Engineering Mechanics: S.Thanga Kasi Rajan

ENGINEERING MECHANICS
Unit I
Basics and Statics of Particles
by
S.Thanga Kasi Rajan
Assistant Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Kamaraj College of Engineering & Technology,
Virudhunagar 626001.
Tamil Nadu, India
Email : stkrajan@gmail.com
INTRODUCTION
02/01/2017 S.ThangaKasiRajan, stkrajan@gmail.com 2

INTRODUCTION
To deal with the above situations, we need to know
about engineering mechanics
Mechanics is the foundation of most engineering

sciences and is an indispensable prerequisite to their
study.
Mechanics is the science which describes and

predicts the conditions of rest or motion of bodies
under the actionS.ThangaKasiRajan,
02/01/2017 of forces. stkrajan@gmail.com 3
Branches of Engineering
Mechanics

Engineering Mechanics
Mechanics: The actions and effects of forces on bodies.
Statics: Bodies at rest, or in equilibrium
Mechanics Dynamics: Bodies in motion, or out of equilibrium
Will be static, OR move with

IN EQUILIBRIUM
constant velocity
Velocity=0
Velocity=
constant
OUT OF EQUILIBRIUM Will accelerate (velocity changing)
Velocity
changing
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Dynamics: Kinematics: Study of motion without reference to
forces producing motion: Relations between position,
velocity, acceleration and time.
Kinetics: Relations between unbalanced forces and

the changes in motion they produce.
E.g. Rollercoaster ride:

Kinematics: how fast, how far,
and how long it takes...
Kinetics: What forces were

involved to produce this motion?
- Weight
- Friction
- Aerodynamic drag
What are the resulting

02/01/2017 accelerations?
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Six Fundamental Concept of Mechanics
Space - associated with the motion or the position of a point P given
in terms of three coordinates measured from a reference point or
origin.
Time - definition of an event requires specification of the time and

position at which it occurred.
Mass - used to characterize and compare bodies, e.g., response to

earths gravitational attraction and resistance to change in
translational
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motion. S.ThangaKasiRajan, stkrajan@gmail.com 7
Force
A force is a push or pull. An object at

rest needs a force to get it moving; a
moving object needs a force to change
its velocity.
The magnitude of a force can be

measured using a spring scale.
Particle
A particle has a mass but size is
neglected.
When a body is idealised as a particle,

the principles of mechanics reduces to a
simplified form, since the geometry of the
body will not be concerned in the analysis
of the problem.

Rigid Body
A combination of large number of
Particles in which all the particles remain
at a fixed distance from one another
before and after application of load.
Here mass & size of the bodies are

considered when analysing the forces.

Basic Laws of Mechanics
1.Newtons Law
2.Newtons Law of Gravitation
3.Triangle Law
4.Parallellogram Law
5.Lamis Theorem
6.Principle of Transmissibility

Basic Laws of
Newtons First Law: If theMechanics
resultant force on a particle is zero, the particle will remain at rest
or continue to move in a straight line.
Newtons Second Law: A particle will have an acceleration proportional to a nonzero

resultant applied force.

F ma
Newtons Third Law: The forces of action and reaction between two particles have the same
magnitude and line of action with opposite sense.
Newtons Law of Gravitation: Two particles are attracted with equal and opposite forces,
Mm GM
F G W m g, g
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R2 12
Parallelogram Law
If two vectors acting at a point be represented in
magnitude and direction by the adjacent sides of a
parallelogram, then their resultant is represented in
magnitude and direction by the diagonal of the
parallelogram passing through that point.

Parallelogram Law
Triangle Law
If two vectors acting at a point are represented by the
two sides of a triangle taken in order, then their resultant
is represented by the third side taken in opposite order

sine and cosine rules
When adding forces it is often
useful to consider solving the
problem using geometric rules,
rather than considering components
The cosine rule states that

The sine rule states A2 B 2 X 2 2 BX cos

that
A B X B 2 A 2 X 2 2 AX cos

sin sin sin
X 2 A 2 B 2 2 AB cos

Principle of Transmissibility
According to this law the state of rest or motion of
the rigid body is unaltered if a force acting on the
body is replaced by another force of the same magnitude
and direction but acting anywhere on the body along the
line of action
Principle of the -replaced force.
of Transmissibility
Conditions of equilibrium or motion are
not affected by transmitting a force along
its line of action.
NOTE: F and F are equivalent forces.

Coordinate System
Coordinate system: used to describe the
position of a point in space and consists of
1. An origin as the
reference point
2. A set of coordinate
axes with scales and
labels
3. Choice of positive
direction for each
axis
4. Choice of unit Cartesian Coordinate System
vectors at each
point in space 17
Vector Representation of Forces
A vector is a quantity
that has both direction
and magnitude.
18
Application of Vectors
(1) Vectors can exist at any point P in space.
(2) Vectors have direction and magnitude.
(3) Vector Equality: Any two vectors that have

the same direction and magnitude, are equal
no matter where in space they are located.
19
Resolution and Composition of
Forces
20 N
Splitting of forces into their components
30
Resolution of force is a reverse process in which a single

force is expressed in terms of its components. These
components are sometimes referred to as the resolved
partsy of the force.
Y OX = F cos
F
OY = F sin
O X x
Examples
y
15 N X = -15 Cos 42 -11.1 N
42
=
x Y = 15 Sin 42 10.0 N
=
X = 35 Cos 62 16.4 N
62 x =
Y = -35 Sin 62 = - 30.9 N
35 N
y
X = -10 Sin 32 - 5.30 N
x =
32
Y = -10 Cos 32 = -8.48 N
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Resolution and Composition of
Forces
F 1. It is convenient to
F
sin F have
F sin
Fx = F cos
Fy = F sin
and Always measure
F
cos F angle from horizontal
cos reference(acute
angle).
F F
cos
cos 2. Assume force
pointing Right and Top
as positive otherwise
F
F F negative
F
sin sin
Procedure to find Resultant
Procedure
Force
to find the magnitude and direction of the
resultant force
1. Find Fx
2. Find Fy
3. Magnitude of the resultant force is given by
4. Plot Fx and Fy with its appropriate sign

5. Direction of the resultant force is given by

Problems

Problem No 1
Two forces act on a bolt at A. Determine their resultant.

Problem No 1 (contd)
Graphical solution - A parallelogram with sides
equal to P and Q is drawn to scale. The
magnitude and direction of the resultant or of
the diagonal to the parallelogram are measured,
R 98 N 35
Graphical solution - A triangle is drawn with P

and Q head-to-tail and to scale. The magnitude
and direction of the resultant or of the third
side of the triangle are measured,
R 98 N 35

Trigonometric solution - Apply the triangle rule.
From the Law of Cosines,
R 2 P 2 Q 2 2 PQ cos B
40N 2 60N 2 2 40N 60N cos155
R 97.73N
From the Law of Sines,

sin A sin B

Q R
Q
sin A sin B
R
60N
sin 155
97.73N
A 15.04
20 A
35.04
Sl. No. Fx Fy
1. + 40 cos20 + 40 sin20
2. + 60 cos 45 + 60 cos 45
80.01 56.10
Magnitude of the resultant

Direction of resultant force
force

Fy =
56.01
R = 97.72 N tan = ()

= 35
Fx =
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80.01
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Problem 2
A barge is pulled by two tugboats.
If the resultant of the forces
exerted by the tugboats is a 25 kN
directed along the axis of the
barge, determine
a) the tension in each of the ropes

for = 45o,
b) the value of for which the
tension in rope 2 is minimum.

Problem 2
Trigonometric solution - Triangle Rule Graphical solution - Parallelogram Rule

with Law of Sines with known resultant direction and
magnitude, known directions for sides.
T1 T2 25 kN

sin 45 sin 30 sin 105
T1 18.3 kN T2 12.94 kN T1 18.5 kN T2 12.8 kN
Problem 2
The angle for minimum tension in rope 2 is
determined by applying the Triangle Rule
and observing the effect of variations in .
The minimum tension in rope 2 occurs when

T1 and T2 are perpendicular.
T2 25 kN sin 30 T2 12.5 kN
T1 25 kN cos 30 T1 21.7 kN
90 30 60

Problem 3
Knowing that the tension in cable BC

is 725-N, determine the resultant of
the three forces exerted at point B of
beam AB.

Problem 3
SOLUTION:
Resolve each force into rectangular components.
Calculate the magnitude and direction.

Problems for Practice
Fig 1
A disabled automobile is pulled by means of two
ropes shown in fig 1. Determine the Magnitude
and direction of Resultant by (a) parallelogram
law, (b) Triangle law (c) analytical method
Fig 2
Determine the magnitude and direction of

resultant force shown in fig 2.

Equilibrium of a Particle
When the resultant of all forces acting on a particle is zero, the particle is
in equilibrium.
Newtons First Law: If the resultant force on a particle is zero, the particle will
remain at rest or will continue at constant speed in a straight line.
Particle acted upon by Particle acted upon by three or more forces:

two forces: - graphical solution yields a closed polygon
- equal magnitude - algebraic solution
- same line of action
R F 0
- opposite sense
Fx 0 Fy 0
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2 - 35 S.ThangaKasiRajan, stkrajan@gmail.com
Examples for Equilibrium
Cables AB and
AC carries the
spool of weight

Problem 4
Given: Sack A weighs 20 N.
and geometry is as
shown.
Find: Forces in the cables
and weight of sack B.
1. Apply Equilibrium
condition at Point E and
solve for the unknowns
(TEG & TEC).
2. Repeat this process at C.

Problem 4
Note that the assumed directions
for the forces in the two cables EG
and EC are tensile in nature.
+ Fx = TEG sin 30 TEC cos 45 =

0
+ F = T cos 30
Solving these two simultaneous
y EG T EC sin 45
20 N = 0
equations for the two unknowns, we get
TEC = 38.6 N
TEG = 54.6 N
Problem 4
Now move on to the point
C and consider equilibrium
at C
Apply Equilibrium Condition

Fx = 38.64 cos 45 (4/5) TCD = 0
Fy = (3/5) TCD + 38.64 sin 45 WB
= 0
Solving the first equation and then the
second we get
TCD = 34.2 N and WB = 47.8 N .
Problem 5
SOLUTION:
Choosing the hull as the free body,
draw a free-body diagram.
Express the condition for equilibrium
for the hull by writing that the sum of
all forces must be zero.
It is desired to determine the drag force
Resolve the vector equilibrium
at a given speed on a prototype sailboat
hull. A model is placed in a test equation into two component
channel and three cables are used to equations. Solve for the two unknown
align its bow on the channel centerline. cable tensions.
For a given speed, the tension is 200-N
in cable AB and 300-N in cable AE.
Determine the drag force exerted on the
hull and the tension in cable AC.
Problem 5
SOLUTION:
Choosing the hull as the free body, draw a
free-body diagram.
7m 1.5 m
tan 1.75 tan 0.375
4m 4m
60.25 20.56
Express the condition for equilibrium

for the hull by writing that the sum of
all forces must be zero.

R T AB T AC T AE FD 0

Problem 5
Resolve the vector equilibrium equation into
two component equations. Solve for the two
unknown cable tensions.
r r r
TAB
200N sin 60.26 i 200N cos60.26 j
r r
173.66Ni 99.21 N j
r r r

TAC TAC sin 20.56 i TAC cos20.56 j
r r
0.3512TAC i 0.9363TAC j
r r
T 300Ni
r r
FD FD i
r
R 0
r
173.66 0.3512TAC F D i
r
99.21 0.9363TAC 300 j

Problem 5
R0

173.66 0.3512 TAC FD i

99.21 0.9363 TAC 300 j
This equation is satisfied only if each component

of the resultant is equal to zero
F x 0 0 173.66 0.3512 TAC FD

F y 0 0 99.21 0.9363 TAC 300
TAC 214.45 N
FD 98.35 N

Problem 6
A sailor is being rescued using a
boatswains chair that is
suspended from a pulley that can roll
freely on the support cable
ACB and is pulled at a constant
speed by cable CD. Knowing that a =
25 and b = 15 and that the tension
in cable CD is 80 N, determine (a)
the combined weight of the
boatswains chair and the sailor, (b)
in tension in the support cable ACB.


Problem 6

Forces in Space
Resolve Fh into

Resolve F into rectangular components
The vector F is horizontal and vertical Fx Fh cos
contained in the components.
F sin y cos
plane OBAC. Fy F cos y
Fy Fh sin
Fh F sin y
02/01/2017 S.ThangaKasiRajan, stkrajan@gmail.com
F sin y sin 46
Forces in Space

With the angles between F and the axes,
Fx F cos x Fy F cos y Fz F cos z

F Fx i Fy j Fz k

F cos x i cos y j cos z k

F

cos x i cos y j cos z k

is a unit vector along the line of action of
F
x ,the
and cosare cos y , and cos
direction z for
cosines
F
Problem 6
SOLUTION:
Based on the relative locations of the
points A and B, determine the unit
vector pointing from A towards B.
Apply the unit vector to determine the

components of the force acting on A.
Noting that the components of the unit

vector are the direction cosines for the
The tension in the guy wire is 2500 N. vector, calculate the corresponding
Determine: angles.
a) components Fx, Fy, Fz of the force
acting on the bolt at A,
b) the angles x, y, zdefining the
direction of the force
Problem 6
SOLUTION:
Determine the unit vector pointing from A
towards B.
AB 40 m i 80 m j 30 m k
AB 40 m 2 80 m 2 30 m 2
94.3 m
40 80 30
i j k
94. 3 94. 3 94. 3

0.424 i 0.848 j 0.318k
Determine the components of the force.

F F

2500 N 0.424 i 0.848 j 0.318k

1060 N i 2120 N j 795 N k
Problem 6
Noting that the components of the unit vector are
the direction cosines for the vector, calculate the
corresponding angles.

cos x i cos y j cos z k

0.424 i 0.848 j 0.318k
x 115.1
y 32.0
z 71.5

Problem 7
A crate is supported by
three cables as shown.
Determine the
weight of the crate
knowing that the
tension in cable AB is
3750 N.

Problem 7
Net Force acting at point A is

Problem 7

Problems for practice

Problems for practice

References
1. Ferdinand P Beer & E.Russell Johnston VECTOR
MECHANICS FOR ENGINEERS STATICS & Dynamics,
(Ninth Edition) Tata McGraw Hill Education Private
Limited, New Delhi.
2. Engineering Mechanics Statics & Dynamics by
S.Nagan, M.S.Palanichamy, Tata McGraw-Hill (2001).

Thank you
Any Queries contact

S.Thanga Kasi Rajan
Assistant Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Kamaraj College of Engineering & Technology,
Virudhunagar 626001.
Tamil Nadu, India
Email : stkrajan@gmail.com

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ENGINEERING MECHANICS

Basics and Statics of Particles

02/01/2017 S.ThangaKasiRajan, stkrajan@gmail.com 2

Mechanics is the foundation of most engineering

Mechanics is the science which describes and

02/01/2017 S.ThangaKasiRajan, stkrajan@gmail.com 4

Statics: Bodies at rest, or in equilibrium

Mechanics Dynamics: Bodies in motion, or out of equilibrium

Will be static, OR move with

OUT OF EQUILIBRIUM Will accelerate (velocity changing)

Kinetics: Relations between unbalanced forces and

E.g. Rollercoaster ride:

Kinetics: What forces were

What are the resulting

Time - definition of an event requires specification of the time and

Mass - used to characterize and compare bodies, e.g., response to

A force is a push or pull. An object at

The magnitude of a force can be

When a body is idealised as a particle,

02/01/2017 S.ThangaKasiRajan, stkrajan@gmail.com 9

Here mass & size of the bodies are

02/01/2017 S.ThangaKasiRajan, stkrajan@gmail.com 10

02/01/2017 S.ThangaKasiRajan, stkrajan@gmail.com 11

Newtons Second Law: A particle will have an acceleration proportional to a nonzero

02/01/2017 S.ThangaKasiRajan, stkrajan@gmail.com 14

The sine rule states A2 B 2 X 2 2 BX cos

02/01/2017 S.ThangaKasiRajan, stkrajan@gmail.com 15

02/01/2017 S.ThangaKasiRajan, stkrajan@gmail.com 16

(1) Vectors can exist at any point P in space.

(2) Vectors have direction and magnitude.

(3) Vector Equality: Any two vectors that have

Resolution of force is a reverse process in which a single

4. Plot Fx and Fy with its appropriate sign

02/01/2017 S.ThangaKasiRajan, stkrajan@gmail.com 23

02/01/2017 S.ThangaKasiRajan, stkrajan@gmail.com 24

Two forces act on a bolt at A. Determine their resultant.

02/01/2017 S.ThangaKasiRajan, stkrajan@gmail.com 25

Graphical solution - A triangle is drawn with P

02/01/2017 S.ThangaKasiRajan, stkrajan@gmail.com 26

From the Law of Sines,

Magnitude of the resultant

a) the tension in each of the ropes

02/01/2017 S.ThangaKasiRajan, stkrajan@gmail.com 29

Trigonometric solution - Triangle Rule Graphical solution - Parallelogram Rule

The minimum tension in rope 2 occurs when

02/01/2017 S.ThangaKasiRajan, stkrajan@gmail.com 31

Knowing that the tension in cable BC

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Calculate the magnitude and direction.

02/01/2017 S.ThangaKasiRajan, stkrajan@gmail.com 33

Determine the magnitude and direction of

02/01/2017 S.ThangaKasiRajan, stkrajan@gmail.com 34

Particle acted upon by Particle acted upon by three or more forces:

02/01/2017 S.ThangaKasiRajan, stkrajan@gmail.com 36

02/01/2017 S.ThangaKasiRajan, stkrajan@gmail.com 37

+ Fx = TEG sin 30 TEC cos 45 =

Apply Equilibrium Condition

Express the condition for equilibrium

02/01/2017 S.ThangaKasiRajan, stkrajan@gmail.com 41

02/01/2017 S.ThangaKasiRajan, stkrajan@gmail.com 42

This equation is satisfied only if each component

F x 0 0 173.66 0.3512 TAC FD

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