1.

Algae lack true roots, stems and leaves (with

2.
Cecilia I. Banag, Ph.D.
Maureen B. Sabit, Ph.D. (cand.)
3.
Ma. Chiela M. Cremen MSc.
Department of Biological Sciences
College of Science
4.
University of Santo Tomas
vascular tissues); such a body is called a thallus.
Plants with such a body are called thallophytes.
Have chlorophyll a as their primary photosynthetic
pigment.
Vascular and supporting tissues have not evolved
in the algae.
Possibly the only structures possessed by all higher
plants that never occur in the algae are:
a protective sterile jacket of sterile cells
surrounding the developing gametes, and;
an embryo stage in the life cycle.

1. Pigments 1. Chlorophylls
2. Food storage products Chlorophyll a primary photosynthetic pigment
3. Cell wall components Chlorophyll b - light-harvesting pigment transferring
4. Flagella absorbed light energy to chlorophyll a.
5. Other details of the algal cell Chlorophyll c most widespread in occurrence
(Chrysophyta, Pyrrophyta, Cryptophyta, & Phaeophyta)
Chloroplasts Chlorophyll d present only in Rhodophyta
Pyrenoids 2. Carotenoids
6. Habitat Carotenes carotene
7. Organization of the plant body Xanthophylls Fucoxanthin (golden-brown algae)
8. Mode of reproduction 3. Biliproteins / Phycobilins
Phycocyanin
Phycoerythrin

1
 MAJOR ACCESSORY
PHYLUM COMMON NAME
PIGMENT
Chlorophyll a, phycocyanin,
Cyanophyta Blue-green algae
phycoerythrin
Euglenophyta Euglenoids chlorophyll a, b

Chlorophyta Green algae chlorophyll a, b

Charophyta Charophytes chlorophyll a, b

Chrysophyta Yellow-brown or golden-brown algae Chlorophyll a, c 1 , c2, fucoxanthin

Pyrrhophyta Dinoflagellates Chlorophyll a, c 2, peridinin

Phaeophyta Brown algae Chlorophyll a, fucoxanthin

Chlorophyll a, phycocyanin,
Rhodophyta Red algae
phycoerythrin
* C-type phycocyanin transmits blue light & R-type phycoerythrin transmits red light

1. Starch composed of amylase and amylopectin. It occurs inside PHYLUM COMMON NAME STORAGE PRODUCT
the chloroplast in the form of starch grains.
2. Floridean starch similar to the amylopectin of higher plants Cyanophyta Blue-green algae Cyanophycean starch
3. Myxophycean starch has a similar structure to glycogen. Euglenophyta Euglenoids Paramylum, oils
4. Laminarin it occurs as an oil-like liquid outside of the
chloroplasts, commonly in a vesicle surrounding the pyrenoid. Chlorophyta Green algae Starch
5. Chrysolaminarin / Leucosin occurs in vesicles outside of the
chloroplast and has more glucose residues per molecule than Charophyta Charophytes Starch
laminarin. Chrysophyta Yellow-brown or golden-brown algae Chrysolaminarin, oils
6. Paramylum occurs as water-soluble, single-membrane-bounded
inclusions of various shapes and dimensions outside of the Pyrrhophyta Dinoflagellates Starch, oils
chloroplast. Phaeophyta Brown algae Laminarin, manitol, oils

Fats & Sterols stored food that are of lesser or no taxonomic Rhodophyta Red algae Floridean starch, oils
importance

2
 Water insoluble material polysaccharides PHYLUM COMMON NAME Cell Wall Composition
1. Cellulose
Cyanophyta Blue-green algae Peptidoglycan
2. Alginic acid Phaeophyta (binding agent in cosmetics - kelps; used
in the ice cream industry) Chlorophyta Green algae Cellulose
3. Mannan Cellulose wall or silica shell;
Chrysophyta Yellow-brown or golden-brown algae
4. Xylan sometimes absent
Water soluble polysaccharides Pyrrhophyta Dinoflagellates
Armor-like plates that may be
cellulosic
1. Agar & Carragenan Rhodophyta
Cellulose, alginic acid, sulfated
2. Pectin Phaeophyta Brown algae
polysaccharides
Others:
1. Silicified walls Diatoms (diatomaceous earth) Rhodophyta Red algae Cellulose, pectin, calcium salts

2. Calcified walls some Chlorophyta & coralline Red Algae

Apart from Cyanophyta & Rhodophyta, flagella are

found in all other algal divisions
Nature, number, arrangement & position of the
flagella are of taxonomic importance
Example:
Acronematic smooth surface
Stichonematic with single row of fine hair
Pantonematic with 3 rows of hairs

3
1. Aquatic
Cellular Organization:
Freshwater
1. Prokaryotic
Marine
2. Eukaryotic
Thallus Organization:
Brackishwater
2. Terrestrial 1. Unicellular
Surface 2. Colonial
Subsurface Coenobic colony with
3. Others definite no. & shape of cells
that function as a single
Found on animals
individual
Roots of some plants mycorrhiza
Non-coenobic having no
Live endophytically on leaves Anabaena azollae definite no. & arrangement
Association of an alga & fungus Lichens of cells
4. Extreme habitats: hot springs (Thermophiles); ice & snow (cryoflora)

3. Filamentous (Trichome) 4. Membranous

a. Simple (expanded sheath)
b. Branching a. In thickness
True branching Uniseriate
False branching Biseriate
c. Heterotrichous Multiseriate
Heterotrichy a condition b. Number of cells
having 2 lateral branches Monostromatic
one projecting upward &
Distromatic
the other downward
Polystromatic

4
5. Siphonous / Tubular Asexual Reproduction
Binary fission
a. Coenocytic Fragmentation
Coenobic colonies form autocolonies within parent cells
(multinucleated) Spores: akinetes, autospores, zoospores

b. Without cross walls Sexual Reproduction there are several types depending on the structure & function
of the gametes
Isogamy - the fusion of morphologically & physiologically similar gametes occur
Anisogamy - the motile gametes are structurally & morphologically different. The
larger gamete is the female, and the smaller is the male.
Oogamy - there is the fusion of a large non-motile egg or ovum with a smaller
motile sperm.

Oogamy is regarded as the most advanced type of sexual reproduction, and

isogamy is the most primitive type

Other terms to designate blue-green algae: Cyanophycophyta,

Phylum Cyanophyta
Cyanochloronta, Myxophycophyta, and Cyanobacteria.
Habitat: predominantly freshwater
Cellular Organization: Prokaryotic

Blue Green Algae

Thalli Organization: Unicellular, colonial, filamentous
Pigments: chlorophyll a, a-phycocyanin (blue), c-phycoerythrin (red),
beta carotene, several xanthophylls
Reserved food: cyanophycean starch
Photoautotrophic
Reproduction:
Unicellular cell division
Filamentous fragmentation
Economic Importance:
Nitrogen fixation

5

Gloeocapsa sp.
found on moist, shaded
rocks, flower pots
round or spherical cells
which occur in extensive
gelatinous matrix
sheaths are concentrically
lamellate around 1, 2, 4, or
8 cells
Oscillatoria sp.
takes its name from the gliding,
sliding, as well as rotating movement
trichomes are solitary or matted
together
presence of inconspicuous
mucilaginous envelope
Specialized cell:
Separation disc double concave
discs of gelatinous material formed
between two adjoining vegetative
cells; separates trichomes into
hormogones
Reproduction: cell division &
fragmentation
Trichome aggregation of cells that divide only in one
direction
Filament includes a trichome & its enclosing gelatinous
sheath
Representative Species:
Homocystinae cells that are uniform in size; cells are mostly
vegetative, branched, & does not possess any heterocyst
Oscillatoria sp., Spirulina sp.
Heterocystinae possesses heterocyst & akinetes. Cells are
unbranched & made up of filaments. They are good materials
for fertilizing plants because they have thicker cell walls &
possess heterocyst which aids in nitrogen fixation.
Nostoc sp., Anabaena azollae, Rivularia sp.
Spirulina sp.
trichome is formed by a
single, spirally twisted cell
cell is cylindrical & the
spiral may be close or
loose, according to the
species
cells move in a back &
forth cork-screw motion
utilized as health food
6
 globular bead-like cells arranged Nostoc sp.
in a tangled trichome enclosed in
a gelatinous matrix Also known as star jelly or witches butter
Specialized Cells:
Heterocyst barrel-shaped, enlarge Plant mass may be spherical, ovoidal, or sheet-like
cells with thickened walls,
transparent protoplasm; site of
nitrogen fixation
Akinete thick-walled reproductive
spore formed by modification of
a vegetative cell in which food
has been concentrated
* Nostoc forms akinetes in long
series; sometimes the entire
trichome will be converted

Anabaena sp. Rivularia sp.

solitary or euplanktonic
cells are spherical, barrel-
shaped, or sub-cylindric
trichomes are straight,
regularly coiled or
entangled
Specialized Cells:
Heterocyst - conspicuous
Akinetes large, solitary,
or two together
exhibits false branching
filaments are united in
spherical attached colonies and
they taper from base to apex.
basal vegetative cell of each
filament becomes transformed
into a heterocyst.
Specialized Cells:
Heterocyst - present
Akinetes are lacking

7
 Also called euglenoids, euglenids, or plantimals
Habitat: freshwater (rich in organic matter)

Phylum Euglenophyta

Cellular Organization: Eukaryotic
Thalli organization: The cells are unicellular, solitary and
never united in colonies.
Pigments present: Chlorophyll a & b with beta carotene
only, and contain at least one xanthophyll.
Reserved Food: Food reserve consists of paramylum (an
insoluble carbohydrate related to starch) and fats.
Reproduction: cell division
Economic Importance: Indicators of pollution

Flagella areinserted in the base of the reservoir and

project through the cytopharynx and cytosome. Flagella biflagellated
Uniflagellate genera - flagellum projecting where one is larger than
forward. the other; inserted in the
cytosome
Biflagellate genera - have both flagella of equal Eyespot photosynthetic
length, one projecting forward and the other trailing. structure
Contractile vacuole
Flagella areof the so-called tinsel type in which connected with the gullet;
there are delicate hair-like appendages along the absorbing organelle
length of the flagellum. These appendages are
called mastigonemes.

8
 oval-shaped or spherical cells,
often flattened and leaf-like Animal-like Characteristics:
pellicle is quite rigid composed absence of cell wall
of wide proteinaceous strips that
prevent the elastic metaboly presence of gullet
movements seen in Euglena and presence of flagella (making them motile)
other euglenoids presence of eyespot/stigma
cells instead move by gliding and
swimming with their single Plant-like Characteristics:
emergent flagellum Presence of chloroplast makes them autotrophic & enables
chloroplasts may be small and them to manufacture their own food
spherical without pyrenoids, or
large and discoidal with
pyrenoids present

referred to as Pastures of the sea

Pigments: chlorophylls a and c, -carotene,
Phylum Myzozoa several xanthophylls (peridinin and
dinoxanthin)

Class Dinophyceae
Reserved food: Starch accumulates both within
the chloroplast and colorless cytoplasm, and oils
may also be stored
Are of two types:
1. Thecate (armored dinoflagellates)
2. Athecate (naked dinoflagellates)
non-toxicred tide bloom of Noctiluca scintillans in New Zealand

9
 Flagellation:
One flagellum is elongated, usually extending posteriorly with
reference to the direction of motion.
The second flagellum, which emerges from the same point as the
first, is ribbon-like and lies in a transverse groove in which it
undergoes undulating movement.
Both flagella are of the tinsel type.

Asexual reproduction is by
cell division.
Sexual reproduction has
been observed in several
species of dinoflagellates.
In Ceratium, it has been
reported that small
individuals function as
male gametes.

10
 produce harmful algal blooms
Blooms of Gymnodinium breve cause fish death,
Blooms of Gonyaulax can poison molluscs and other

Phylum Ochrophyta
invertebrates
Blooms of Gonyaulax tamarensis and Gymnodinium
catenella cause PSP (paralytic shellfish poisoning) in
humans and other vertebrates, due to concentration of the

Class Xanthophyceae
toxins by filter-feeders
produce powerful neurotoxins that accumulate in shell
fish.
About 2000 people become ill each year, with 15% fatally
from eating contaminated shell fish.
3 major dinoflagellate toxins have been studied for
possible use in chemical warfare.

Also called Yellow-green algae also called water felt

Habitat: predominantly freshwater but may be filaments can form felt-like
terrestrial mats
thallus is filamentous & siphonous
Cellular organization: Eukaryotic
consisting of multinucleate
Thallus organization: siphonous the vesicular & branched tubes rather than
filamentous type subdivided by cross walls into
Pigments: chlorophyll a, -carotene, and several normal cells
xanthophylls pigments. central part of the filament is
Reserved food: Droplets of oil and granules called occupied by a large vacuole
leucosin or chrysolaminarin chloroplasts parietal
Flagellation: The flagella are of unequal length, the thallus has cross walls only
where gametes or zoospores
longer tinsel and the shorter whiplash in organization were produced, and may be
branched

11
 A-I: a zoosporangium forms at the tip of a
filament
A-II: oval shaped zoospore will form cilia and
is then released into the water.
A-III & IV: zoospore will swim away from the
main colony where it will locate a suitable
environment and begin to construct a cell wall
and eventually generate a new thallus. When
extreme drought occurs an aplanospore may
form. (These are small reproductive cells that
are unable to move around but can withstand
adverse conditions).
B: other species produce similar spores, which
are not motile, and remain within the mother
cell until they are set free by the decay of its
wall.
Phylum Ochrophyta
Class Bacillariophyceae
egg and sperm are produced in
special sites called the oogonium &
antheridia
Antheridium - site of sperm
reproduction & consists of a small
growth from the main cell which is
somewhat pointed & curved at the tip.
The sperms are released from a small
opening and will swim away to
fertilize an egg which they enter
through a small hole in the Oogonial
wall.
Once this has happened then a zygote
with a thick wall will form and sink
to the bottom of the stream. Some
weeks later a new filament of
Vaucheria will start to germinate
12
 also, golden brown algae;
jewels of the sea
Habitat: freshwater to marine
water
Cellular organization:
Eukaryotic
Thalli organization: maybe
strictly unicellular, colonial or
filamentous (simple or
branched)
Pigments: chlorophyll a and c,
-carotene & fucoxanthin
Reserve food: chrysolaminarin,
oil
ORDER CENTRALES
Centric diatoms
Circular/rounded/triangular in form
Radially symmetrical
Median raphe absent
Many discoid chloroplast
No movement
Nucleus within peripheral layers of
cytoplasm
Mostly marine
Frustule consists of two valves:
Epitheca refers to the larger,
older valve (epitheca) of the
frustule as well as the girdle
elements (epicingulum) that are
connected with it.
Hypotheca - refers to the
smaller, younger valve
(hypotheca) of the frustule as
well as the girdle elements
(hypocingulum) that are
connected with it.
Septa - partitions that are
formed within the valves.
Raphe - found within pennate
diatoms.
ORDER PENNALES
Pennate diatoms
Elongated form; slipper-like or wedge-like
in form
Bilaterally symmetrical
Median raphe present
Chloroplast are of 2 longitudinal band
Has movement
Nucleus in cytoplasm which separates the
vacuole
Mostly freshwater
13
 Asexual reproduction in important component of aquatic food chain
unicellular diatoms is
effected by nuclear and fine markings on the frustule can be used in
cell division.
Sexual reproduction in
the calibration of optical equipment
pennate diatoms results used in the palaeobiology of lake sediments
in the formation of
auxospores. rich source of oil (11% vol/cell)
These are so called Diatomaceous earth: car & silver polishing
because they are naked
protoplaststhat increase powder, insulating material for hot & cold
markedly in size after pipes, filters, filler for paints
their formation.

Pigments: Chlorophyll a & c, fucoxanthin, other xanthophylls and -

carotene.
Reserved food: laminarin, mannitol, oils
Cell wall: two layers inner layer of cellulose & outer layer of gelatinous
& pectic material (phycocolloids & alginic acid)
Alginic acid has considerable commercial importance as a stabilizer,
emulsifier, and coating for paper.
Flagella: laterally or subapically biflagellate. The longer, usually anterior,
flagellum is of the tinsel type, and the shorter, posterior one is whiplash.

Phylum Ochrophyta
Thalli organization: Filamentous
Life Cycle are of three types:
1. Isomorphic alternation of generation (Isogeneratae)

Class Phaeophyceae
2. Heteromorphic alternation of generation (Heterogeneratae)
3. Alternation of many-celled diploid generation, only 2N generation
(Cyclosporae).

14

simple brown algae commonly growing on
stones and shells or epiphytically on larger
marine algae.
a branching filamentous plant in which erect
filaments arise from an attached prostrate
branched system.
mature cells contain band-shaped plastids
with pyrenoid-like bodies.
Life cycle: Diplo-haplontic Life Cycle with Isomorphic Alternation of Generation
Sporophyte and gametophyte appear morphologically similar but are
cytologically different
Only the sporophyte carries both pluri- and unilocular sporangia, the
gametophyte carries only plurilocular gametangia
Both phases are filamentous and have a similar appearance, but
gamethophytes may be more restricted in their distribution and seasonality
than sporophytes
2 types of sporangia:
1. Plurilocular sporangia
made up of cuboidal cells, each cell develops into zoospores (2N) each
develops into sporophyte clone
more common at warmer temperatures
2. Unilocular sporangia
one-celled sporangium that is sometimes stalked
more common at lower temperatures.
MEIOSIS occurs in UNILOCULAR sporangia & MITOSIS in PLURILOCULAR
sporangia
15
 Laminaria sp.
also, kelps
Typical Morphology:
Holdfast for attachment
Stipe for support
Blade for photosynthesis and
nutrient uptake
Reproduction: sexual
2 generations: small
gametophyte, large sporophyte

Fucus sp.
also, rock weed
flat, dichotomously branched fronds, short
stipe, round holdfast
Conspicuous midrib: simple transport
system
Air bladders keeps the plant afloat when
submerged

16
 gametophyte is lacking
sporophyte produces
gametangia in conceptacles
on its blades, which release
eggs and sperms
zygote develops into a new
sporophyte
No asexual reproduction in
Fucus

Sargassum sp.
also, gulf weed or Sargasso weed
long highly branched fronds and
many have bladders filled with air
which help them to float.
In open water, these bladders keep
the Sargassum free floating near
the surface of the water so that it
can photosynthesize energy.
if anchored to the bottom, these
bladders help the seaweed stretch
towards the light, creating seaweed
forests which gently undulate with
the waves.

17
 Used as emulsifiers and industrials gums
In Europe, kelps and rockweeds were burned for their
soda, used in glazing and glass making, from the 17th
Century.
early 19th Century, iodine was extracted from kelp ash
Algin, first discovered in the 1880s, is a complex organic
compound used in dozens of different products, including
toothpaste, ice cream, milk shakes and textiles.
In parts of Europe, kelps and rockweeds are used as
manure, and occasionally as livestock feed.
Japanese use Laminaria spp. to make Kombu and another
brown alga, Uncaria, to make Wakame

Habitat: 98% marine & 2% freshwater

Pigments: chlorophylls a and d (when present) and the
carotenoids are largely concealed by a red pigment,
phycoerythrin.
Reserved food: Floridean starch
Thalli organization: unicellular, filamentous,
membranous, foliaceous
quite large but not as large as the browns; more
delicate, more slimy and soft, attached, benthic.
cellulose cell wall is often surrounded by a slimy
layer.
Other components such as xylan are present in the walls
of some red algae.

18
 Class Bangiophyceae
Macroscopic Phase Microscopic Phase Class Florideophyceae

Unicellular,
Filamentous,
Thallus filamentous, Filamentous
pseudoparenchymatous
parenchymatous

Growth Diffuse, intercalary Apical, intercalary Apical

1 or more/cell;
Chloroplast 1/cell; stellate Many per cell, discoid
ribbon-like

Pit
Absent Present Present
Connections

Pyrenoid Present Present Usually absent

Wall Mannans & xylans Cellulose Cellulose

Uni- &
Nuclei uninucleate Uni- & multinuclkeate
multinucleate

Life History Heteromorphic, haplodiplontic Isomorphic, diplohaplontic

Habitat Freshwater, marine Mostly marine

1. Tetrasporophyte (2n): produces TWO sporophytic and one gametophytic phase

tetraspores by meiosis
2. Gametophyte (n): tetraspores
germinate to form gametophytes,
produce gametes by mitosis
3. Carposporophyte (2n): results
from the fusion of gametes,
develops on the female
gametophyte plant produces
diploid spores called carpospores
by mitosis (carpospores new
tetrasporophyte plant)
the ogonium has a unique appearance and function,
and is therefore called a CARPOGONIUM
male gametes are non-motile SPERMATIA
the first sporophytic phase, known as the
CARPOSPOROPHYTE, is small, and remains attached
to the female gametophyte. It produces CARPOSPORES
by mitosis
Carpospores germinate into TETRASPOROPHYTE,
which look like the gametophyte, but produce haploid
TETRASPORES by meiosis

19
 1. Diploid TETRASPOROPHYTE (2n)
2. Produces TETRASPORANGIA which undergo meiosis forming tetraspores (n)
3. The TETRASPORES drift, and upon germination, the spores (n) produce
male or female gametophytes (n)
4. FEMALE GAMETOPHYTE forms eggs (n) that have an elongated receptacle
called a TRICHOGYNE, which is a surface that sperm cells will attach to
5. Male gametophyte forms SPERMATANGIA FORMING SPERM (n)
6. a ZYGOTE is formed upon fertilization (2n)
7. The zygote and adjacent cells form a CARPOSPOROPHYTE (2n).
8. The carposporophyte forms DIPLOID CARPOSPORES (2n).
9. These germinate to form the TETRASPOROPHYTE through MITOSIS.

Porphyra sp. Liagora sp.

Marine species Inhabits sublittoral zone;
intertidal zone mostly in warm waters
Monostromatic sheet Light colored external
of cells lime deposit
Fronds appear as Highly branched tufts
bright red , thin, that are soft & flexible in
lettuce leaves some, rigid in others
Used to make nori Branching is repeatedly
dichotomous

20
Actinotrichia sp. Galaxaura sp. Asparagopsis sp. Gelidiella sp.

Phylum
Habitat: 10% marine, 90% freshwater; others are found in
moist environment, or in plants, others are on barks of trees
while some are parasitic to other plants or animals
Cellular Characteristics: Eukaryotic has definite nucleus

Chlorophyta
(uninucleated or binucleated) others are multinucleated or
Coenocytic
Thalli Characteristic:
Unicellular (non-motile and motile)
Colonial (coenobic and non-coenobic)
Filamentous (simple, branched, heterotrichous)
Membranous
Siphonous

21
 1. Cup-shaped - Chlorella
Pigments Present: Chlorophyll a, b; carotene, xanthophyll
2. Lobed - Protococcus
(chloroplast usually in association with a pyrenoid)
3. Spiral or helical -
Pyrenoid proteinaceous area of chloroplast
Spirogyra
Reserved Food: Starch (formed in the chloroplast instead of
4. Netted or reticulate -
the cytoplasm)
Cladophora
Cell wall: outer layer cellulose; inner layer pectin
5. Band-shaped (H-shaped) -
Flagella characteristic: whiplash type of flagella may be
Ulothrix
biflagellated or quadriflagellated
6. Stellate (Star shaped) -
Reproduction:
Zygnema
Asexual cell division, zoospore formation, aplanospore formation
7. Parietal - Scenedesmus
Sexual isogamy, anisogamy, oogamy

Closterium sp. & Cosmarium sp.

Chlorella sp. organized as two semi-cells that
are mirror images of each other
fresh, salt water and in soil.
Isthmus - the connecting
The protoplast is composed
region that divides the cell in
of a cup-like chloroplast, the middle; containd the
which may or may not nucleus
contain a pyrenoid. Sinus - invagination
Flagellate motile cells are absent
Asexual reproduction of
unicellular genera is by cell
division preceded by mitosis.

22
Protococcus sp.
consists of solitary cells
that are sometimes
clumped in masses
sometimes form short,
false filament
cells have massive,
lobed, or plate-like
chloroplast, with or
without pyrenoid
Scenedesmus sp.
Pediastrum sp.
coenobic colonies (flat
plates) grow on the
bottom of quiet pools
and lakes as well as in
their plankton and may
readily be grown.
Reproduces by
zoospores and isogamy.
Hydrodictyon - water net
often appears in great
abundance in pools, lakes,
and quiet streams
mature colonies are
composed of large
cylindrical cells joined
together in polygonal
configurations, the whole
colony being cylindrical
young cells are
uninucleate.
sexual reproduction is
isogamous.
coenobic alga - consists of
a colony comprising four
or more elongate cells
united laterally
have spinelike processes
uninucleate cells have a
parietal chloroplast
containing a single
pyrenoid.
no zoospores.
Reproduction, which in
many species is entirely
asexual, is by the formation
of autocolonies within
each cell of the adult.
23
Volvox sp. Ulothrix sp.
slightly ovoidal coenobic Marine or freshwater
clonies may contain species
thousand of cells arranged Composed of unbranched
at the periphery of the
matrix. filaments
protoplasts of the basal cell is modified as an
individual cells are attaching structure, the
connected by delicate holdfast
protoplasmic extensions partial or complete band-
Sexual reproduction is shaped chloroplasts with
oogamous. more than one pyrenoid &
The enlarged cells within
are uninucleate.
the colony are called
zoospores Reproduces asexually by
zoospores & sexually by
isogamy.

Cladophora sp.
Oedogonium sp. widespread in both fresh & marine waters, where they may be free-
grows frequently as an floating or attached to rocks or vegetation
epiphyte on other algae asexual reproduction is by zoospores
and aquatic angiosperms life cycle is diplobiontic
may be attached to stones cultured in some areas & utilized as feeds for fishes (i.e.: bangus)
or free-floating.
cells contain segmented,
netlike chloroplasts with
pyrenoids.
asexual reproduction is
through zoospores; sexual
reproduction is oogamous.

24
Spirogyra sp.
often form floating, bright-
green, frothy, and/or slimy
masses in small bodies of water The plant body of a membranous green algae is
in the spring of the year and are
frequently referred to as pond composed of a single layer (monostromatic) or two
scums. layers of cells (distromatic).
unbranched filaments, generally
unattached, grow by generalized A membranous plant habit is an expanded sheath.
cell division and cell elongation.
masses of the plants are slimy to
the touch, because the filaments
are surrounded by pectic sheaths
has a spiral arrangement of
ribbon-like / spiral-shaped
chloroplasts.

Ulva lactuca Enteromorpha intestinalis

also called sea lettuce
marine & brackish waters
(Syn.: Ulva intestinalis)
plant body is bladelike, often Also called, bitukang
lobed and undulate, in some
varieties it may exceed 1 m in manok
length.
each plant is anchored to the Marine & freshwater
substratum by a small species
multicellular holdfast composed
of cells with rhizoidal Grow as hollow,
protuberances.
reproduces by zoospores and intestine-form tubes, as
anisogametes.
life cycle is diplobiontic. much as 15cm or more
in length

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 Caulerpa
unit of organization is a centrally vacuolated tube or siphon Has long stolon-
plant has a complete lack or rare production of cross walls like, prostrate
it is multinucleate and coenocytic in form lacking septa, the strands from which
cytoplasm is continuous throughout the plant body. erect fronds arise, &
downward-
A siphonous plant habit has no septations and cross-walls, projecting rhizoidal
but there may be septation because of the development of extensions
Marine species
the reproductive structures to separate it from the other
Caulerpa racemosa
structures.
Caulerpa lentillifera
Caulerpa serrulata
Caulerpa sertularoides

Coenocytic - Tubular
Boergesenia sp. Codium sp.
also called sea Pest in oyster beds
bottle attaching to oysters
Valonia sp. causing them to be cast
adrift during heavy
also called sea
storms
balloon C. fragile able to fix
nitrogen in oligotrophic*
conditions (C. fragile &
Azetobacter, a
bacterium)
*low in nutrient

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 Udotea sp.
mermaids fan

known as the mermaids wine

goblet or mermaids parasol
a calcified organism widely
distributed in subtropical and
tropical waters.

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 Also called stoneworts or brittleworts
Charales are heavily calcified, with
concentrations of plants on the bottoms
of lakes forming marl (calcium and
magnesium carbonates)
Because of their calcareous
encrustation, members of Order
Charales are often preserved in the
fossil record.
Habitat: common in freshwater habitats
such as ponds and streams; a few are
found in brackish water. Stoneworts are
found on all continents except
Antarctica.
Cell walls contain cellulose and are
calcified.
Pigments: chlorophylls a and b, carotene
and xanthophylls.
consists of a branching axis on which
arise whorls or smaller branches of
limited growth, often called leaves
lower portions of the axes are anchored
to the substratum by branching
filaments, called rhizoids.
rhizoids serve as organs of vegetative
propagation, giving rise to erect
green shoots.
have nodes and internodes, cortication
of the axes and leaves, and the
occurrence of special cellular sheaths
around the sexual organs.
branches arise at the nodes among
the leaf base.

reproduction in the Male reproductive structure

Charophyta is oogamous
Oogonium (nucule) = Globule
gametes are produced in consists of sterile covering
specialized complex cells (Shield cells) which
enclose a tangled mass of
structures usually called colorless filaments, each
antheridia and oogonia, cell of which produces a
but sometimes designated single sperm at maturity
the globule and nucule, Shield cells color changes
respectively. from yellow to orange as it
sexual reproductive matures
structures are borne on the wall (shield) cells open
leaves. when the sperms are
Antheridium mature
(globule)

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Female reproductive structure
(Nucule)
consists of a fertile cell
oogonium (encloses a
single cell)
surrounded by 5 spirally
twisted sterile cells, the
tube cells
the apices of which are
delimited to form the five
cells of the corona or
crown.

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