6.

FLOWCHARTS
(i) Uptime of the Smart Street Light on various times of the day:

Average Traffic During various time of the day are given below (estimated)

6am-5pm (Daytime Hours): The light will be off irrespective of traffic.

5pm-8pm (Peak evening traffic): 200/hour

8pm-10pm (Post evening traffic): 150/hour

10pm-1am (Night hours): 60/hour

1am-3am (Period of minimum movement): 20/hour

3am-6am (Dawn hours): 50/hour

Uptime of the street light for a single traffic = 5 seconds

Total average uptime = {No. of vehicles}*5 seconds

= {11*0 + 3*200 + 2*150 + 3*60 + 2*20 + 3*50}*5 seconds

= {0 + 600 + 300 + 180 + 40 + 150}*5 seconds

= 6350 seconds

= 1.76 hours
Saving in uptime from 5pm to 6am = 13-1.76 hours = 11.24 hours

Hourly Uptime of Smart Street Light during a day

1200

1000

800

600 Uptime in Seconds

400

200

(ii) Energy Consumption in a day:

Total Uptime of the smart street light (average) = 1.76 hours
Wattage of a typical LED street light = 30 watts
Wattage of an array of two LED street lights = 60 watts
Power consumed by sensors = 2 watts
Uptime of the sensors in a day = 24 hrs
Therefore total energy consumption = (60*1.74 + 2*24) watt hours
= 153.6 watt hours

Daily Energy Consumption of the Smart Street Light

20

15

10 Energy in Watt Hours

0
(iii) Reduction in panel size:
TRADITIONAL METHOD:
Consumption of energy by normal 30 W LED for 13 hours = 30*13 = 370 Watt hours
Consumption of energy by an array of two street 30 W street lights = 740 Watt hours
Cost of the control circuit for a twin bulb array = Rs. 7,000
Efficiency of a Lead acid battery = 85%
Requirement of SPV panel size (wattage) for powering two normal 30 W street lights for 13 hours on an
average charging period of 11 hours per day
= (Total Energy consumption in watts hour/Charging time in hrs)*(1/Battery efficiency)
= (740/11)*(100/85)
= 80 Watts

SMART STREET LIGHT

Consumption of energy by an array of two 30 W Smart Street Lights = 153.6 Watt hours (From previous
calculations)
Requirement of SPV panel size (wattage) for powering two normal 30 W street lights for 1.76 hours of
uptime on an average charging period of 11 hours per day
= (Total Energy consumption in watts hour/Charging time in hrs)*(1/Battery efficiency)
= (153.6/11)*(100/85)
= 16.42 Watts i.e. a 20W panel will be sufficient.
Therefore saving in panel size = (80-20) = 60 Watts.
(iv)Payback Period:
Cost of SPV panel per watt = Rs. 79/watt (for panel sizes up to 100 watts)
Capital savings on lowering of SPV panel size = 60 watts * Rs 79/watt = Rs. 4,740
Capital Cost of a Smart Street Light Extension = Rs 7,000
Savings in money per day = [(780-153.6)/1000] (Units)*6(Rupees/Unit) = Rs. 3.76
[1KWh=1Unit]
Payback period = (Total Capital Expenditure/Savings per day)
= (7000-4740)/3.76
= 601 days
= 1.65 years
 Fig: Payback Curve

7. Advantages and Disadvantages

The various pros and cons about the project are listed below:

Advantages:

(i) Saving in energy consumption by 86.5%.

(ii) Preventing light pollution in residential areas.
(iii) Short Payback Period.
(iv) One time investment.
(v) Solar power from smaller panels will be sufficient as the uptime is less. Leads to capital
saving on cost involved on procuring solar panels.
 (vi) Can run even in persistent cloudy days when solar energy is minimal during the daytime.
(vii) It is a failure free and self reliant system.
(viii) Reduction in peak load demand if employed on a large scale in a city or town.
(ix) Its a self operating system which leads to use of minimum man power requirement.
(x) Overall maintenance cost is low.

Disadvantages:

(i) Frequent on-off cycles may damage the LED lamps.

(ii) Constant power is lost for operating the sensors.
(iii) Complex circuitry is involved which is cumbersome to manufacture.
(iv) Programming of Microcontroller is required.
(v) The control circuit may be susceptible to moisture in absence of proper insulation which may
lead to malfunctioning.

9. CONCLUSION
In this paper, a new technique of intelligent street lighting system has been proposed that offers energy
saving and cost effectiveness. This is obtained by the use of highly economical LEDs powered by Solar
Photovoltaic (SPV) panels and by the intelligent management of the street light posts. The use of
advanced PIR sensors accompanied by a programmed microcontroller circuitry as a means of energy
savings is demonstrated in this project.

The proposed design is particularly suitable for street lighting in semi-urban and rural areas where the
traffic density is not that high. Dependence on solar energy permits this design to be implemented in
areas where the traditional methods of street lighting prove to be too expensive.
Another important aspect of this project is the reduction in size of the panels by up to 80% thereby
saving in capital cost involved in procuring costly SPV panels. If previously a 60W panel was needed to
light up a street light, with this method a smaller 10W panel will do the same with ease. Lastly this
technology may turn up a accepted means of saving energy and allow lower power configuration solar
systems to energize the street lights.