory to Getermine the bottom reinforcement. The shear force diagram is shown in Figure 7.10, | we tti 353mm Ok 64.2.1.4(2) Eqn 5.15 6432.10)8 SPECIAL DETAILS 8.1 Corbels 8.1.1 Introduction Consider a corbel designed to carry a vertical ultimate design load of 400 kN with the line of action of the load 200 mm from the face of the support (wall, column etc), as shown in Figure &1 Fy = 400 ke i Figure 81 Corbel dimensions 8.1.2 Materials f, ft 30 Nimm® (concrete strength class 30/37) 460 Nimm? (characteristic yield strength) 8.1.3 Design 8.1.3.1 Check overall depth of corbel Conservatively, the maximum shear in the corbel should not exceed ¥,,.,. The depth of the corbel could be reduced by putting F, = Vp.» but this would give an increased tie force and consequent detailing problems. The value of r,, the expression for Viq (EC2 Eqn 418°) may be modified by the factor & defined in EC2 Clause 432.200) By inspection g will be a minimum when x = a, in EC2 Eqn 4.17, Hence Veg; Will also be a minimum. Now Vea = [BtpgK(1-2 + 40p,) + 0.15¢,,]b,0 B = 25dxwith 10 <8 < 50 25 x 465 200) 581 < 50 Tag = 034 Nim? k= 16-d &1 = 14m is assumed to be 0,006 (4716) 25372 2.537.265) 4323 Eqn 418 Eqn 417 Table 48.SPECIAL DETAILS 813.2 No provision has been made to limit horizontal forces at the support; therefore 2.53,7.2(4) a minimum horizontal force (H,) acting at the bearing area should be assumed. This is given by H. = O2F, = *80KN = where N,, = -80 kN Therefore a, = eR S06 Nim? © 465 x 300 Hence Vag = (5 X 084 x 1.29(1.2 + 40 x 0006) - 015 x 06] x 465 x 300 = 407 kN Therefore Vet > Veg = F, = 400 kN Ok 2537265) Determine main reinforcement requirement Now 04h, = a,, therefore a simple strut and tle model may be assumed, as. 2537.2(1) shown in Figure 82 | Fr L — Figure 82 Strut and tie model Under the vertical load Fa Ros z and (C2) eons eve The determination of x will be an iterative procedure. Choose x such that ¢ = 0002 andf,, = 400 Nimm? Therefore x = 00085 a5 = 296 mm (0.0085 + 0002 aSPECIAL DETAILS Nowz = d- 082 = 347mm and cos’ = 05 Therefore, trom above, x x x 296 x 300 x 2 fg ROA OO 28 0 yy For equilibrium F, =F, and further refinement gives x = 235mm, z= 371mm, F, = 216 kN In addition, EC2 Clause 2.53,7.2(4) requites a horizontal force of H, to be 2537.2(4) applied at the bearing area. H, = 02F, = 02x 400 = 80kN F+H, = 296 KN _ 296 x 10° a 460/1.15 Use 4716 bars 8.1.33 Check crushing of compression strut ‘This has been checked directly by the calculation of F, above. However, an indirect check may also be made. = 740 mm? Yaa [C2 ta}?,09 Ean 419 t y= o7- oss £05 kan 420 200 ‘Therefore Vago = (F) x 055 x 20 x 300 x 09 x 465 = 690 kN Herce Veg > Fe = MOK ox 8.1.34 Check ink enforcement requirements 44g) Links are required if: A, = O4AL Sy Eqn 5.21 800 x 300 = 150 x 10° mm? 22. 20mm? 4, = 460 fog = 400 Nimm? 15 is cSPECIAL DETAILS Hence, links are required if A, = 04 x 150 x 10 x 20/400 = 3000 mm? Now Acooe = 804 < 3000 mm? Therefore links are not required Nevertheless, in practice some links should be provided to assist in fixing the ‘main reinforcement, Ay = O4A,,,, = 04 x 804 = 322 mm? 54.42) [Use 478: ks (8 legs) 8.1.3.5 Check bearing area of corbel Allowable design ultimate bearing stress. = OBf,, for bearing bedded in EC2, concrete. Part 18 400 x 10° Therefore area required = = 00% I 5000 mm? 08 x 20 Assume transverse beating = 250 mm Therefore length of bearing = 100 mm 8.1.4 Detailing The reinforcement details are shown in Figure 83, peste TL cris nts tae cose Sbee an | Cara tinns | 218 vstore Figure 83 Corbel reinforcement details‘SPECIAL DETAILS 8.1.4.1 Anchorage of main bars at front edge of corbel Anchor T16 ties by means of @ cross bar running horizontally and welded to the ties. +H, 296 KN ‘An allowable bearing stress under the cross bar can be obtained from EC2 5.481 Eqn 5.22 as hg, = 38h, Eqn 5.22 (mod) Note: Use of this stress requires that the concrete be confined by means of links et. In ateas where the cover 's smal, the designer may wish to use a modified version of Eqn 50 in BS 8110". 296 x 10° Therefore area of bar required = = 4485 mm? 33 x 20 For a T20 bar, length required is 226 mm Use Te 240 mm long welded to T16 ties | 8.1.4.2 Anchorage of main bars into support Required anchorage length A hog = Gly XS KL, Eqn 54 Now = 09 gM) Eqn 53 400 Nimm? Bond conditions may be considered good as the T16 bars will be anchored §.2.2.1(2\b) into @ substantial support (column or wall) hg = 3 Nimm? Table 53 ee Aceg = 740mm? Aly, = 804mm? a, = 1 5234.1) ‘Therefore: et et ote eon - 804 = 031, € 106 oF 100 mm = 490 mm (see Figure 83) : 5 3]SPECIAL DETAILS 8.2 Nibs 8.24 8.2.2 8.2.3 ‘The detail at the front edge of the corbel is shown in Figure 84 10020, 4030 Figure 84 Detail at front edge of corbel ‘The inside face of the T20 bar is positioned not less than the cover beyond the edge of the bearing area. This is an interpretation of BS 8110 as no guidance is given in EC2. Introduction Consider a nib designed to carry a precast concrete floor slab imposing a vertical ultimate design load of 25 kNim. Materii 30 Nimm? (conerete strength class C30/37) 460 Nimm? (characteristic yield strength) Design Provide a 15 mm chamfer to the outside edge of the nib and assume the line of action of the load occurs at the upper edge of the chamler. Permissible design ultimate bearing sess = 06i,, for dry bearing C2 Part 18 Therefore minimum width of bearing = —@2* 7° say mam 06 x 20 x 1000 Minimum width of bearing for nonisolated member = 40 mm Bs 8110 5232 Allowance for nib spalling = 20mm BS 8110 Table 5.1 Allowance for inaccuracies = 25 mm BS B10 524 Nominal bearing width = 40 + 20 + 25 mm Allow an additional 25 mm for chamfer on supported member Width of nib projection = 85 + 25 = 110 mm‘SPECIAL DETAILS The distance of the line of action of the load from the face of the beam = 10-15 = 95mm Assuming 20 mm cover to the T10 links in the beam 4a, 95 +2045 = 120mm Check minimum depth of nib. Assuming T8 bars, minimum internal diameter of loop is 6¢. NAD Therefore minimum depth of nib = 20+ 8x 8420 = 104mm ee faneemnannes Sestae sees Depth of nib = 105 mm M = 25x 012 = 3kNmim Effective depth (d) = 105 - 20-4 = 81mm M 3 x 108 L 8x | cos bat, 1000 x at x 30 Alyy 24 = 0018 Gestion 19, Table 13:1) bat, o018bat, ee a Ore x 1000 x 81 x20 gg he 460 Check minimum area of reinforcement 5424.11) bal 4, = 05 (28) came ae he 06 x 1000 x 81 96 an? 460 € 00015 x 1000 x 81 = 122 mm? Check minimum area of reinforcement for crack control 4422 AL = KM Ad, Eqn 478 k, = 04 for bending k = 0B forh = 300 mm fag = 30 Nim? Ag = BF 1000x108 L555 x 10% me 2 2 = 460 Nimm? 04 x 08 x 30 x 525 x 10%460 = 110 mm? > 'SPECIAL DETAILS No further check for crack control is necessaryash = 105 = 200mm. 44.23 (1) Maximum bar spacing = 3h = 315 < 500mm NAD a Table 3 7 5.432.104) Use TB @ 300 mm crs. (168 mm?) ‘The reinforcement details are shown in Figure 85. [ wn. | to anchor U-bars 'b.min * Te-300 U-bers Figure 85 Nib reinforcement details, Check shear in nib, taking into account the proximity of the concentrated load 43.23 to the support. Voor = [Brpgh(1.2 + 40p,) + 0:150,,]b,0 Eqn 418 p= 25x = 25% 8 _ 169 Eqn 417 120 = 034 Nimm? ko 18d 1 = 152 a ech e — 18 go021 bd 1000 x Bt N, % 7 = 0 ° A Therefore Veer = 169x034 x 152(1.2 +40 x 00021) x 1000 x 81 = 908 kNim Veg = 25 kNIm Therefore Vea > ss a OK Check anchorage of T8 bars. Ione = Me by (=) K hana Eqn 64 erSPECIAL DETAILS Now = OOS, Eqn 63 'y Iyoa) = 400 Nimm? ‘es Bond conditions may be considered good as the bars are anchored at least. 6.2.2.1(2\b) 300 mm from the top of the member. Ig = = 3 Nimm? Table 53 = 6m) x 4008) = 267 mn Now A, = 122mm? A,,,, = 168mm? a, = 1 ‘Therefore be = 1%267 x 2 - to4mm £4, ee 2 For bar in enon hoe = 03, € 109 0°00 mm Thereore han = 10007 [few = 14 mi Ge Figure 85) foe = Bn 2 For bars in compression Iymm = O62, £108 oF 100 mm Therefore 160 mm = 160 mm (see Figure 85) 8.3 Simply supported ends 8.3.1 Directly supported ends Reinforcement anchorage requirements are shown in Figure 86. | | — |G 21 21, F loner Fb, net w to wtb (a) Straight bar (b) Hock l _ _ = Figure 86 Anchorage at a direct supportSPECIAL DETAILS Figure €6(2) shows anchorage of tensile reinforcement being achieved using 5.42.1.4(3) a straight bar It should be noted that EC2 does not permit straight anchorage Figure 512(a) or bends for smooth bars of more than 8 mm ciameter 52320) Note: The CEB-FIP Model Code" gives a factor of 1.0 for, g 88 opposed to 2/8 in EC2, Designers may wish to consider using the higher value ‘Typical values for anchorage length and support width, w, can be obtained for (a) and (b) in Figure 86. ‘Assume fg = S0Nmm?, 1, = 460 Nimm? A “9 2 10 Accros Note: NAD 65 Ace, May be taken as one quarter of the reinforcement required at mid-span §.4.2.1.4(3) butot ess than that required to resist the tensile force given by EC2 Eqn 515. 5.4.2.1.4(2) Iona Eqn 54 = A) lg) Eqn 53 fg = 3 Nimm? Table 53 Ny = 400 Nimm? ‘Therefore 4, = (@/4) x (40018) = 3336 haga = 03h, -€ 106 oF 100 mm Eqn 55 a, 1 for straight bars; or « 07 for curved bars with 39 transverse cover 5234101) Therefore hog @= 1 x 3336 = 3339 hug (D)= O7 x 3386 = 2336 Therefore width of support required in Figure 86(a), assuming 20 mm cover and 15 mm chamfer wa) = By x 9939 + 95 = 22.26 + 35mm and width of support required in Figure 86(b), assuming as above wi) = (2) x 2336 + 35 = 1559 + 35mm E‘SPECIAL DETAILS 8.3.2 The minimum support width is given by Wa = (2) x 106 + 35 = 676 + 35mm where, in Figure 86(a), A... 5 O34... and, in Figure 86(b), A... S O43A,,.0, ‘As noted above, a, = 07 can only be used if the concrete cover Perpendicular to the’ plane of curvature is at least 3¢. This is clearly difficult to achieve in beams without end diaphrams for bar sizes in excess of 12 mm. The requirements for the various types of hooks, loops and bends are given in EC2 Figure 5.2. The minimum diameters of mandrels are given in NAD Table 8 The required support widths are given in Table 8.1 Table 81 Width of support (mm) ell ll: Indirectly supported ends Reinforcement anchorage requirements are shown in Figure 87. 'bnet {a) Straight bar (b} Hook igure 87 Anchorage at an indirect support ‘As in Section 83.1 above, anchorage lengths and support widths can be obtained for both straight bars and hooked bars. The anchorage lengths are as Section 83.1 but the required support widths are increased ‘Assuming 20 mm cover bla) = (8336 + 20) x 15 bib) = (2334 + 20) x 15 506 + 30 mm 356 + 30 mm raSPECIAL DETAILS The minimum support beam width is given by Drug = (108 + 20) x15 = 156 + 30mm where the same conditions apply as in Section 83.1 In these cases, as the beam is indirectly supported, ie, by another beam, 34 cover perpendicular to the plane of the curvature can be achieved more easily anda, = 07 can be readily used in EC2 Eqn 5.4 The required support beam widths are given in Table 8.2. Table 8.2 Width of support beam (mr) An T ro ee 10 ba) 530 630 830 1030 | 1280 | 1630 | 03 e, | 0 | 20 | 20 | sx | aos | S10 | 108 ew | aa | aso | seo | 700 | 00s | 150 048 2, | 190 | 20 | 2 | a0 | as | sto 8.4 Surface reinforcement 8.4.1 In certain circumstances it may be necessary to provide surface reinforcement located outside the links. ‘Surface reinforcement is provided to resist spalling from fire and where bundled bars or bar sizes greater than 32 mm are used. EC2 also refers to the use of skin reinforcement located inside the links. Skin reinforcement is provided to control cracking in the side faces of beams 1 m or more in depth, Design data A beam section requiting surface reinforcement is shown in Figure 8.8, 25mm? (6132) | 400 fe] cover to tinks = 50mm | Figure 8.8 Beam section showing main reinforcement 5.4.2.4 5.4.2.4) 4.4.2.3(4) faSPECIAL DETAILS 8.4.2 Area of longitudinal surface reinforcement rag = 001A 542.45) From EC2 Figure 5.15 Anon = 2X 80 x (1000 ~ 360) + 50 x 300 = 79 x 10° mm? ‘Theretore Aven = 001 x 79 x 10° = 790 mm? Length of A.,,., internal perimeter = 490 x 2+ 300 = 1280 mm Hence Acggin= 22 = 617 mmiim seat 4.280 Use 8785 fabric This comprises 10 mm wires @ 100 mm crs. horizontally and 8 mm wires @ 200 mm crs. vertically, Note: 52343 EC2 does not directly cover the use of plain wite fabric. Surface reinforcement may also be used as longitudinal bending reinforcement §.4.2.4(6) in the horizontal direction and as shear reinforcement in the vertical direction in some cases, It surface reinforcement is being used to resist shear, EC2 Clause 542.24) 5.4.2.2(4) should be noted. It states that a minimum of 50% of shear reinforcement should be in the form of links. The reinforcement detail is shown in Figure 89. NTF rentorcement | weement y It} | cane sue tine —| 4 e600 { It a-132 RRS dh L sis 150 Figure 89 Seam section showing surface reinforcement,

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