First Aid
Reaching a person in the water :
I. Before Giving Care
A. Aims of First Aid : Preserve Live, Present situation
from worsening, Promote recovery
B. Role in the EMS : Recognize that emergency exist,
Decide to act, Activate EMS system, give care until
help takes over
C. While giving care :
Avoid contact with blood and other body
fluid
Use protective CPR breathing barriers
Use barriers
Cover own cuts, scrapes, or sores
Do not consume anything before you wash
your hands
Avoid handling any personal items
D. Priorities of treatments
Is it safe?
Immediate danger involved?
What happened?
How many people are involved?
Anyone else available to help?
What is wrong?
E. General Guidelines
Do no further harm
Monitor the persons breathing and
consciousness
Help the person rest in the most
comfortable position
Keep the person from getting chilled of
overheated
Reassure
Give specific care if needed
F. Transport a Person :
Faced with immediate danger
Get to another person who may have a
more serious problem
Necessary to give proper care (Place to do
CPR)
Using tools : Scoop stretcher, Long spine
board
With spine Injury : Log rolls
G. Never transport a person
When trip may cause additional injury
When the person may develop a life-
threatening condition
If were unsure
of the nature of the injury of illness
H. Techniques
Non-emergency moves: Walking assist,
two person seat carry.
Emergency moves: pack strap, clothes
drag, blanket drag, ankle drag
I.
Reaching assist, Throwing assist, Wading
assist
II. CPR
A. Checking a conscious person :
Look for any abnormal condition of the
body, ask where any areas may hurt, look
for breathing, look for consciousness, such
as drowsy, confused or isnt alert.
B. Checking an unconscious person
1. Check the situation and environment, is it
safe?
2. Check Respond (AVPU)
3. Call for Help
4. Head Tilt, Chin Lift
5. Look, Listen, Feel
6. Give 2 Rescue Breaths
7. Look, Listen, Feel, check Pulse (Carotid,
Radialis, Ulnaris, Bronchialis)
8. Perform a Good CPR
30 compression, 2 rescue breathe
100 compression per minute
5 cm compression depth
Allow chest to recoil
Minimalize interruption
STOP CPR IF:
Tired
AED/ EMS Personnel is available
Casualty gives respond
Situation worsening
III. Breathing Emergencies
A. Choking
A. Symptoms :
Unable to speak of cough
Grasping or pointing to the throat
Distressed look on the face
Congestion of the face initially
Pale skin and cyanosis in later stages
Unconsciousness in later stage
B. Managing Adult Patient
1. Encourage the patient to cough
2. Shout for help
3. Bent the casualty forwards so the
head is lower than the chest
4. Give up to 5 firm blows between the
shoulder blades with the palm of your
hand
5. Stand behind the casualty, place both
your arms around their waist
6. Make a fist with one hand and place it
just above the belly button with your
thumb inwards
 7. Grasp this first with your other hand,
then pull sharply inwards and
upwards.
C. Managing Infant Patient
1. Check responds
2. Back blow (5 blows, between shoulder
blade)
3. Check between blows, check if
obstruction cleared
4. Chest thrust 5 times
5. Check between thrusts
6. Call for help
7. Continue cycle
D. Asthma + COPD
1. Help the person rest in a comfortable
position
2. If conscious, check for other condition
3. Remember that a person having
breathing problems may find it hard
to talk, try questioning a yes or no
question
4. Ask person around you
5. Tell the person to relax and breath
slowly, calm them down, if it doesnt
slow down the person could have a
serious problem.
IV. Head, Neck, Spinal Injuries
The spine: 7 Cervical, 12 Thoracic, 5 Lumbar, 9 Sacrum and
Coccyx
What to do until help arrives: (Remove Helmet + Perform a
logroll with an equipment)
1. Support the head and neck in the position found
2. Place both hands on both sides
3. If the head is sharply turned to one side, do not
move it. Support the head and neck in the position
found
4. If the patient is wearing the helmet, remove it if we
are specifically trained, and if its necessary to assess
the persons airway
5. If unconscious, opens airway, check breathing.
V. Soft Tissue Injuries
A. Closed Wounds
1. Bruises: Fill a plastic big with ice
and water or wrap ice in a wet
cloth and apply to the injured area
for periods of about 20 minutes.
Remove the ice and wait for 20
minutes before reapplying.
Do not elevate the injured part if it
causes more pain
B. Open Wounds
1. Abrasions: Irrigate with soap or
water to prevent infection, painful
because scraping of the outer skin
layers exposes sensitive nerve
endings.
2. Lacerations: A deep cut which
commonly cause by a sharp object,
sometimes not painful because
damaged nerves cannot send pain
signals to the brain.
3. Avulsion: Portion of the skin,
sometimes other soft tissue. A
violent force my tear away a body
part, including bone, such as
finger, known as amputation.
4. Punctures: Pointed object pierces
the skin, if it remains in the wound,
called embedded object.
Using Dressings, Care guidelines
for Open Wounds
Tourniquets : Use tourniquets,
hear the pulse with stethoscope,
or feel with hand, pulse must be
heard.
C. Burns
a. Superficial Burns (First Degree):
Only the top layer of the skin
Red and dry, painful and the area may
swell
Heal within a week without permanent
scarring
b. Partial thickness (Second Degree)
Involves the top layers of the skin
Causes skin become red, usually
painful, have blisters that may open
and weep clear fluid, making the skin
appear wet, may appear mottled, and
often swells
Usually heal in 3 to 4 weeks and may
scar
 c. Full-thickness burns
May destroy all layers of skin and some
or all underlying structures (Fat,
muscle, bones, nerves)
The skin may be brown or black, with
the tissue underneath sometimes
appearing white, can be extremely
painful or painless (if destroy nerve
endings)
Healing my require medical assistance,
scarring is likely
RC3 : Remove, Cool, Cover, Comfort
d. Call emergency if :
Trouble breathing
Burns covering more than one body part
Suspected burn to the airway
Burns to the head, neck, hands, feet, or
genitals
Full thickness burn and I s younger than 5
years or older than 60 years
Burn caused by chemicals, explosion or
electricity
Rules of Nine more than 30%
VI.
(Head, Both Hands 9%) (Torso, Back, Both
Legs18%) (Genitals 1%)
Involving major joints
2nd degree burn/ Partial thickness,
involving more than 10% TBSA
3rd degree burn
Chemical burn
Inhalation trauma
Previous medical history
High risk burn
Child below 5 years
Need social intervention, such as
emotional and rehabilitation
D. Nose Bleed
Have the person lean forward, pinch nostrils
together until bleeding stop
E. Missing tooth
Place a rolled sterile dressing and insert it into the
space left by the missing tooth
F. Abdominal Injuries
Severe pain
Nausea and vomiting
Weakness
Thirst and signals of shock
Bruising
External bleeding
Tenderness or a tight feeling in the abdomen
Organs protruding the abdomen
G. Chest Injury
1. Ribs, Sternum, Spine
2. Protect vital organs : The heart, major
blood vessels, lungs, esophagus, trachea,
respiration muscle
3. Cause by : Motor vehicle, crashes falls,
sports mishaps, and crushing or
penetrating forces
H. Sucking Chest Wound
1. An occlusive dressing helps keep air from
entering a chest wound when person
inhales
2. Having and open corner allows air to
escape when the person exhales
I. Signals of Internal Bleeding
1. Vomiting blood or coughing up blood
2. Excessive thirst
3. Rapid weak pulse
4. Tender, swollen, bruised, or hard areas of
the body
5. Moist, pale, bluish skin
6. Injured extremity that is blue/pale
7. Altered mental state : Confused, faint,
drowsy, unconscious
Injuries to Muscles, Bones, and Joints
A. Fracture : complete break, chip, crack in a bone
B. Open Fracture : involves an open wound
C. Dislocation : movement of a bone at a joint away
from its normal position
D. Sprain: tearing of ligaments at a joint, mild sprains
my swell but usually heal quickly
E. Strain : Stretching and tearing of muscles or
tendons
F. Suspect a severe injury when :
There is pain
There is significant bruising and swelling
Significant deformity
Unable to use the affected part normally
Bone fragments sticking out of a wound
Person feels bones grating or the person
felt or heard a snap or pop at the time of
injury
The area is cold, numb, and tingly
G. When to call for emergency :
Obvious deformity
Moderate or severe swelling and
discoloration
Bones sound or feel like rubbing together
A snap or pop was head or felt at the time
of injury
There is fracture with an open wound
Injured person cannot move or use the
affected part normally
Injured area is cold and numb
 Involves the head, neck, or spine
Has trouble breathing
Cause of the injury suggest that the injury
may be severe
It is not possible to safely or comfortably
move the person to a vehicle for transport
to a hospital
H. What to do until help arrives :
Rest: Do not move or straighten the injured area
Immobilize: Stabilize the injured area in the
position it was found
Cold: Fill a plastic bag with ice and water or wrap
ice with a damp cloth and apply ice to the injured
area for periods of about 20 minutes
Elevate: Elevate the injured part only if it does not
cause more pain, may help reduce swelling.
I. Splinting :
1. Check situation
2. Call for help
3. Check airway
4. Check breathing
5. Get consent
6. Support the injured part both above and
below (Pembidaian)
7. Get splint (Rigid, Soft, Anatomical)
8. Secure bandages
9. Recheck circulation (Artery distal, CRT,
Proximal artery)
10. Artery (Radialis, Ulnaris, Branchialis,
Dorsalis Pedis)