Made Easy
4 Virtual Notes
F
0 CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Physics
R
M
Base quantities
4 Physical quantities that cannot be defined in terms of other physical quantities.
Time, t
Mass, m Temperature, T
SI unit: second, s
battery
Base ammeter
quantities
and SI units switch
bulb
SI unit: metre, m SI unit: ampere, A
frame
Main scale reading = 7.50 mm 40
Vernier scale reading = 0.37 mm 35
Size of ball bearing = 7.87 mm
Manipulated variables
Title of the graph
Graph
y-axis is labelled
Responding
variables
Coordinates
are plotted
Suitable with a small
even scale cross mark ( )
Best adjusted
straight line
Mainpulated variables
Suitable
even scale x-axis is labelled
direction
of motion
Acceleration, a
vu (70.0 50.0) cm s 1
= = = 250 cm s 2 = 2.5 m s 2
t 0.08 s
s
s=vt
t=0 t=t
u v
vu
a =
t
1
v = u + at s = (u + v) t
2
1
v 2 = u 2 + 2as s = ut + at 2
2
Gradient = Velocity
Velocity-time graph
Gradient = Acceleration
Area under the graph = Distance travelled
When a stationary
bus starts to
Object at move with forward
rest acceleration, the
passengers lurch
backwards.
Explosion
at rest
at rest
Before shooting
vB
vA at rest
vA vB mAvA + mBvB = 0
mB
mB
vB
mAvA
mA
Aftermshooting
B
mA
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Effects of a force
A force can...
(d) cause a moving object to stop (a) change the shape and size of an
Hazuri applies a force to object
stop the ball the ball is deformed temporary
(b) cause a stationary object to move
the ball flies off with a velocity
Earth
t = 35
T2
T2 T1
T1
T1
T2 W 2
W
flowerpot T2
W T1
W
Resultant force
F1
30
30 Two forces acting on an object can be combined into a single
F2 force called the resultant force.
F
F
FX = F cos
Work done
Work done = Force Displacement in the direction of the force
F F
F F
s s
F F
Forces is perpendicular
mg mg to the displacement, s:
W = F cos 90 s = 0
s
h
Chemical energy Kinetic energy
Kinetic energy= Work done
Chemical energy Potential energy Ek = Fs
= mas
Potential energy = Work done v2
Ep = mg h
= m ]
2
1
Ep = mgh Ek = mv 2
2
Power Efficiency
Power = Rate of doing work
energy wasted
t=t (thermal energy)
energy work
t=0 input output
h
vertical
weight = mgh height
Small k Big k
Length of spring
Diameter of wire
Diameter of coil
Type of material
Arrangement of
spring
Series Parallel
P = AF P = F
A A
It is easier to walk on the field with sports
shoes compared to high-heeled shoes.
Force
Pressure = The base of a high-heeled shoe is small,
Area thus the pressure that acts on the ground
F is greater. So, the pointed heels of the
P = ladys shoes may sink into the soft ground
A
of the field.
Pressure in liquids
Pressure in liquids = hg
pressure
increases pressure acts in all directions
with
depth
airtight
liquid
hook for
hanging
Pascals principle
The pressure applied to the surface of a fluid in a confined container is transmitted uniformly
in all directions throughout the fluid.
F1 F2 F1 = Input force A1 = Surface area of input cylinder
=
A1 A2 F2 = Output force A2 = Surface area of output cylinder
INPUT OUTPUT
object
being lifted
buoyant vent
force valve
opens
equal weight weight
pressure water
enters
floating
the ballast
tank diving
3
The slower air flow below the
under surface of the wing
produces a region of high
pressure.
compressed buoyant force
air
Bunsen burner
3
1
weight The fast flowing The mixture of gas
rising gas produces a and air produces a
region of low complete
pressure. combustion.
SZ-43(c)
When water is forced out of the 2
The high atmospheric
ballast tank with compressed air, the pressure causes the
weight of the submarine becomes air to be sucked in air from atmosphere
less than the buoyant force. Thus, and mixed with the flows in
gas.
the submarine rises. gas supply
Latent heat
Latent heat is the total energy absorbed or released when a substance changes its physical
state completely at a constant temperature.
Latent heat of fusion is the heat absorbed when a solid melts at constant temperature.
Latent heat of vaporisation is the heat absorbed when a liquid changes into vapour at
constant temperature.
Vaporisation
Fusion (evaporates)
Solidification Condensation
Solid (freezes) Liquid (condenses) Gas
Gas
boiling point D E
Liquid + Gas
melting point B C
Liquid
Solid +
A
Solid Liquid
solid heating solid melting liquid heating liquid boiling gas heating
0 Time (s)
melting begins melting completes boiling begins boiling completes
Cooling curve
Temperature
(C) A
condensation B C
point
freezing D E
point Gas Gas + Liquid Liquid Liquid +
Solid Solid F
gas liquid
cooling gas condensing cooling liquid freezing solid cooling
Time (s)
condensation begins condensation freezing begins freezing completes
completes
piston lifted
closed container
After
heat
heat
Relationship 1
P PT VT
V
P1 P2 V1 V2
Formula P1V1 = P2V2 = =
T1 T2 T1 T2
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CHAPTER 5 Light
Laws of reflection
Properties of an image
formed by a plane mirror:
virtual
upright
laterally inverted
laterally inverted
same size as the object
same size as the object
image distance, v
image distance, v
= object distance, u
= object distance, u
v
u
Note: Any two of the rays 1 , 2 , and 3 can be used to determine the position of the image.
i
the plane where the sin i
incident ray, refracted = Constant
r sin r
ray and normal lie
= Refractive index
B
refracted ray
C D
semicircular glass block
protractor
incident ray A
reflected ray
ray box
protractor
C D
semicircular
glass block
incident A
ray
totally refracted ray
ray box
Convex lens
11 A ray of light which passes
through the optical centre, O
of the lens is undeviated.
22 A ray of light parallel to the
principal axis is refracted
and passes through the focal
point, F.
33 A ray of light which passes
through the focal point, F
is refracted parallel to the
principal axis.
Concave lens
1 100
P = or
f (in m) f (in cm)
Linear magnification
Ratio of the size of the image to the size of the object.
u uv v
Image is formed
Image is formed
behind the lens
behind the lens
i i
o o ho ho
i
i
Image is formed
Image is formed
on the same side
on the same side
of the lens of the lens
Image height, IS h
Linear magnification, m = = i h v
Object height, RP h o m = i =
ho u
Image distance, OI v
OR m = =
Object distance, OR u
Lens equation
1 1 1
+=
u v f
I1 The eyepiece
produces a virtual,
magnified and inverted
image I2 at infinity.
virtual image,
I 2 at infinity
eyepiece
fo fe
construction line
object eye
real
Fo Fe image Fe
Fo O Fo I1
eyepiece
final
virtual
image, I2 25 cm
objective
lens
The final image is virtual, I1 = Magnification by
inverted and magnified. The objective lens
distance between the image I2 = Magnification by
and the eyepiece is 25 cm. eyepiece