Anchor Bolts Anchor Bolts: Projected Tension Area (1.16.

2)
Apt lb2

Placement of bolts (1.16.1)

Projected
j area reduced by
y that falling
g in an open
p cell, core, or outside
Anchor bolts grouted in place
the wall.
1/4 in. bolts permitted to be placed in 1/2 in. mortar bed joints
When projected areas overlap, projected area reduced so no portion of
Coarse grout: at least 0.5 in. grout between bolt and masonry
the masonry included more than once.
Fine grout: at least 0
0.25
25 in
in. grout between bolt and masonry
Clear distance between anchor bolts: not less than nominal diameter or 1 in.
Structural Details 1 Structural Details 2

Anchor Bolts: Groups Anchor Bolts: Groups

Approximate as
a parabola

1 t
A Y
3 2

2
Apt lb A lb t Y t
2
t
X lb
2

1
4lb t 2
2

2 2 3
When the projected areas of two or more anchors overlap, the anchors with
Y lb X
overlapping projected areas should be treated as an anchor group. The projected
areas of the anchors in the group are summed, this area is adjusted for overlapping
2011
Apt 2 X Z t lb2 sin
areas and the capacity of the anchor group is calculated using the adjusted area in
areas,
Code 180
place of Apt. t/2
2 arcsin degrees
Structural Details 3 Structural Details lb 4
 Anchor Bolts: Projected Shear Area (1.16.3)
lbe2 lbe = anchor bolt edge distance;
Apv measured in the direction of load from
2 the edge of masonry to center of the
cross section of anchor bolt. (1.16.7)
Anchor Bolts
Effective embedment length, lb (1.16.4, 1.16.5)
Plate or headed anchor bolts: length to bearing
surface
Bent bar anchor bolts: length to bearing surface of

lb
bend minus db

db
Minimum embedment length (1.16.6) eb
Minimum embedment: max{4db, 2in.}

Edge Distance, lbe (1.16.7)

Di t
Distance in
i direction
di ti off lload
d ffrom edge
d off masonry tto center
t off cross
section of anchor bolt

Structural Details 5 Structural Details 6

Anchor Bolts: Testing Anchor Bolts - Tension

Failure Mode Allowable Stress Strength (3.1.6.3.1)
2.1.4.2.1 Anchors shall be tested in accordance with ASTM E 488 under
(2.1.4.3.1)
stresses and conditions representing intended use, except that a minimum of
Masonry Bab 1.25 Apt f m
five tests shall be performed
performed. Banb 4 Apt f m 0.5
2.1.4.2.2 Allowable loads shall not exceed 20 percent of the average tested breakout
strength.
3.1.6.2.2 Anchor bolt nominal strengths used for design shall not exceed 65 Steel yielding Bas 0.60 Ab f y Bans Ab f y 0.9
percent of the average failure load from the tests.
Anchor pullout Bap 0.6 f m eb d b Banp 1.5 f m eb d b
5th-percentile
p value,, assuming
g a coefficient of variation of 20% ((0nlyy bent bar))
120 lb eb db db 300 lb eb db db
0.65

Structural Details 7 Structural Details 8

 Anchor Bolts: Tension Example Anchor Bolts: Tension Example
Given: 1/2 in. headed bolt (fy=36ksi) embedded in side of 8 in. CMU Required: Determine required embedment for J- or L-bolt with eb=2.0in.
wall; Type S mortar; assume that there are no edge effects. Solution:
Required: Embedment depth to develop tensile capacity of anchor bolt. Banp s Bans / p 6.48kips
p /0.65 9.97kips
p
S l ti
Solution: 0 20i 2
Ab=0.20in

Banp 1.5 f m eb d b 300 lb eb d b d b

Bans Ab f y Bans 0.97.2kips 6.48kips

Banb s Bans / b 6.48kips/0.5 12.96kips

Banb 4 Apt f m 12960lb 4 Apt 1500 psii

Apt lb2 83.6in 2 lb2 lb 5.16in

Use 5 in. of embedment to develop strength of bolt

Structural Details 9 Structural Details 11

Anchor Bolts - Shear

Anchor Bolts - Combined Shear and Tension
Failure Mode Allowable Stress (2.1.4.3.2) Strength (3.1.6.3.2)
Allowable Stress: (2.1.4.3.3) Strength: (3.1.6.3.3)
Masonry breakout Bvnb 4 Appv f m ba bv baf bvf
Bvb 1.25 Apv f m 1 1
0.5 Ba Bv Ban Bvn
Masonry crushing Bvc 3504 f m Ab Bvnc 10504 f m Ab
0.5
Anchor bolt pryout
Bvpry 2.0 Bab 2.5 Apt f m Bvnpry 2.0 Banb 8 Apt f m
0.5
Steel yielding Bvns 0.6 Ab f y
Bvs 0.36 Ab f y
0.9

Structural Details 13 Structural Details 14

 Anchor Bolts: Shear Example Anchor Bolts: Shear Example
Given: 1/2 in. bolt (fy=36ksi) embedded 6 inch in top center of 8 in. CMU Solution, cont:
wall; threads excluded from shear plane; Type S mortar. Apt lb2 6in 113.1in 2
2
Anchor bolt pryout: lb = 6.0 in.
Required: Shear strength of anchor bolt for out-of-plane loads.
S l ti
Solution:
Bvnpry 2.0 Banb 8 Apt f m
lbe2 3.81in 2
p y 0.535.0kips 17.5kips
Masonry breakout: lbe = 3.81 in. Apv 22.8in 2 Bvnpry
2 2
Bvnb 4 Apv f m
Steel yielding: Bvns 0.6 Ab f y
Bvnb 0.53.53kips
ki 1.77kips
ki
Bvns 0.97.2kips 6.48kips
Masonry crushing:
Design Shear Load = 1.77
1 77 kips
Bvnc 10504 f m Ab

Bvnc 0.54.37kips 2.18kips What is the allowable in

in-plane
plane shear load?

Structural Details 15 Structural Details 17

Seismic Requirements Seismic Requirements

Seismic Design Category A (1.17.4.1) Seismic Design Category C
Empirical design is acceptable 1.17.4.3.2.4 Lateral stiffness At each story level, at least 80 percent of
the lateral stiffness shall be provided by lateral-force-resisting walls.
Along each line of lateral resistance at a particular story level, at least 80
Seismic Design Category B (1.17.4.2) percent of the lateral stiffness shall be provided by lateral-force-resisting
Empirical design not allowed for lateral force resisting system walls.

1.17.4.3.2.5 Design of columns, pilasters, and beams supporting

Seismic Design Category C (1.17.4.3)
Non-participating elements (partitions, screen walls, etc.)
Isolated from the structure
Reinforced either in the horizontal or vertical direction
Horizontal: 2-W1.7 wires every 16 in. or #4 at 48 in.
Vertical: #4 at 120 in.; bar within 16 in. of end of wall
Shear walls reinforced (ordinary, intermediate, or special)
discontinuous elements Columns and pilasters that are part of the
seismic force-resisting
force resisting system and that support reactions from
discontinuous stiff elements shall be provided with transverse
reinforcement spaced at no more than one-fourth of the least nominal
dimension of the column or pilaster
pilaster. The minimum transverse
reinforcement ratio shall be 0.0015. Beams supporting reactions from
discontinuous walls shall be provided with transverse reinforcement
spaced
p at no more than one-half of the nominal depth
p of the beam. The
minimum transverse reinforcement ratio shall be 0.0015.

Structural Details 19 Structural Details 20

 Seismic Requirements Seismic Observations
Seismic Design Category D (1.17.4.4) Parapets: Quite vulnerable to
Non-participating elements (partitions, screen walls, etc.): earthquakes. One of earliest and
Isolated from the structure most successful retrofit programs
Reinforced either in the horizontal or vertical direction; spacing of vertical was to brace parapets.
reinforcing in non-participating elements reduced to 48 in.
Only special reinforced shear walls allowed
No Type N mortar or masonry cement mortar
Anchorage of walls to diaphragms:
Shear crack
Primary cause of failure of older
Seismic Design Category E an F (1.17.4.5) masonry construction is
Additional requirements for stack bond masonry inadequate anchorage of masonry
walls to roof and floors. Anchorage to
Successful retrofit has been to diaphragm
attach the walls at the diaphragm.

Pictures from Nisqually earthquake, 2001

Structural Details 21 Structural Details 22

Seismic Observations Infills

Chimneys: Isolated Infills
Quite vulnerable in earthquakes. Fail by overturning or breaking at Anchor against out-of-plane movements but unrestrained against in-
roof line. plane movements.
Successful reinforcing has been: Need sufficient gap to accommodate frame movement. Seismic drifts:
o 4-#4 vertical bars in chimneys up to 40 in. wide; add 2-#4 for o 2.5% story height (3in. for 10 ft. story), Use Group I, structures designed to
accommodate drift.
additional 40 in. or additional flue
o 2.0% story height (2.4in. for 10 ft. story), Use Group I, all other structures.
o 1/4 in.i ties
ti att 18 in.;
i two
t ties
ti att each
h bend
b d in
i vertical
ti l steel
t l o 1.0% story height (1.2in. for 10 ft. story), Use Group III, all other structures.
o 2 anchorage straps at each floor or roof level

Non isolated infills

Non-isolated
Tight infill will function structurally.
Can be primary load resisting system for older buildings.
Buildings
g in downtown LA had shaking g on order of 0.15-0.20g
g during
g
Northridge earthquake. Older buildings with unreinforced infills
experienced some damage, but remained open and usable after the
earthquake.

Structural Details 23 Structural Details 24

 Infills SERF Infill Details
Problems with Non-isolated infills ELEVATION
Infills on upper floors, with open lower floor A
Non-symmetrical infills which create torsion in building
Partial height infills which lead to premature shear failures in columns
Anchors (typ)
A
Out-of-Plane Loading
Typical
T i l erroneous assumption ti iis unreinforced
i f d masonry iinfills
fill are
vulnerable to out-of-plane failure due to
o Inadequate anchorage
o Cracking of masonry
B B
Resistance mechanism is arching; thus, significant strength after
cracking.
No anchors are needed; anchors can reduce capacity by causing
localized damage and compromising the integrity of the boundary. Reinforcing (typ)
Infills with height/thickness < 25 should have adequate out-of-plane
strength.
g

Structural Details 25 Structural Details 26

SERF Infill Details

Concrete Beam Concrete
Column CMU Wall
Embedded
Plate

Angle welded D
Dovetail
t il A
Anchor
h
to plate and
anchored to SECTION B-B
bond beam Bond
Beam

SECTION A-A

Structural Details 27