FPII

TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 3
Major Program Features ...............................................................................................3
Who We Are at WHI ....................................................................................................3
About the Interface .......................................................................................................4
Suggested Reference Books ..........................................................................................4
How to Contact Waterloo Hydrogeologic, Inc. ............................................................5
Other Products and Services by Waterloo Hydrogeologic, Inc ....................................5
Waterloo Hydrogeologic, Inc. Education and Training Services .................................6
Waterloo Hydrogeologic, Inc. Consulting Services .....................................................6
1. QUICK START ................................................................................................ 9

Hardware Requirements ...............................................................................................9
Installing Flowpath II for Windows ..........................................................................9
Starting Flowpath II for Windows ..........................................................................11
Getting Around ...........................................................................................................11
Main Window .................................................................................................11
Screen Layout .................................................................................................12
Obtaining Technical Support ......................................................................................13
Reporting a Program Error to WHI ................................................................13
2. TUTORIAL .................................................................................................... 15
Learning Objectives ....................................................................................................15
Introduction .................................................................................................................15
Problem Description ...................................................................................................15
General Site and Hydrogeologic Setting ........................................................15
Contamination Event ......................................................................................15
Well Locations and Pumping Rates ................................................................16
Hydraulic Conductivity Distribution ..............................................................16
Aquifer Bottom Elevation ...............................................................................16
Groundwater Recharge ...................................................................................16
Terms and Notations ...................................................................................................16
Starting Flowpath II for Windows 95/NT ...............................................................17
Model Input .................................................................................................................17
Generating a New Model ................................................................................17
Georeferencing .BMP (BITMAP) Base Map .................................................18
Adding Pumping Wells ...................................................................................22
Refining the Grid ............................................................................................23
Input of Boundary Conditions ........................................................................27
Input of Aquifer Properties .............................................................................33
Table of Contents i
Input of Net Groundwater Recharge ...............................................................35
Input of Observation Wells for Calibration ....................................................36
Running the Model .....................................................................................................38
Output Visualisation ...................................................................................................39
Equipotentials and Contouring Options ..........................................................40
Viewing Flow Velocities ................................................................................41
Particle Pathlines .............................................................................................42
Viewing the Calibration Graph .......................................................................44
Annotating your Graphic and Printing ............................................................46
3. INPUT ........................................................................................................... 47
Building a New Model ................................................................................................47
Importing Flowpath v.5.x Models ..............................................................................48
General Input ..............................................................................................................49
Minimum Specifications to Run a Model .......................................................49
Model Input Features ..................................................................................................49
Main Menu Toolbar Buttons ...........................................................................50
File ..................................................................................................................51
Edit ..................................................................................................................54
View ................................................................................................................57
Grid .................................................................................................................60
Wells ...............................................................................................................63
Aquifer ............................................................................................................68
Boundaries ......................................................................................................73
4. RUN .............................................................................................................. 81
Entering the Run Module ............................................................................................81
Flow Model .................................................................................................................82
Description of Solvers ....................................................................................82
IADI (Iterative Alternative Direction Implicit) Solver ...................................84
Explanation of the IADI solver parameters ....................................................84
PCG (Preconditioned Conjugate-gradient) Solver .........................................85
Explanation of the PCG solver parameters .....................................................85
Aquifer ............................................................................................................86
Aquitard ..........................................................................................................86
Global Water Balance .....................................................................................87
Particle Options ...........................................................................................................87
Particle Tracking Options ...............................................................................87
Forward Tracking ...........................................................................................88
Backward Tracking .........................................................................................88
Capture Zones .................................................................................................89
Contaminant Transport ...............................................................................................89
Explanation of Transport Simulation Methods ...............................................89
ii Table of Contents
Constant Displacement Method ......................................................................90
Explanation of the Constant Displacement Parameters ..................................90
Constant Time Method ...................................................................................91
Explanation of the Constant Time Parameters ...............................................91
Predictor-Corrector Method ............................................................................93
Explanation of the Predictor-Corrector Parameters ........................................93
Reflection ........................................................................................................94
Detailed Balance .............................................................................................95
Animate ...........................................................................................................95
5. OUTPUT ....................................................................................................... 97
Viewing Modelling Results: The Output Module ......................................................97
Entering the Output Module .......................................................................................97
Output Menu Toolbar Buttons ........................................................................98
File ............................................................................................................................100
Edit ............................................................................................................................102
Options ......................................................................................................................104
Key Output Options Explained .................................................................................106
View ..........................................................................................................................118
Results .......................................................................................................................121
Calibrate ....................................................................................................................122
Help ...........................................................................................................................122
BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................... 123
Table of Contents iii

iv Table of Contents
LICENSE AGREEMENT
Waterloo Hydrogeologic Inc. retains the ownership of this copy of the software.
This copy is licensed to you for use under the following conditions:
I. Copyright Notice
This software is protected by both Canadian copyright law and international treaty
provisions. Therefore, you must treat this software JUST LIKE A BOOK, with the
following single exception. Waterloo Hydrogeologic Inc. authorises you to make
archive copies of the software for the sole purpose of backing-up our software and
protecting your investment from loss.
By saying "JUST LIKE A BOOK", Waterloo Hydrogeologic Inc. means, for
example, that this software may be used by any number of people and may be freely
moved from one computer location to another, so long as there is NO
POSSIBILITY of it being used at one location while it is being used at another. Just
like a book can't be read by two different people in two different places at the same
time.
Specifically, you may not distribute, rent, sub-license, or lease the software or
documentation; alter, modify, or adapt the software or documentation, including,
but not limited to, translating, decompiling, disassembling, or creating derivative
works without the prior written consent of Waterloo Hydrogeologic Inc.. The
provided software and documentation contain trade secrets and it is agreed by the
licensee that these trade secrets will not be disclosed to non-licensed persons
without written consent of Waterloo Hydrogeologic Inc..
II. Warranty
Waterloo Hydrogeologic Inc. warrants that, under normal use, the material of the
magnetic diskettes and the documentation will be free of defects in materials and
workmanship for a period of 30 days from the date of purchase. In the event of
notification of defects in material or workmanship, Waterloo Hydrogeologic Inc.
will replace the defective diskettes or documentation.
The remedy for breach of this warranty shall be limited to replacement and shall not
encompass any other damages, including but not limited to loss of profit, and
special, incidental, consequential, or other similar claims.
III. Disclaimer
Except as specifically provided above, neither the developer(s) of this software nor
any person or organisation acting on behalf of him (them) makes any warranty,
express or implied, with respect to this software. In no event will Waterloo
Hydrogeologic Inc. assume any liabilities with respect to the use, or misuse, of this
software, or the interpretation, or misinterpretation, of any results obtained from this
software, or for direct, indirect, special, incidental, or consequential damages
resulting from the use of this software.
Specifically, Waterloo Hydrogeologic Inc. is not responsible for any costs
including, but not limited to, those incurred as a result of lost profits or revenue, loss
1
of use of the computer program, loss of data, the costs of recovering such programs
or data, the cost of any substitute program, claims by third parties, or for other
similar costs. In no case shall Waterloo Hydrogeologic Inc.'s liability exceed the
amount of the license fee.
IV. Infringement Protection
Waterloo Hydrogeologic Inc. is the sole owner of this software. Waterloo
Hydrogeologic Inc. warrants that neither the software and documentation nor any
component, including elements provided by others and incorporated into the
software and documentation, infringes upon or violates any patent, trademark,
copyright, trade secret, or other proprietary right.
Royalties or other charges for any patent, trademark, copyright, trade secret or other
proprietary information to be used in the software and documentation shall be
considered as included in the contract price.
V. Governing Law
This license agreement shall be construed, interpreted, and governed by the laws of
the Province of Ontario, Canada, and the United States. Any terms or conditions of
this agreement found to be unenforceable, illegal, or contrary to public policy in any
jurisdiction will be deleted, but will not affect the remaining terms and conditions of
the agreement.
VI. Entire Agreement
This agreement constitutes the entire agreement between you and Waterloo
Hydrogeologic Inc..
2
INTRODUCTION
Flowpath II Version 1.0 for Windows 95 or NT (Flowpath II for Windows) is a
complete two-dimensional, finite difference, groundwater flow, pathline, and
contaminant transport modeling package. Flowpath II for Windows is the latest
version of the well known FLOWPATH model, developed by Waterloo
Hydrogeologic, Inc. in the late 1980s.
This latest version was designed to incorporate many new and powerful features,
and takes full advantage of the flexible graphical nature of Microsoft Windows.
It was created with the novice modeler in mind, however its versatile features
should appeal to even the most experienced modeler.
Major Program Features

Flowpath II for Windows supports the following features:
the simulation of leaky, confined, and unconfined aquifers of anisotropic
and heterogeneous porous media;
the simulation of variable aquifer thickness, irregularly distributed
recharge, placement of multiple wells (pumping, injection, or
observation), and irregularly shaped model domain;
the import of raster imagery (e.g., Windows BITMAPS) for use as a
background for your model and full georeferencing of imported images
with easy-to-use mapping tools build into Flowpath II for Windows.
Also supports the import of AutoCAD (.DXF), and MapInfo (.MIF)
drawing and image files.
the simulation of solute transport with two-dimensional dispersivity,
diffusion, first-order biological-radioactive decay, and retardation.
This flexibility greatly overcomes the limitations inherent in analytical models such
as WHAEM, WinFLOW, QuickFLOW and TWODAN, and allows you to create a
model that more closely simulates actual site conditions.
Two-dimensional groundwater flow models are very useful in simulating
challenging hydrogeological systems without the complexity of three-dimensional
models. As is inherent with all two-dimensional models, Flowpath II for
Windows application is restricted to hydrogeological problems with vertically
simple hydrogeological systems.
Who We Are at WHI

WHI is an international software development and consulting firm, owned and
operated by experienced hydrogeologists and professional engineers. Founded in
1989, WHI has become a world leader in developing intuitive and powerful
modeling software for the groundwater community. It is recognised in more than
Major Program Features 3

140 countries for providing superior software products and technical support to its
customers.
WHIs models undergo extensive testing prior to public release and are
acknowledged by major regulatory agencies, such as the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency. This type of recognition is invaluable in helping our customers
to establish the credibility of modeling software and results to regulatory agencies,
clients, and the public.
About the Interface

The Flowpath II for Windows graphical interface is designed for fast and efficient
building of two-dimensional groundwater flow models. This easy-to-use interface
replaces time consuming data entry via keyboarding and spreadsheets with an
interactive graphical environment for building the model grid, inputting the model
parameters, and viewing the results.
The interface is logically divided into three modules, the Input, Run, and Output.
When you open or create a modeling project, you will be able to easily switch
between these modules to specify the aquifer characteristics and boundary
conditions, run the simulations, and visualize the results all from the same program.
This eliminates the need for separate post-processing programs to interpret your
modeling results and display them graphically.
The Input Module allows you to graphically assign all the necessary input
parameters for building a two-dimensional groundwater flow model. Input menus
are arranged in a logical order to help guide you through the steps necessary to
design a groundwater flow model.
The Run Module allows you to choose which numerical solvers to use and specify
the model convergence criteria.
In the Output Module, you can display and print all of the modeling results.
Moreover, the program's flexible designs allow you to customize the presentation of
modeling results and prepare high-quality graphics suitable for direct inclusion in
technical and other reports. For each model simulation, the program can create a
graph of the observed versus calculated hydraulic heads, or you can display
contours of model residuals to help calibrating your groundwater flow model and
establish its validity.
Suggested Reference Books

The following is a list of references, which outline hydrogeology theory and
applications.
Applied Ground Water Modeling: Simulation of Flow and Advective
Transport, Anderson, M.D. and W.W. Woessner, 1992.
4 Introduction
Physical and Chemical Hydrogeology, Domenico, P.A. and F.W Schwartz,
1998.
Applied Hydrogeology; 3rd edition, Fetter, C.W. Jr., 1994.

Practical Applications of Groundwater Models, National Ground Water
Association, published Bi-Annually.
ASTM Standard on Analysis of Hydrological Parameters and Ground
Water Modeling, ASTM, 1996.
How to Contact Waterloo Hydrogeologic, Inc.

If, after reading this manual and using Flowpath II for Windows, you would like
to contact Waterloo Hydrogeologic, Inc. with comments, suggestions, or if you need
assistance, you can reach the authors of this software and the technical support team
at the address below:
Waterloo Hydrogeologic, Inc.
180 Columbia Street West - Unit 1104
Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3L3
CANADA
Phone+1 519 746 1798

Fax+1 519 885 5262
Email (General): whs@flowpath.com

World Wide Web: www.flowpath.com
Our technical support hours are 1:30 p.m. to 4:30 p.m. (Eastern Standard Time),
Monday to Friday. To help us solve your problem as quickly as possible, please read
the Obtaining Technical Support Section at the end of Chapter 1.
Other Products and Services by Waterloo Hydrogeologic, Inc

Visual MODFLOW for Windows 95/NT
A pre- and post- processor for MODFLOW, MODPATH and MT3D. A complete
package for the visualisation of model input and simulation results. The largest
time-saving breakthrough for rigorous, three-dimensional ground water modeling
since the release of MODFLOW.
FLONET/TRANS
A powerful yet easy-to-use two dimensional, steady-state groundwater flow and
transient contaminant transport model. Calculates and displays equipotential
distribution, streamlines, flow nets, velocity vectors, and temporal graphs of
concentration at multiple observation points.
How to Contact Waterloo Hydrogeologic, Inc. 5
AIRFLOW/SVE
The only comprehensive soil-vapour extraction model to simulate the coupled
process of soil-vapour flow and multi-component vapour transport in the
unsaturated zone.
PRINCE
A compilation of the 10 Princeton Analytical Models which include 7 mass
transport models (one-, two-, and three-dimensional) and 3 two-dimensional flow
models.
AquiferTest for Windows

An easy-to-use, graphically oriented package for estimating transmissivity,
hydraulic conductivity and storage properties for a variety of aquifer types. The
program contains analytical solutions for pumping and slug test for confined,
unconfined, leaky confined aquifers, and fracture flow.
Visual Groundwater
The first software package to combine sophisticated graphical technology for 3-D
visualisation and animation capabilities with an easy-to-use graphical interface
designed specifically for environmental project applications.
Waterloo Hydrogeologic, Inc. Education and Training Services

Waterloo Hydrogeologic, Inc. offers a broad range of effective groundwater
modeling training courses to help you succeed. All courses are taught by
experienced hydrogeologists and are designed to meet the specific needs of our
clients.
Courses are offered world-wide and are typically 3 to 7 days in duration, depending
on course content requirements. WHI modeling courses emphasise how to set up a
proper groundwater model (grid design, boundary conditions), the interpretation and
validation of results (calibration, prediction), and extensive coverage of the
mechanics of using our groundwater models.
To receive the latest schedule of courses in your region, or to discuss your specific
training needs, contact Waterloo Hydrogeologic, Inc.s Training Co-ordinator at the
address listed above or via the Internet at training@flowpath.com.
Waterloo Hydrogeologic, Inc. Consulting Services

Waterloo Hydrogeologic, Inc. offers expert consulting and reviewing services for
numerical modeling projects. For further information, please contact the Consulting
Services Manager at the address listed above or via the Internet at
consulting@flowpath.com.
6 Introduction
In response to tremendous demand from our customers, WHI now offers Extended
Modeling Support. This program provides customers with expert advice on all the
steps required to build and run a model successfully. Contact WHI for current fees
and program details.
Waterloo Hydrogeologic, Inc. Consulting Services 7

8 Introduction
1
QUICK START
This chapter presents information on:
the necessary hardware requirements;
installation; and
procedures for running Flowpath II for Windows.
Hardware Requirements
To run Flowpath II for Windows, you will need the following minimum system
configuration:
486 DX or Pentium (recommended) computer
16 Mbytes of RAM
A high-density (1.44 Mbytes), 3 floppy drive for software installation;
A hard drive, with at least 40 Mbytes free;
A VGA graphics card and a suitable monitor;
A Microsoft or compatible mouse;
Windows 95 or NT operating system
Installing Flowpath II for Windows

Flowpath II for Windows must be installed on your hard disk for it to run. Please
Important: Write read the Hardware Requirements section at the beginning of this chapter to ensure
protection must be that your system meets the minimum requirements for running Flowpath II for
disabled from the Windows before continuing with the installation.
installation diskettes. The installation procedure presented here assumes that Flowpath II for Windows
this means that the will be installed from drive A: (source drive) to drive C: (destination drive). The
"write-protection tab" default installation directory is \Flowpath, however, you will have an opportunity to
located on the back of modify the destination drive and directory during the program setup.
the diskettes must be
pushed down to cover If any major changes have been made to the program since this Users Guide was
the square hole. written, a readme.txt file will be placed in the \Flowpath directory during setup
describing the changes.
To install Flowpath II for Windows in the Windows 95 or Windows NT
environment, follow these steps:
Hardware Requirements 9
1) Insert disk #1 into your 3 disk drive;
2) To run the Install Program, click Start from the lower toolbar, then click Run;
3) In the Run dialogue box, type A:\Setup.exe;
4) Click [OK]; this will start the Flowpath II for Windows installation process.
After a few seconds, you will see the Welcome dialogue box, shown below.
To continue the installation,

5) Click [Next];
6) The Software License Agreement should now be displayed; if you agree with
the terms and conditions of use, click [Yes] to continue the installation;
7) In the User Information dialogue box, type your name and company
information, and then click [Next];
8) Specify the destination drive where you would like Flowpath II for Windows
to be installed. Click [Next] to accept the default location; or click the
[Browse] button to navigate to the directory where Flowpath II for
Windows is to be installed. You can enter a new path and directory and the
installation program will create it for you automatically;
9) Now, choose the set-up or installation type you want, e.g., typical, compact, or
custom. For most people, the typical installation is sufficient; click [Next];
10) Specify a program folder in which the Flowpath II for Windows icon is to be
placed, or click [Next] to accept the default specifications;\
10 Chapter 1 - Quick Start

11) Check to ensure that your user information and destination drive are correct,
and click [Next] to begin the installation of the Flowpath II for Windows files;
12) After the installation process is completed, click [Finish].
Starting Flowpath II for Windows

To start Flowpath II for Windows, follow the Windows 95/NT installation procedure
provided in the previous section.
Then simply double-click the Flowpath II for Windows icon in the WHI Program
group.
Getting Around
The integrated environment in Flowpath II for Windows is logically separated into
an introductory Main window, through which you can access the two program
modules and Help.
Through the Input Module, you will define your model and specify aquifer
characteristics. After running your model, you can view your results and customise
the presentation of maps and graphs in the Output Module.
Main Window
The Main Window contains the following menu options:
File: Select a file utility or exit Flowpath II for Windows

Input: Go to the Input Module to modify the current Flowpath II
for Windows data set
Output: Go to Output Module to view or post-process results from
flow simulations
Help: Open the Help and search for general information on
Flowpath II for Windows
Properties: Display system information, Flowpath II for Windows
version, and serial number
Starting Flowpath II for Windows 11

Screen Layout
After opening a Flowpath II for Windows modeling file, and selecting either
Input or Output, a window similar to the one shown below will appear.
In Chapter 2: Tutorial, you will learn the basic steps necessary to navigate the
program and apply many of the key options to build and run your model
successfully.
Top Menu Bar

Top Toolbar
Toolbars
Status Bar Co-ordinate Area
Top Menu Bar: Displays main options for that window.

Top Toolbar: Displays shortcut buttons for common Module
options.
Left and Right Toolbar: Contains shortcut buttons particular to the
Input or Output module
Status Bar: Displays button type when mouse pointer is
moved over button.
Co-ordinates Area: Shows the current location of the mouse
pointer in real-world co-ordinates or local co-
ordinates, plus the value of the selected
parameter.

Obtaining Technical Support
If you have any difficulties with Flowpath for Windows, please feel free to
contact Waterloo Hydrogeologic, Inc. We provide free, unlimited technical support
to registered users of Flowpath II for Windows. Our address can be found in the
Introduction. Generally, we reply to all technical support questions within one
business day, however please allow up to two business days for a response.
In addition to a brief description of your problem, on all correspondence please
provide your:
name,
company and office,
telephone and fax numbers,
email address (if you have one),
software serial number,
version number of your program copy.
The version number can be found in About under Help in the Main, Input and
Output windows.
Reporting a Program Error to WHI

If your question is a "How do I ... ?" type, the above information is generally
sufficient. However, if you are reporting a program error or bug (especially one
that causes a system crash) or are having technical problems with the program,
please provide the following additional information:
a list of your current hardware setup,
what kind of operating system you are using (Windows 95 or NT),
the amount of RAM that you have on your system,
the amount of free hard disk space remaining on your machine, and
a detailed description of when and how the problem occurs.
Obtaining Technical Support 13

2
TUTORIAL
Learning Objectives
To examine some of the input and post-processing features and
capabilities of Flowpath II for Windows
To run the numerical simulations for this problem
To evaluate the output visualization features for the sample model results
Introduction
This demonstration tutorial guides you through some of the steps necessary to
design and run, and then visualise the results of a model using Waterloo
Hydrogeologic, Inc.s Flowpath II for Windows.
Problem Description
This example simulates a regional aquifer for predicting the impact of a solute spill
on two municipal water supply wells. To evaluate the validity of the model results,
you will compare the hydraulic heads calculated by the model, to observed
groundwater levels measured in monitoring wells completed in the aquifer.
General Site and Hydrogeologic Setting

The study area encompasses an industrial subdivision, agricultural land and fish
hatcheries. A river and several creeks provide surface water drainage.
The unconfined aquifer is comprised of Quaternary sands, and is underlain by
relatively impermeable bedrock. Bedrock outcrops occur in the northwest and
northeast corners and along the southern edge of the study area. Water-level
measurements show that groundwater flow in the aquifer is from the north to the
east, but there is also a flow component from the west to the east.
Contamination Event
A chemical spill has occurred at a plant in the industrial subdivision and two
municipal supply wells are potentially at risk due to the spill. The wells are located
at a distance of 3000 ft and 6000 ft down gradient from the spill site.
Learning Objectives 15
Well Locations and Pumping Rates
Two municipal wells are pumping from the surficial aquifer in the study area. PW-
1 is located at (x = 5330, y = 2200) and pumps at a rate of 300,000 cubic feet per day
(ft3/day) and PW-2 is located at (x = 8040, y = 3840) and pumps at 500,000 ft3/day.
During the tutorial, you will learn to refine the modeling grid around these critical
locations to improve the finite difference simulation.
Hydraulic Conductivity Distribution

The hydraulic conductivity varies across the study area. Most of the area is
underlain by a medium-grained, homogenous, and isotropic sand with a lateral
hydraulic conductivity of 250 feet per day (ft/day). However, toward the southwest,
the deposits grade into an area of finer-grained, fluvial deposits of silts and fine
sands. Based on the results of pumping test analyses, these finer-grained deposits
have hydraulic conductivities of 200 and 150 ft/day. The effective porosity across
the site is assumed to be a uniform 25 per cent.
Aquifer Bottom Elevation

Based on the analysis of soil boring logs from the area, the aquifer bottom is located
at an average elevation of 170 feet above mean sea level, and is horizontal across the
study area,.
Groundwater Recharge
The average groundwater recharge is 10 inches/yr (0.0023 ft/d).
Terms and Notations

For this exercise, the following terms and notations will be used:
type - type in the given word or value
select - click the left mouse button where indicated
- press the <Enter> key
- press the <Tab> key to toggle between input boxes
) - click the left mouse button where indicated
)) - double-click the left mouse button where indicated
The bold faced type indicates menu or window items to click on or values
to type in.
[.] denotes a button to click on, either in a window, or in the side or
bottom menu bars.
16 Chapter 2 - Tutorial
File names to be entered are shown in the Courier font.
The icons to the left of instructions indicate that the icon performs the same
actions as or is involved in the written instructions.
Starting Flowpath II for Windows 95/NT

To start Flowpath II for Windows, simply double-click the Flowpath II program
icon located on the Windows 95 Desktop. Now, you should be at the opening
screen of Flopath II for Windows.
Model Input
Your first step in building a model is to create a new modeling project file.
Generating a New Model

To create a new model,
) File
) New Model
The Create New Project dialogue box should be displayed with the insertion point
in the Project Name field
In the Project Name box:

type: Demo
(Flowpath II for Windows will automatically assign a .PRJ extension onto the end
of the filename, although this does not appear on the screen.)
Under Define model region

) with base map
In the Map File section:

) [Browse]
A file selection dialogue box will appear prompting you to select a map file.
) demo.bmp1
Starting Flowpath II for Windows 95/NT 17

In the Units section, choose the units which are appropriate for this project. In this
case,
) ft (Length)
) ft/day (Conductivity)
) ft3/day (Pumping rate)
) day (Time)
) ft/day (Rech./Leakage)
) ft3/ft2/day (Flux rate)
) [Create]
The map file, demo.bmp will appear in the Select Model Region dialogue box.
Georeferencing .BMP (BITMAP) Base Map

Many raster images, such as the Windows BITMAP, do not contain geographic
control information. The base map which was scanned does not contain geographic
control information and therefore must be georeferenced1. To georeference the
map, you will use the X and Y co-ordinates of two wells within the study area with
known co-ordinates. These georeference control points are shown in the figure
below.
After you have georeferenced your BITMAP, and defined the project area,
Flowpath II will create a new, georeferenced and resized .bmp map image for
your modelling project. Although in this exercise you are using a black and white
.bmp map image, Flowpath II for Windows allows you to use any .bmp file, e.g.,
scanned colour aerial photographs and topographic maps, digital satellite and high
altitude images.
1. Early distribution versions of Flowpath II for Windows did not include the Demo.bmp bitmap
image file. If you do not have this file in your Flowpath II for Windows directory, choose the
Demo.dxf file instead. If you are using the Demo.dxf file, after completing the Units section (see
above), then proceed to the Start Point and Grid Co-ordinate section. Please contact WHI if you
would like to download the Demo.bmp file from the company's FTP site.
1. The establishment of a co-ordinate system with which the location of a point may be identified.
Georeference Control Point 1 Georeference Control Point 2
To assign the georeference co-ordinates to the bitmap, use the following procedure:
The Set Georeference Point option is activated automatically whenever you
are initially loading a raster image which does not contain georeference information.
Bring the mouse pointer into the Demo.bmp display area. Notice that the mouse
pointer is transformed to a square with cross hair. This is the graphical Set
Georeference Point tool. Carefully position this tool directly over the
Georeference Control Point 1 (see above figure) and left-click. The X1, Y1 boxes
turn red when you click to select the georeference point.
In the Georeference Point text box located in the upper right corner of the Select
Model Region window, enter the following:
X1 Georef.2017.34
Y1 Georef.1555.45
To accept these co-ordinates for georeference Control Point 1,
Model Input 19
Notice that a red star now appears over the control point.
Next, using the mouse again, position the georeferencing tool over georeference
Control Point 2 and left-click.
In the Georeference Point text box located in the upper right corner of the Select
Model Region window, enter the following:
X2 Georef.5280.83
Y2 Georef.2211.11
To accept these co-ordinates for georeference Control Point 2,

You should now see a rectangle overlaying the Demo.bmp base map. This flexible
map tool, known as the Select Model Domain Rectangle, allows you to select only
the portion of the bitmap which is of interest for your particular project.
To define the model domain,

) Resize Region Button(from the left tool bar)
Using the mouse pointer, left-click and drag the corners of the Select Model
Domain Rectangle until your base map image appears similar to the one shown
below.
After you have defined the model domain, under Start Point and Grid Co-
ordinates on the right of the Select Model Region dialogue box, check that the
numbers listed correspond to the following list. If they are different, change them to
match the following list.
X: -50
Y: 0
Angle: 0
X1: 0
Y1: 0
X2: 9000
Y2: 6000
Next, specify the number of rows and columns for the finite difference model grid:
)) NRows 50 (the lower right corner)
)) NColumns 60
To see the grid,

) Show Grid (in the lower right corner)
Model Input 21
When you are finished,
) [OK] (bottom of Select Model Region dialogue box)
In the Save BMP dialogue box which appears, enter the following image file name:
Demonew
) [Save] (to create a new georeferenced bitmap file)
Flowpath II for Windows will open the Input Module and display the new base
map and model grid. The base map and model grid should appear similar to the ones
shown in the following.
Adding Pumping Wells

Next, you need to add the two municipal wells to the model. To add pumping wells,
) Wells (from the Main menu)
) Add Well, and choose Pumping Well
The Save Data dialogue box will appear.
Unless you choose otherwise, Flopath II for Windows will prompt you to save your
work every time you change options or modules.
To make Flopath II for Windows save all your work as you do it, choose the
following options under Save Mode,
) Save automatically
) [Save]
With the left mouse button, click anywhere in the model area. A Pumping Well
Parameters dialogue box will appear.
Double-click in the box to the right of X and enter the following:

X: 5330
Y: 2200
Q: 300000
Name:PW-1
) [OK]
Next, left-click anywhere in the model domain, and type the following information
in the Pumping Well Parameters dialogue box which appears:
X: 8040
Y: 3840
Q: 500000
Name:PW-2
) [OK]
Refining the Grid

To better represent the areas around the wells, you should refine the grid in these
areas. To do this, you will need to know the x-y co-ordinates to add grid lines. It is
Model Input 23
possible to display either the local co-ordinate or world co-ordinate location of your
mouse pointer in the model domain.
) Tools (from the top menu bar)
) Inspect
In the Inspect Properties dialogue box which appears, under Show mouse co-
ordinate,
) Local Co-ordinate System
Under Inspect, make sure the Visible check box is checked.

) [OK]
In the Input Module window, the status bar should now display the local co-
ordinate location of your mouse pointer as it is moved in the model domain.
You need to zoom in so that you can refine the grid around the two pumping wells.
) (Zoom-in button from the top tool bar)

Now move the mouse pointer to approximately, X=4500 and Y=4500, and left click
and drag open a window that encompasses the two wells. Release the mouse button.
Your display should look like the following figure:
To refine the horizontal gridlines,
) Grid (from the top menu bar)
You are now in the Grid options of Flowpath II for Windows.

) Row
) Mark Rows
1) We will mark grid lines and then refine them by a factor of two around the
wells.
2) Left-click on a grid line 4 lines above the southernmost well and then on a
grid line 4 lines below this well. A Select Operation dialogue box will
appear, ) [x2 Refine]
3) Repeat these steps to refine the grid around the other well to the north.
4) Next, refine the grid immediately near the well. Right-click anywhere on the
model domain.
The Refine/Coarsen Rows dialogue box will appear.
Type the following,

Y from =2100
Y to =2300
) [x2 Refine]
Additional grid lines will be added between the co-ordinates specified.
Now, refine the grid for the northerly well following the same procedures. Type the
following,
Y from =3750
Y to =3950
) [x2 Refine]
Your model should now resemble the following figure.
Model Input 25
Now refine the gridlines in the vertical direction.
) Grid (from the top menu bar)
) Column
) Mark Columns
Use the same procedure as you used for the rows. First, mark the gridlines to right
and left of both wells and refine by a factor of two. Then right-click anywhere in
the model domain and refine further between the following co-ordinates.
Xfrom:7950 Xto: 8150
Xfrom:5200 Xto: 5500
The final grid should look like that below.
To see the whole model domain,
) View (Zoom-out from the top menu bar)
) Zoom Out
Input of Boundary Conditions

As previously stated, bedrock outcrops are located along the northwest, northeast
and southern model boundaries. These boundary segments are assumed to be
impermeable and will be designated as inactive regions, (i.e., no flow boundaries,)
in the model. Areas of surface water and of groundwater flow which contribute
water to the groundwater flow system will be designated as constant head
boundaries.
Inactive Regions
You will now refine the model boundaries by eliminating areas that do not
contribute to groundwater flow. You do this by assigning inactive cells. An inactive
cell does not contribute or receive flow in the model.
To assign an inactive region:

) Aquifer (from the top menu bar)
) Inactive Zone
From the toolbar on the left side of the screen,
Model Input 27
) Draw Polygon (draw polygon function)
This graphical tool will allow you to digitise polygons around inactive regions that
do not contribute to groundwater flow. Move the mouse pointer to the top left
corner of the model grid and left-click once to anchor the polygon. Move the mouse
pointer down approximately 33 cells (Y=2700) and click again.
Getting Results Tips! Defining Inactive Regions

If the mouse pointer reverts to the arrow from a cross
hair, your polygon will close prematurely. If this
occurs, position the mouse pointer over the poorly
defined inactive region, and right click. From the
context sensitive menu that appears, click Erase, then
[OK] to remove the inactive region. Procedd with
defining the inactive region as before.
Inactive Regions
Continue this procedure until you have digitized inactive regions similar to those
shaded regions shown in the figure above. Right-click to close the polygon. Repeat
this procedure along the northwest, northeast, and southern boundaries using the
diagram and the solid black lines on your background map as your guides.
You may want to turn the grid off so you can see the map more clearly. To do so,
) View
) Grid
Constant Head Boundaries

The next step is to assign constant head boundaries along the western, eastern, and
northern sides of the model domain, as shown in the figure below.
) Boundaries (from the top menu bar )
A drop-down menu will appear listing all of the available Flowpath II for
Windows boundary conditions that you can assign to your model.
) Constant Head
The Constant Head toolbar will be displayed on the left of the window that you
will use to graphically assign constant head boundary conditions as lines, polygons
or windows. To assign a constant head boundary along the western boundary of the
model domain, using the Draw Line tool,
) Assign Line (from the left tool bar)
Model Input 29
Move the mouse pointer to the top of the active western boundary (x = 0, y = 2650)
and click once to anchor the line.
Then move the mouse pointer to the bottom left corner and right-click to close the
line. The cells corresponding to the line will be shaded pink, indicating they will be
assigned a constant head boundary condition.
A Constant Head Boundary dialogue box will appear prompting you to enter the
required constant head information.
The water balance code is used to keep track of assigned boundary conditions for
water balance calculations and is automatically set to one.
Constant Head from:256
Water Balance Code:1
) [OK]
The constant head line should now be red.
Now move the mouse pointer to the eastern boundary. Click at the top of the
boundary (y = 4200) to anchor the line. Move the mouse pointer to the bottom right
corner and right-click to close the line. In the Constant Head dialogue box,
Constant Head from:241
Water Balance Code:2
) [OK]
When you finish inputting the constant head on the eastern boundary, move to the
northern boundary. At the northern boundary assign a constant head of 255 feet and
a water balance code of 3.
River Boundaries
We will now simulate the river that runs from west to east across the site from a
surface water elevation of 255 feet in the west to 235 feet in the east.
) Boundaries (from the top menu bar )
) Lake/River
From the side toolbar, choose the Draw Line option,

) Assign Line (from the side button bar)
You will now digitise a line to represent the river. Left-click at x = 0, y = 2500.
Following the outline of the river on your .bmp base map, digitise the length of the
main river channel. Left-click at every change in the rivers course, and at the end
of the river (x = 9000, y = 2100), right-click to close the line.
The Lake/River Boundary dialogue box will appear prompting you to enter the
Lake/River information.
By default, Flowpath II for Windows assumes each surface water node will be
identical (uniform scheme). For this model, however, the values of the nodes will
change as you move along the constant head node.
Model Input 31
In the physical system, this means the water level elevation (head) along the length
of the river is not constant, and varies due to a change in surface elevation along the
river's course. Flowpath II for Windows uses linear interpolation along the river's
course to determine the variable head values using the beginning and ending head
elevation values you specify.
) Linear
Double-click in the box to the right of Water Surface from: and enter the
following information:
Water Surface from: 255
Water Surface to: 235
Elevation of the Lake/River bed from: 250
Elevation of the Lake/River bed to: 230
Leakage factor from: 0.1
Leakage factor to: 0.1
Water Balance Code: 4
Under the Appearance tab,

) Contour
Increase the Thickness to 7
) [OK]
You should now turn the display of the model grid back on. This time use the
Overlay Control which allows you to turn various element overlays on and off at
once or to rearrange the overlay order.
) View (from the top menu bar)
) Overlay Control
)) Grid
If you click on the Order tab, you can change the order in which the overlays are
displayed.
) [OK]
Now the grid should be visible. Next, you assign the aquifer hydraulic
conductivities and porosity.
Input of Aquifer Properties

From the top menu,
) Aquifer
) Conductivity
By default, the hydraulic conductivity of the entire model (Property 1) is set to 0.
Double-click in the box to the right of Kxx and enter the following,
Kxx 250
Kyy 250
) [OK]
Model Input 33
In the southwestern (lower left) corner of the study area, the unconsolidated deposits
are less permeable, with Kx = Ky between 200 ft/day and 150 ft/day. You will now
redefine the conductivity values in these regions, use the following figure as a guide.
) Draw Rectangle (from the left toolbar)
Move the mouse pointer to around x = 4500, y = 2500, click and drag a rectangular
area while moving the mouse pointer to the model origin (0,0); and release the
mouse button. In the Hydraulic Conductivity property dialogue box that appears,
Kxx 200
Kyy 200
) [OK]
Now define the second low-permeability area. Left-click at about x = 2000, y =

2000 in the model domain to anchor the selected area. Then release the mouse
button at the origin (0,0) to close the window.
In the Hydraulic Conductivity property dialogue box that appears,
) [New]
Kxx 150
Kyy 150
) [OK]
To enter the aquifer porosity

) Aquifer (from the top menu bar)
) Porosity
In the dialogue box that appears,

Porosity:0.25
) [OK]
To enter the elevation of the bottom of the aquifer,

) Aquifer, (from the top menu bar)
choose Elevation
) Bottom
In the Elevation Bottom Property dialogue box that appears, type the following
value
Elevation Bot.170
) [OK]
Since the aquifer is unconfined it is not necessary to input the elevation of the top of
the aquifer.
Input of Net Groundwater Recharge

From the top menu,
) Boundaries
) Recharge
Model Input 35
Assume that the net groundwater recharge (infiltration minus evapotranspiration) is
uniform for the entire aquifer at a value of 10 inches/year (2E-3 ft/d). Enter the
following in the Aquifer Recharge boundary dialogue box:
Infiltration (In:+): 2E-3
Evaporation (Ev:-): 0.0
) [OK]
You have completed inputting all of the aquifer boundary and flow properties.
Input of Observation Wells for Calibration

Every groundwater flow model must be calibrated to ensure that it is a reasonable
representation of the actual flow conditions in the aquifer. One of the most common
means of calibration is to compare the water levels measured at observation wells in
the field to the calculated water levels for those points in the model. In this way,
you can assess the validity of your modelling results and establish the models
credibility as a predictive tool.
Adding an observation well is very similar to adding a pumping well, as in Section

2.
) Wells (from the top menu bar)
choose Add Well, then
) Observation Well
Left-click anywhere on the model domain and the Observation Well Parameters
dialogue box will appear. Type the following,
Well #:1
Xw: 2089
Yw: 3000
Hw: 250.0
Name:OW-1
) [OK]
Repeat this procedure four more times to add the remaining 4 wells based on the
data in the following table
Name Xco-ordinate Yco-ordinate Observed Head

Xw Yw Hw
OW-1 2089 3000 250.0
OW-2 2089 1554 250.1
OW-3 5035 2250 237.2
OW-4 7669 3161 235.2
OW-5 4982 4071 244.8
The following figure shows you where your wells should now be located.
Model Input 37
Running the Model
Having constructed your model domain, specified aquifer flow properties and
constant head boundaries, and placed pumping and observation wells in your model,
you are now ready to setup and run the numerical solver
) File (from the top menu bar)
) Run
The Change options, Run solvers dialogue box should be displayed. Switch to the
Flow Tab and select the following options,
) PCG
) unconfined
) non-leaky
The default convergence parameters for the numerical solver will be sufficient for
this simulation.
Next, on the Models tab, under Choose Models to Run, click to select the Flow
Model, and Particle Tracking options.
To run the model,

) [Run Model] (from the bottom of the dialogue box)
As the model runs, the iterations and residuals are shown in the right window and a
plot of the residuals (shown below) is shown on the left.
When the solver is finished, the iterations stop and you can look at the report of the
iterations and their residuals by using the scroll bar. To reach the Output Module,
) [Close]
) [Yes] (to save the options for the next run)
You are now in the Output Module.
Output Visualisation
The graphical output features of Flowpath II for Windows have been carefully
designed to allow you to visually analyse your modelling results. You can select
just the right combination of output features to create project-specific maps and
graphs.
Output Visualisation 39
Equipotentials and Contouring Options
By default, the head equipotential contours are displayed upon entering the Output
Module. To modify the display of head equipotentials, you must first activate the
Head options layer.
From the Output Module toolbar(top of window)

)
The Equipotential and Contouring layer is now active. A tool bar list is now
displayed on the left of the window, which will be used to add and delete contour
lines, as well as, move or erase contour labels.
) (from the left toolbar)
Now left-click where you would like to insert a contour line.

To move a contour label,
) (from the left toolbar)
Click any contour and the closest label will be moved to the current position of your
mouse.
Flowpath II for Windows can generate a cross-section of the head equipotentials.

To see a cross-section of your head values,
) View
) X-section
Move your mouse pointer into the model domain and a purple line will appear
showing where the cross-section will be drawn. Left-click anywhere in the model
domain and the Cross-section window will appear (shown below).
You can change the Graphic Settings, such as colours, location of the cross-section,
or the line style, by choosing
) View
) Property
Change the settings as you wish and when you are finished
) [Close] (to exit the Graphic Settings screen)
) [Close] (to exit the cross-section mode)
Viewing Flow Velocities

To confirm the trends you have interpreted from the heads contours and colour
shading, you can display the flow velocities. The flow velocities can be viewed
either as vectors (showing magnitude and direction) or as a colour shading map. To
activate these options,
) Options (in the Output Module menu)
) Velocities
On the Velocity Settings dialogue box which appears, on the Vector Control tab,
click the Vectors Visible box to display velocity vectors on your model. Change
the # vectors per Grid direction so that they do not overlap.
Type: 40
The vectors are plotted all in one colour, which can be changed by clicking [Vector
colour] and choosing an appropriate colour. There is also a colour shading option,
which shades the vectors based on their magnitude.
) [OK]
To better view the velocity vectors, turn off the head contouring overlay:
) View
) Overlay Control
Under the Overlay tab,

) Outputs folder
)) Head Contours (to clear the check box)
) [OK]
The model domain can be colour shaded the same way it is done for the display of
heads or drawdown.
Particle Pathlines
In Flowpath II for Windows, you can place particles anywhere in your model and
then animate their movements throughout the model under the influence of the
simulated flow conditions. These particles can be deleted and reinserted without
having to recalculate the model.
To activate the Particle Pathline option,

) Options (in the top menu bar)
) Particles
Note: All of the

particle functions and In the Pathlines options dialogue box which appears,
options can only be
selected from the left on the Particle Defaults tab, under Wells,
toolbar. ) Reverse
Under Number of Particles,
Type: 6
On the Calculation/Animation tab,

) Backward Tracking (select this option)
) [OK] (from the bottom)
To activate the Particle toolbar,

) (Particles) (from the top tool bar)
Insert a reverse set of particles around a pumping well,

) (Draw Circle) (from the left toolbar)
Then click close to any pumping well and drag the mouse pointer to define a small
radius of particles around the well. Make the radius of the particle circle as small as
possible around the wellhead.
) [OK] (in the Well Particles Properties dialogue box)
The pathlines must now be calculated .

) (Calculate Particle Pathlines)
Next, to activate the Animation option,

) (Animate Particles) (from the left toolbar)
The Particle Video Player will appear. Click (play) button to see the particles
move.
You can insert lines of particles.

) (Draw line of Particles)
Place the lines of particles along the north and west boundaries where you inserted
the constant head lines. Click the bottom left corner of the model domain and drag
to the top of the active cells and click again. Do the same for the northern constant
head boundary.
Then click the Calculate button to have Flowpath II for Windows calculate
the pathlines of the new particles you added. Click the Animation button to
prepare the particle and pathline simulation.
Click the Properties button from the left toolbar, and under the Calculation/
Animation tab ensure that the Backward Tracking option is selected. On the
Particle Defaults tab, under Lines, click to activate the Reverse scheme. Click the
Play button to play the new animation.
You can delete individual particles or all of the particles using the following buttons
from the left toolbar:
and respectively.
Close the Pathlines Video Player by clicking the Close button.
Viewing the Calibration Graph

In the Input section, you added 5 observation wells to assist you in calibration in the
Output Module. An Observed versus Calculated heads graph can be plotted by,
) Calibrate
) Calc. Vs Obs.
The Observed versus Calculated Heads dialogue box should appear.
You can zoom in or out to change the plotted scale. If you click any data point a
well property window will appear. You can change this so that when your mouse
pointer passes over a data point the well information appears by,
) Options
) Pop-up well info
Try out this function.
To close the Calc. vs. Obs. graph,

) File
) Exit
You can also output this graphic to a .bmp file, the clipboard or to a printer, in the
Print to file option.
) File
Under Save as Type, click the down arrow to view the file types available to save
your model output.
) [Cancel] (to close the Save as dialogue box)
These functions are the same as those found in the Input Module under File.
Annotating your Graphic and Printing
Flowpath II for Windows will produce report-quality maps and graphs either to a
printer, the clipboard, or save your graphic in a .DXF, .BMP or .WMF file format.
Saving your output in a different graphic file format gives you the flexibility of
importing it into other graphic programs for additional post-processing. Before you
printout the graphic, you can annotate it with shapes and text which can help you to
describe the graphic to your targeted audience and draw attention to keys areas of
the model or graph. To add text to your map,
) Edit
) Annotate
) Add Text
Click close to the river and the Text Properties window will appear.
Type:Souhegen River (in the Text field)
Unless you would like to change the font or the angle of the text (0 is horizontal),
) [OK]
Other functions include drawing circles, rectangles and lines. All of the above can
be any colour you choose and by clicking the right mouse button you can edit their
size or erase them.
This ends the Flowpath II for Windows tutorial.
To exit Flowpath,
) File
) Close
) [Yes] (to save the settings)
In the Main Screen,

) File
) Exit
) [Yes] (to close the input screen)
3
INPUT
This Chapter presents information on
building a new model,
importing an existing Flowpath v.5.x model into Flowpath II for
Windows, and
modifying an existing model.
If you would like to quickly familiarise yourself with Flowpath II for Windows
interface, we suggest that you first read Chapter 1 and then follow the step-by-step
tutorial in Chapter 2.
Building a New Model

If you are creating a new Flowpath II for Windows model, continue with this
section. However, if you are continuing to work on an existing model, skip this
section and continue with the General Input Section.
To create a new model, click File, and choose New Model in the Main window.
The Create New Project dialogue box will appear. Type a new file name in the
Project Name box.
Define model region
Co-ordinate, rows and

columns text boxes
Building a New Model 47

Under Define model region, you have the option to use an existing base map file, or
to use no base map at all. If you specify / with base map, Flowpath II for
Windows uses the existing co-ordinates contained in the map file, and then later
lets you specify the model co-ordinates as a subset of the map file co-ordinates.
If you choose / without base map, you will need to specify the minimum and
maximum X and Y co-ordinates and the number of rows and columns to be used to
discretise your model. Co-ordinates can be local, e.g., specific to your project, or
global in UTMs (Universal Transverse Mercator system).
Getting Results Tips! Columns and Rows

The maximum number of either columns or rows that you
should specify in Flowpath II for Windows is 500. If your
project requires more than 500 rows or columns, please contact
WHI for additional details.
If you choose to use a base map, the options under Map File will become active.
Enter the location of the map file, or click [Browse] to locate and chose the map
file. Existing map files can be in either .DXF (Drawing Exchange File), .BMP
(Bitmap) or .DIG (Digital File Format) formats. The DIG format is a special map
file format that was created by previous versions of Flowpath during the import and
conversion of a .DXF file.
You can specify operating units of the model, e.g., meters, feet, ft/day and so on,
under Units by clicking the options appropriate to your project. After you specify
your working units, click [Create] to close the Create New Project dialogue box.
An error message will be displayed if a file of the same name already exists. If this
occurs, you will be given the option to replace the existing file with the new one, or
cancel the creation of the new project.
Importing Flowpath v.5.x Models

To import an existing Flowpath v.5.x model, select File from the top menu bar in
the Main window and choose Import v.5.x. The Import Ver. 5.x Model dialogue
box will prompt you to select the model you wish to import. Next, you will be
prompted to select a .DXF or .DIG map file. If you do not wish to open a map file,
click [Cancel].
To modify the existing data set you imported using the Flowpath II for Windows
graphical interface, select Input from the Main Menu. To view the output, select
Output from the Main Menu. If particles are part of your model you may want to
rerun the simulation.
48 Chapter 3 - Input
General Input
If you are editing an existing data set, select File, then Open Model or Reopen
Model 4 from the top menu bar and choose the desired data set.
After opening an existing model or starting a new one, as described in the previous
sections, select Input from the Main Menu to enter the Input Module.
Within the Input Module, you are able to define the 2D finite difference grid, well
locations, aquifer properties, head boundary conditions, and observation points for
model calibration, as well as annotate your model.
Minimum Specifications to Run a Model

Building a model in Flowpath II for Windows requires a complete data set that
includes grid and boundary geometry, head boundary conditions and aquifer
properties.
For a steady-state simulation, at least one head-dependent boundary must be
specified in a model. This head boundary acts as a reference head for all
calculations.
Calibration data and annotations are optional.
Model Input Features

Using the top menu bar of the Input Module, shown below, you can access the
following input features:
File Save the file, print the current screen, or exit to the main screen
Edit Undo the last action, add text or symbols to the display, change
the model units, edit ASCII files, add or delete maps, or copy the
current graphic to the clipboard
View View cross-sections, turn on/off overlays and edit the overlay
controls, zoom function
Grid Modify the grid
Wells Insert, move or delete pumping, injection, and observation wells
Aquifer Add or modify hydraulic conductivity, porosity, aquifer
elevations, and diffusion properties
General Input 49
Boundaries Input or modify flow boundary parameters, aquifer properties,
recharge rates, and contamination loading and transport
characteristics
Aquitard Specify flux properties of confining layers
Tools Activate and modify auto-inspection features, and change
automatic save mode settings
Window Switch to the Run or Output module
Help Obtain on-line help
Each of these options is discussed separately in more detail below.
Main Menu Toolbar Buttons

Flowpath II for Windows offers you several timesaving toolbar buttons which
allow you to quickly access options and modules. The Input Module toolbar
buttons are shown below.
BUTTON FUNCTION
Sends the graphic in the active window to print
Saves the current project input and output
Opens the Output Module and loads the results of the last
model run, if any
Opens the Run Module
Erases previously assigned aquifer property
Activates Grid options
Activates Wells options
Activates Aquifer Property options
Activates Boundary options
Activates Confining Layer/Aquitard options
Activates Columnar Cross Section option
Activates Row Cross Section option
Activates Zoom-in option
Activates Zoom-previous option
Activates Zoom-out option
Allows you to move the currently zoomed view by using a

click and drag operation
Zooms-out past the extent of the model domain so that the

model boundaries can be inspected
Refreshes the current graphic
Displays the Overlay Control
Links you to WHIs World Wide Web Site (requires an

Internet browser and connection)
File
The following menu selections appear when you select File:
Save Save the data set
Save As Save the data set to a different name
Save and Close Save data and exit the Input Module
Model Input Features 51

Print
Under the Print option you can specify margin width, create custom output for
your project by inserting a bitmap logo and project information. You can preview
your print job on-screen by clicking [Preview], as well as choose and set up an
output device by clicking [Setup].
To include a company or project logo and title information on

the output:
5) Under Include in Pring, click to select Company Logo and
Project Title;
6) Click [Design] to access the layout option. The following
dialogue box will be displayed (see left);
7) In the dialogue box that appears, you can choose the bitmap
file by entering the file name and location, or clicking
[Browse];
8) Project title and other information can be entered in the text
box provided. Options for modifying font type, style, and
size can be accessed by clicking [Select Font];
9) To save the logo and text for later use, click [Save]; note that
you can save only one logo and text combination for later
use;
10) Click [OK] to accept the current design.
Printer Setup
When you choose Printer Setup, the dialogue box shown below will appear.
From here, you can select any available printer listed in the drop-down list under
Name, view and modify the selected printers settings by clicking [Properties], and
then choosing the paper size and source, and specify paper orientation.
Print Preview
When you choose Print Preview, your output is displayed in a WYSWYG (What
You See Is What You Get) format on the screen. Once in the Print Preview
window, you can change the margins of your print output, or send your output
directly to the currently selected printer.
Print to File
Choosing the Print to File option displays a dialogue box in which you can save
your graphical output as a file in a .bmp, .dxf, or .wmf file format and specify the
name of the file.
Create Log file

A log file is a text file that contains key information about your model such as unit
system, number of gridlines, orientation, pumping and injection wells, boundaries,
and aquifer properties. An example of the log file output is shown below
(filename.log).
To view the contents of a log file, you can use any word processor or text reader
such as Word Pad, which is a standard component of Microsoft Windows 95.

Output View simulation results from last run in the Output Module
Run Run model simulation
Close Close the Input Module
Edit
The following menu selections appear when you select Edit.
Undo
Erases the most recently assigned aquifer property such as hydraulic conductivity,
or porosity, and restores the previous property settings. This function does not
apply to grid, well, or boundary nodes.
Annotate >
The Annotate option allows you to add text and raw objects on your model to
further customise the graphical output. For example, you can draw attention to an
area of concern or interest in your model by drawing a circle around it and adding
descriptive text.
When you select Annotate, the sub-menu shown below will be displayed.
A toolbar will also be displayed on the left of the Input Module window. Clicking
any of the toolbar buttons will activate an Annotate option.
Once an option is activated, you can use your mouse pointer to move about the
model display and, using click, drag, and keyboard entry operations, annotate your
output.
Insert arrow
Draw circle
Draw rectangle
Draw line
Enter text
Getting Results! Toolbars
Flowpath II for Windows offers several time saving toolbars
throughout the program. To use a toolbar for a particular
option, the option must be activated for the toolbar to be
visible and available for use.
You can change the colour of each annotation, as well as move or resize the shapes.
Simply select and then right click on the object of text you would like to
change. A drop down menu will appear providing the following options.
Maps
The Maps option allows you to add a new map file or delete active map files.
You can turn on or off the display of a .dig, .dxf, or .mif map. You can also change
the display colour of the map.
To add a new .dig, .dxf, or .mif map file:
1) Under Edit from the Input menu, select Maps..., and in the Map property
dialogue box that appears, click [Add];
2) Using the Add map dialogue box that appears, find the map file you wish to
use and click [Open];
3) In the Map property dialogue box, click to select the Visible option;
4) Click [OK] to display the selected map background.
To change the display color of your map background:
dialogue box that appears, click to expand the map file folders in the large text
box until the map file of interest is shown;
2) Click to select the path and file (see dialogue box below)
3) Click [Color]. In the color palette that is displayed, choose the new
background map color, then click [OK]. Be sure that the Visible option is
selected;
4) Click [OK] to close the Map property dialogue box.

Bitmap
The Bitmap option allows you to turn on or off the background display of a .bmp
file, and to add or delete a .bmp file.
Note that unless you have previously georeferenced the .bmp image file you are
adding, the imported image may appear distorted, depending on the co-ordinate
settings of your model. When you select the Bitmap option, the following
dialogue box will be displayed.
To add a new .bmp map file:

1) Under Edit, select Bitmap.... In the dialogue that appears, click [New];
2) Enter the file name and path of the new .bmp file you wish to use, or navigate
to it and selectit. Click [OK]. Be sure that the Visible option is selected, then
click [OK] to add the new .bmp file.
Copy to Clipboard Copy the current screen to the clipboard

ASCII Editor
The ASCII Editor option enables you to edit or view an ASCII file. Once the
file is selected, click [Open], and Flowpath II for Windows will run your
systems text editor.
Units..
Using the Units.. option, you can change your system of units at any time during
your modelling project.
Changes made to the system of units after the start of your project are applied
globally. Existing measurement data are automatically converted into the new units
and updated throughout the project.
View
View contains several useful toggle features that allow you to control what is
displayed in the model area. View also give you a choice to display either an X or Y
cross-section of your odel. The following menu selections appear when you select
View.
X-cross section Enables selection and display of a cross-section in the
X-grid direction using the mouse pointer.
Y-cross section Enables selection and display of a cross-section in the
Y-grid direction using the mouse pointer.
Cross Sections
Using the X- or Y-cross section option under View, you can display a cross
sectional view of your model. As shown below, you can display wells, active and
inactive regions, aquifer top and/or bottom. After you run your model simualtion,
you can view the effects from pumping or injection on the water table from wells.

Click to hide the
Overlay control
The Overlay control option enables you to manage all of your models overlays
from one dialogue. You have the ability to toggle on and off the display of model
layers, and adjust the order of overlays. For example, to turn off the display of the
annotations you made on your background map, under the Overlay tab, you would
click to clear the Annotate box. Then click either [OK] or [Apply] to make the
change.
Overlay Tab
Annotate overlay
To change the order in which different model layers are displayed:

1) In the Overlay Control dialogue box, click the Order tab;
2) From the list of active layers, click to highlight the layer you would like to
move in the display priority list;
3) Next, with the layer selected, use your mouse pointer to click the toolbuttons
on the right of the Overlay tab to move the layer either upor down in display
priority;
4) Click [OK] or [Apply] to make the change.
Grid Turns the model grid display on or off

Inactive cells Turns the inactive region display on or off
Wells > Turns the display of all, or only selected well types, i.e.,
pumping, injection, or observation, on or off
Properties > Turns the display of all, or only selected model properties, i.e.,
conductivity, dispersivity, aquifer elevation, and porosity, on or
off
Boundaries > Turns the display of all, or only selected model boundary
conditions, i.e., constant head, drain, initial concentration, lake/
river, recharge, and specified flux on or off
Aquitard > Turns the display of all, or only selected aquitard properties,
i.e., flux top/bottom, leakance top/bottom, on or off
Annotate Turns annotations on model display on or off
Maps Turns base map (.dxf., .dig) display on or off
Bitmap Turns the bitmap display on or off
Zoom In Permits enlargement of a selected area of the model area using
the mouse
Zoom Previous Restores the most recent display magnification after enlarging a
model area

Zoom Out Restores the display to the limits of the model domain
Pan Allows you to move an existing enlarged view to another area
of the model without having to select Zoom In again
Zoom Extents Shrinks the model domain to show areas beyond the boundaries
Refresh Reloads the present display and removes any relict display
elements
Toolbar Turns the display of all toolbars off or on
Grid
Under Grid, you can access options to define and discretise the modelling domain.
Set Grid Limits

This option allows you to change the minimum and maximum X Y co-ordinates of
the model domain.
If you change the limits of your model grid, the grid spacing remains unchanged.
This results in a reduction in the total number of rows and/or columns to maintain
equal grid spacing.
When you choose either Row > or Column > from Grid, a second menu will be
dislayed that contains the following options. These options are the same for either
Rows or Columns.
Add Row(s) Left-clicking adds gridlines graphically, right-clicking adds

gridlines at specific locations through a pop-up dialogue box
Delete Row(s) Left-clicking deletes gridlines
Move Row(s) Left-click to select a gridline. Drag the gridline to the new
location and click the left mouse button to fix the gridline in a
new place
Mark Rows Graphically mark gridlines to refine or coarsen
Refine Rows Refine gridline rows by a factor of 2, between gridline co-
ordinates (e.g., refining by a factor of 2 will divide each row or
column into two equally spaced rows or columns).
Coarsen Rows Coarsen gridlines by a factor of 2 between specified gridline co-
ordinates (e.g., coarsen by a factor of 2 will remove every second
row gridline between the specified co-ordinates).
Add Row at.. Specify the Y co-ordinate at which to insert a new row.
If you choose Toolbar in View from the top menu, the following Grid toolbar is
displayed on the left of the Input Module window. The Grid toolbar permits quick
access to all of the options described above for creating and modifying the model
grid.
Add horizontal gridlines

Delete horizontal gridlines
Move horizontal gridlines
Mark rows
Add vertical gridlines
Delete vertical gridlines
Move vertical gridlines
Mark columns
Set Grid Limits
Getting Results! Grid Toolbar

Remember that for the toolbar to be displayed, the Grid
option must be active.
To activate the Grid option click the icon on the top menu
toolbar, or click Grid, and choose one of the grid modification
options. The Grid toolbar will appear on the left of the Input
Module window.
Grid Orientation
The orientation of the model grid with respect to site-specific boundary conditions is
often important to the proper design of a model. Flowpath II for Windows allows

you to easily rotate the model grid over your background base map. However, once
oriented, this orientation cannot be changed without creating a new model.
This option can be accessed in the Select Model Region window, which is only
displayed during the creation of a new model.
Maximum Grid Dimensions

The maximum dimension of the model grid is 500 columns in
the X-direction by 500 rows in the Y-direction. Thus, the
maximum number of unknown hydraulic head values is
250,000. If these dimensions are insufficient for your
problem, please contact WHI.
Adding Gridlines (Rows or Columns)

To add single gridlines:
1) under Grid, choose Row > Add Rows(s) or Column > Add Columns(s) from
the list of options that appear;
2) Move the mouse pointer to the desired grid location;
3) Click to add a gridline at this position or right-click to add a gridline at a
specific location;
4) Repeat steps 1 to 3 to add more lines.
Deleting Gridlines (Rows or Columns)

In some cases, you may build your initial finite difference grid using a fine uniform
spacing. You may then want to delete rows and columns far away from areas of
concern to make the simulation more efficient.
To delete single gridlines:
1) Under Grid, choose Row > Delete Rows(s) or Column > Delete Column(s)
from the list or options that appears;
2) Move to the desired position;
3) Click to delete a gridline at this position;
4) Repeat steps 1 to 3 to delete more lines.
Refining/Coarsening Gridlines (Rows or columns)

To refine or coarsen gridlines:
1) Under Grid, choose Row > Mark Row(s) or Column > Mark Column(s)
from the list of options that appears;
2) Right-click to specify the exact interval you wish to refine or coarsen; or click
on the gridline that begins you want to refine or coarsen;
3) Click on the gridline that ends the interval you want to refine r coarsen;
4) In the dialogue box that appears, click [X2 Refine] or [X2 Coarsen];
5) Repeat steps 1 to 4 to refine or coarsen more gridlines.
Wells
Using Flowpath II for Windows, you are able to graphically add and delete
pumping, injection and observation wells and edit their location, pumping or
injection rates, and observed head value.
When you select Wells in the Input Module, the following menu options are
displayed:
Add Well > Add pumping, injection or observation wells
Delete Well Delete wells
Move Well Move an existing well to a new location
Import Import an existing well file
Well Properties Display in database form well information for all wells, allows
access to and changing of well display options such as colour,
text, and size
Once the Well option in Flowpath II for Windows has been activated, the Edit
Well toolbar (shown below) will be displayed on the left of the window. The
toolbar contains all of the well options in the Well menu, as well as an additional
button for changing the appearance of wells.
Add pumping wells

Add injection wells
Add observation wells
Delete wells
Move an existing well to a new location
Change well display appearance
Import database of wells
General mouse pointer

Getting Results Tips! Well Toolbar
Remember that for the toolbar to be displayed, the
Well option must be active.
To activate the Well option, click the icon on the top
menu toolbar, or click Wells, and choose one of the
well modification options. The Well toolbar will
appear on the left of the Input Module window.
The Pumping Well Parameters dialogue box (see below) appears when wells are
added or edited. In this window, the well name, well co-ordinates, pumping rate can
be added or modified. For injection wells, the pumping rate is positive and for
observation wells the water level elevation (observed head). Flowpath II for
Windows maintains the X,Y co-ordinates independent of the model grid,
therefore, when the grid is modified the original well location is not affected.
Getting Results Tips! Wells

1) Flowpath II for Windows considers a well to be located at the
closest intersection of two gridlines (or node) regardless of the
co-ordinates assigned. Small row or column spacing in the
vicinity of a well is required to provide small-scale precision if
appropriate.
2) If a well cell becomes dry during a simulation, the cell becomes
inactive. This means that water can no longer be pumped from
this cell.
3) In a two-dimensional model, all wells are assumed to fully
penetrate the aquifer. Partially penetrating wells cannot be
specified in Flowpath II for Windows.
Adding Wells
To add a pumping, injection, or observation well:
1) If the toolbar is not displayed, click Wells, Add Well >, and choose Pumping
Well, Injection Well, or Observation Well; or if the Well toolbar is
displayed, click the Add Pumping Wells icon, the Add Injection Wells icon,
or the Add Observation Wells icon;
2) Move the mouse pointer to the desired position in the model area and left-click;
3) In the dialogue box that appears, type the well name, pumping rate or head, and
modify the X and Y co-ordinates, if necessary;
4) Click [OK] to exit.
Deleting Wells
To delete a well:
1) Under Wells, click Delete Well;
2) Move to the well to be deleted and left-click;
3) A warning message will appear asking you if you realy want to delete this well,
click Yes.
Moving Wells
Flowpath II for Windows allows you to move a well and all its associated settings
to a new location. This is a great time-saving feature when trying to find the best
location for a pumping/injection well. This feature can be used for all well types in
Flowpath II for Windows.
To move a well:
Under Wells, click Move Well ;
-or-
With the Wells toolbar displayed click Move Wells icon;
Move the cross-hair mouse pointer directly on well to be moved, left-click and drag
the well to the desired new location.
Importing Wells
To import wells:
Under Wells, click Import;
-or-

With the Wells toolbar displayed, click Import Wells icon;
In the dialogue box that appears (see below) enter in the path and filename, or click
[Browse] to locate the file. Flowpath II for Windows will import well
information in ASCII text or *.DBF file format.
Under Wells type, choose the type of wells to be imported;

Under Co-ordinate system, choose the co-ordinate system used to create the data
you are importing;
Click [OK] to begin the import of the data;
In the Import Specifications dialogue box that appears, specify the manner in
which the data are delimited (separated). For example, if the data are separated by a
space, then in the Field Delimiter text box, click the mouse pointer once to place the
insertion point. Next, press the space bar once to specify space-delimited data for
import; (Continued on Next Page)
Under Line Specification, indicate if you want empty lines ignored and if the first
line contains field names by clicking to select the appropriate box. Click [OK] to
continue the import process;
An Import Data Details dialogue box will be displayed. Using the mouse pointer,
choose the Input Field number which corresponds with the Required Field (see
dialogue box below). After all required fields are specified, the [Import] button
should become activated. Click [Import] to complete import of the well data.
Required Fields Input Fields
Field Labels
Flowpath II for Windows supports the import of well data from the following
database programs:
Dbase
Paradox
The minimum information required to import a well is:
Well ID;
The X- and Y-co-ordinates of the well;
Pumping or injection rate, or in the case of an observation well, the water
level elevation.
Editing Wells
To edit wells:
If the toolbar is not displayed under Wells, click any option to activate and display
the Wells toolbar;
Click Select Object icon from the Wells toolbar;
Move the pointer to the well to be edited; the pointer will change to a hand shape
once it is over the well;
Right-click to display a menu of options;
Click Properties, and the Well Properties dialogue box will appear;
In the Well Properties dialogue box that is displayed, edit the appropriate
parameters;
Select [OK] to complete the changes.

Aquifer
Assigning the fundamental aquifer flow and geometry parameters to your model is
easily done using options available under Aquifer in the Input Module menu.
Aquifer flow, contaminant transport, and geometry parameters in Flowpath II for
Windows are:
hydraulic conductivity;
porosity;
bottom and top elevations of the aquifer;
no flow boundaries;
dispersivity and diffusion.
Along with allowing you to specify basic aquifer properties, such as hydraulic
conductivity and porosity, Flowpath II for Windows contains a powerful new tool
for modelling and visualising the transport of dissolved contaminants. Under
Aquifer, you can specify dispersivities and diffusion. (Initial contaminant
concentration and first-order biological/radiological decay rate are entered under the
Boundary options. These options are described in detail in the Boundaries section
of the Users Guide.)
Flowpath II for Windows allows areas sharing the same property value to be
grouped, or zoned, together. For example, a model may be divided into four areas
of different hydraulic conductivity. Each of these areas would be displayed on the
screen in a different colour. By default, each cell in an entire model (all rows and
columns) is initially assigned to be Property 1 (WHITE). You can assign other
property values to overwrite the default values.
Toolbars
Once the Aquifer option in Flowpath II for Windows has been activated, the
Aquifer toolbars (shown below) will be displayed on the left and right of the
window. The right toolbar contains all of the options available in the Aquifer
menu. The left toolbar contains options for graphically assigning aquifer properties
to your model, and includes a Properties option for quickly displaying and editing
aquifer properties.
Properties Tool
The properties that you assign using the graphical tools (above) are each described
below. For each menu option available under Aquifer, there is a corresponding
toolbar button displayed on the right of the Input Module window. These buttons
are designed to allow you to quickly switch between individual properties under the
Aquifer option.
Left Toolbar Right Toolbar
Assign line Active
Assign rectangle Inactive
Assign polygon Hydraulic Conductivity
Properties Porosity
Select object Aquifer Top (elev.)
Aquifer Bottom (elev.)
Test Top/Bottom Elev.
Diffusion
Getting Results Tips! Aquifer Toolbars

Remember that for the toolbars to be displayed, the Aquifer option must
be active.
To activate the Aquifer option, click the icon on the top menu toolbar, or
click Aquifer, and chose one of the grid modification options. The
Aquifer toolbars will appear on the left and right of the Input Module
window.
Left Toolbar
Assign Line Tool This tool is used for digitising linear or near-linear
features that you wish to assign some property to, such
as a stream with a constant head value, or a general
head boundary along the perimeter of the model
domain.
Assign Rectangle Tool This tool is useful in assigning model properties to
features that can be represented as a rectangle, such as
a man-made lake of uniform dimensions.
Assign Polygon This tool is the most flexible of all the tools available.
It allows you to define irregularly shaped area, such as
lower hydraulic conductivity deposits, by using a
move-and-click technique.

Active and Inactive Areas
In many cases, you will want to define areas within your model domain as no-flow
boundary or inactive areas. Flowpath II for Windows allows you to do this
using an intuitive, graphical interface.
To assign an inactive region:
1) Under Aquifer, click Inactive;
2) Choose one of the digitizing tools available from the left toolbar;
3) Point to where you want to define an inactive region and left-click to anchor
the starting point. If you are using either the Assign Polygon or Assign Line
tool, left-click as many times as necessary to define the inactive region, then
right-click to close or end;
4) If you are using the Assign Rectangle tool, left-click and drag over the area to
be defined.
Getting Results Tips! No Flow Boundaries

Groundwater flow is not simulated through inactive cells
within your model, or along the outside perimeter of your
model domain. Boundaries formed by inactive cells are called
no flow boundaries and can be useful, for example in defining
very low conductivity bedrock which affects groundwater flow
in a buried valley aquifer setting.
Hydraulic Conductivity
The Conductivity option under the Aquifer menu allows you to specify and edit
the horizontal conductivity values of the model. Since Flowpath II for Windows
supports flow through anisotropic media, you can enter different values of hydraulic
conductivity for the X- and Y-directions.
By design, Flowpath II for Windows prompts you to enter a set of hydraulic
conductivity values that will be applied to the entire model. Additional sets of
hydraulic conductivity values are assigned to the model using the graphical tools
available on the left of the Input Module window. This allows you to create
multiple Kxx:Kyy ratios to more closely represent the geology of modeled region.
The Hydraulic Conductivity Property dialogue box is shown below.
To assign hydraulic conductivity to your aquifer:
1) Under Aquifer, choose Conductivity;
2) If you have not yet input values for hydraulic conductivity, you will be
prompted to enter default values. In the Hydraulic Conductivity property
dialogue box that is displayed, type values for Kxx and Kyy in the text boxes.
Thes default values are assigned by Flowpath II for Windows to be Property
1 (white);
3) Next, to define an area of different hydraulic conductivity from the default or
background value, choose one of the options in the left toolbar to graphically
define the new area, i.e.,[Assign line], [Assign rectangle], [Assign polygon];
4) Move the mouse pointer to the grid cell where you want to define the area of
hydraulic conductivity;
5) Left-click to anchor a starting point and digitise the line or polygon. Left-click
as mny times as necessary to obtain the desired shape and right-click to close
the line or polygon. Note: If you are selecting cells using [Assign
rectangle], left-click and drag to the opposite corner.
6) Using the Property dialogue box, you can select the property number you are
assigning, or Flowpath II for Windows will assign it for you. You can scroll
through the existing properties in the database using the up and down arrows
in the dialogue box. If you are assigning a new property, click [New] and type
the values for that property.
Porosity
Porosity is assigned in the Porosity option under the Aquifer menu. The Porosity
Property dialogue box is displayed below.
The porosity assigned under this option is known as the effective porosity, which is
defined as the volume of aquifer material divided by the volume of interconnected
pore space available for groundwater to flow. This is always less than the total
porosity.

When you initially choose the Porosity option, the Porosity property dialogue box
will automatically be displayed. By design, Flowpath II for Windows prompts
you to enter a porosity value that will be applied to the entire model. Additional
porosity values are assigned to the model using the graphical tools available on the
left of the Input Module window.
Elevation
The Elevation > option has three options: Top, Bottom, and Test. Under Top and
Bottom, you can specify the aquifer top and bottom elevations, respectively.
Elevations are expressed in length units above a datum.
Getting Results Tips! Aquifer Elevations

For an unconfined aquifer, only the bottom elevation is
required.
A confined aquifer requires both a top and a bottom elevation.
The Elevation Top property dialogue box is shown below.
Under the Elevation property option, Flowpath II for Windows provides you
with a tool which checks the elevation top and bottom information. To use this
function, click on Test. If the Bottom Elevation value is greater than the Top
elevation value, then Flowpath II for Windows will temporarily paint those cells
purple. In a confined or semi-confined aquifer the elevation of those purples cells
should be adjusted.
Dispersivity
For contaminant transport simulations, you can specify the longitudinal and
transverse dispersivity, and molecular diffusion. All of these properties are assigned
in the Dispersivity option under the Aquifer menu.
To assign dispersivity properties:
1) Under Aquifer, choose Dispersivity;
2) If you have not yet input values for dispersivity you will be prompted to enter
default values. in the Dispersivity properties dialogue box that is
displayed, type values for the longitudinal and transverse dispersivities in the
text boxes. These default values are assigned by Flowpath II for Windows to
be Property 1 (white);
3) Next, to define an area of longitudinal or transverse dispersivities different
from the default or background value, choose one of the options in the left
toolbar to graphically define the new area, i.e., [Assign line], [Assign
rectangle], or [Assign polygon];
4) Move the mouse pointer to the grid cell where you want to define the new area
of dispersivity;
5) Left-click to anchor a starting point and digitise the line or polygon. Left-click
as many times as necessary to obtain the desired shape and right-click to close
the line or polygon. Note: If you are selecting cells using [Assign rectangle],
left-click and drag to the opposite corner;
6) Using the Property dialogue box, you can select the property number you are
assigning, or Flowpath II for Windows will assign it for you. You can scroll
through the existing properties in the database using the up and down arrows
in the dialogue box. If you are assigning a new property, click [New] and type
the values for that property;
7) Enter the value in the appropriate box and click [OK] to apply the change to
the model.
Boundaries
Constant Head,
Specified Flux,
Lake/River,
Drain/Ditch,
Aquifer Recharge,
Concentration.
Once the Boundaries option in Flowpath II for Windows has been activated, the
Boundaries toolbars (shown below) will be displayed on the left and right of the
Input Module window. The right toolbar contains all of the options available in the
Boundaries menu. The left toolbar contains options for graphically assigning
boundary conditions to your model, and includes a Properties option for quickly
displaying and editing boundary properties.
Left Toolbar Right Toolbar

Assign line Constant Head
Assign Rectangle Specified Flux
Assign Polygon Lake / River
Properties Drain / Ditch
Select object Recharge
Initial Concentration
Properties
The properties that you assign using the graphical tools (above) are each described
below. For each menu option available under Boundaries, there is a corresponding
toolbar button displayed on the right of the Input Module window. These buttons
are designed to allow you to quickly switch between individual properties under the
Boundaries options.
Left Toolbar
Using the toolbar options displayed on the left of the Input Module window, you
can graphically define the extent of aquifer properties. The tools available are
briefly described below.
Assign Line Tool This tool is used for digitising linear or near-linear
features that you wish to assign some property to, such as
a stream with a constant head value, or a general head
boundary along the perimeter of the model domain.
Assign Rectangle Tool This tool is useful in assigning model properties to
features that can be represented as a rectangle, such as a
man-made lake of uniform dimensions.
Assign Polygon This tool is the most flexible of all the tools available. It
allows you to define irregularly shaped area, such as
lower hydraulic conductivity deposits, by using a move-
and-click technique.
Constant Head
Flowpath II for Windows allows you to specify constant head boundaries in your
model. A constant head boundary fixes the head in a cell at a specified value. This
in contrast to head-dependent boundaries such as river nodes, where the head in the
cell is not fixed, but rather depends on the head and leakage values specified.
To define a constant head:
1) Under Boundary from the top menu, click Constant Head;
2) Choose one of the options in the left toolbar to graphically define the constant
head, i.e., [Assign line], [Assign rectangle], or [Assign polygon];
3) Move the mouse pointer to the grid cell where you want to define a constant
head;
4) Left-click to anchor a starting point and digitise the line or polygon area of
constant head. Left-click as many times as necessary to obtain the desired
shape and then right-click to close the line or polygon. Note: If you are
selecting cells using [Assign rectangle], left-click and drag to the opposite
corner;
5) The Constant Head property dialogue box will appear after you have finished
specifying the boundary. In the Constant Head box, type the value of constant
head;
6) Click [OK] to accept the typed value of constant head.
Specified Flux
The Specified Flux option allows you to include a flux across the boundary of your
model. For example, if you know the rate at which groundwater is discharging
across one side of your model, you can distribute this discharge across the boundary
using the Specified Flux boundary option.
The Specified Flux dialogue box is shown below.

The units of Specified Flux are length3/length2/time. Thus, the flux must be
specified as a volume per unit area along the boundary. For example, if your aquifer
10 m thick and is discharging across a 250 m wide section, then the flux would be
()
specified
l as:
1000m 3 / day
= 0.4m 3 / m 2 / day
10m 250m
Water Balance Code

Flowpath II for Windows assigns a unique number to each flux you specify in the
model which is displayed in the Water Balance Code text box. The Water Balance
Code can be used to refer to fluxes in the model.
Lake/River
Flowpath II for Windows allows you to incorporate surface water boundary
conditions into a groundwater flow model. Rivers, streams, and lakes can
contribute water to the ground-water system or drain water from it depending on the
head gradient between the surface water body and the groundwater regime.
The following information is required to assign a Lake/River boundary:
Water Surface Elevation the elevation of the surface of the body of water.
Lake/River Bed Elevation the elevation of the bottom of the stream, river, or
lakebed
Leakage Factor the hydraulic conductivity (K) of the streambed
divided by its thickness, and multiplied by the ratio
of the surface area of the stream to the surface area of
the cell through which the stream passes.
For example, if the streambed has a K value of 0.005 ft/day, and is 1.0 ft thick, and
the total surface area of the stream in the cell is 200ft x 23ft ft , and the total surface
area of the cell through which the stream passes is 200ft x 200ft, the leakage
factor is calculated as follows:
KofRiverbed AreaOfRiverInCell
l = --------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------
ThicknessOfRiverbed AreaOfCell
( 0.05ft ) ( day ) 4600ft

2
l = ------------------------------------- --------------------2 = 5.75 10
4
1ft 40000ft
Flowpath II for Windows uses the (l )which you calculate. Using a value of 1 for
the R term results in the entire cell being
Water Balance Code

Flowpath II for Windows assigns a unique number to each flux you specify in the
model which is displayed in the Water Balance Code text box. The Water Balance
Code can be used to refer to fluxes in the model.
To define a lake or river boundary property:
1) Under Boundaries from the main menu, choose Lake/River;
2) Choose one of the options in the left toolbar to graphically define the lake or
river, i.e. [Assign line], [Assign Rectangle], or [Assign Polygon];
3) Move the mouse pointer to the grid cell where you want to define a lake or
river boundary condition;
4) Left-click to anchor a starting point and digitise the line, rectangle, or polygon;

5) The Lake/River Boundary dialogue box will appear prompting you for the
surface elevation, riverbed elevation, and a leakage factor. If you are
assigning a line boundary you can select a uniform or linear scheme.
Getting Results Tips! Lake and River Boundaries

When the River Boundary Condition is assigned to a [Polygon]
or to a [Rectangle], it is essentially simulating a lake or
wetland with no evapotranspiration.
The water level in the surface water body is assumed to be
unaffected by the groundwater flow system.
Drains/Ditch
The Drain option is designed to simulate the effects of features such as agricultural
drains, which remove water from the aquifer when the head in the system reaches
the elevation of the drain.
Flowpath II for Windows assumes that the drain has no effect if the head in the
aquifer falls below the bottom of the drain.
The Drain option requires the following information as input for each cell
containing this boundary condition:
Drain Elevation. The drain elevation, or elevation of the free surface of
water within the drain.
Water Balance Code. Flowpath II for Windows assigns a unique number to
each flux you specify in the model which is displayed
in the Water Balance Code text box. The Water
Balance Code can be used to refer to fluxes in the
model.
With the proper selection of the coefficients, the Lake/River option could, in fact,
be substituted for the Drain option. The input of drain boundaries is analogous to
that for river boundaries.
Recharge
The Recharge boundary option simulates recharge of the aquifer by allowing you to
specify both the amount of infiltration and the amount of evapotranspiration.
Commonly, infiltration occurs as a result of precipitation that moves downward
through the unsaturated zone. Some of this water is removed by plants and lost to
the atmosphere via transpiration, and some is lost by direct evaporation. Thus the
amount of recharge is the difference between infiltration and evapotranspiration.
Flowpath II for Windows prompts you to enter values for both infiltration and
evapotranspiration, and then calculates the amount of aquifer recharge for you.
When Recharge is selected for the first time, you will be prompted to enter the
default values of infiltration and evapotranspiration. The input of different recharge
parameters within Flowpath II for Windows is done through a dialogue box
shown below.
Getting Results Tips! Specifying Recharge

If you want to specify the amount of groundwater recharge
directly simply set the evapotranspiration to zero.
To define a recharge boundary:

1) Under Boundary from the top menu, click Recharge; or select the boundary
icon from the right toolbar;
2) Choose one of the options in the left toolbar to graphically define your area of
recharge, i.e., [Assign line], [Assign rectangle], or [Assign polygon];
3) Move the mouse pointer to the grid cell where you want to define a rechare
area;
4) Left-click to anchor a starting point and digitise the line, rectangle, or polygon;
5) The Aquifer Recharge boundary dialogue box will appear prompting you to
type values for infiltration and evaporation;
6) Click [OK] to accept the values entered.

Concentration
Flowpath II for Windows allows you to define an area of contamination within
your model domain. Once the area has been defined, you can specify the following:
source concentration in either milligrams per litre (mg/l) or micrograms
per litre (g/l);
duration of the contamination event, e.g., a one-time spill, or a chronic
release over many years;
a decay constant to simulate biological or radioactive decay after the
contaminant has been released.
When you select the concentration option under Boundaries, and define a source
area within your model domain, the Initial Concentration parameters dialogue
box will appear prompting you to enter a source concentration and the duration of
the contamination event and the exponential decay constant for the contaminant
after it is released.
4
RUN
This Chapter presents information on:

Selecting numerical simulation options for groundwater flow, particle
tracking, and contaminant transport simulations
Once you have finished creating your groundwater flow model, you are ready to run
your simulation. To do this, you will have to select options and set criteria by which
the simulation will be conducted. In addition to the flow model, you may also want
to run the particle tracking and contaminant transport models.
Entering the Run Module

You can reach the Run Module from either the Input or Output module by:
Select File from the top menu, click Run;
-or-
Click the Run & Show Output icon from the top toolbar.
The Run Module dialogue will appear allowing you to choose which solvers you
wish to run, and to edit the default solver criteria, if appropriate. Each dialogue is
shown below and explained in more detail.
Upon entering the Change options, run solvers dialogue box, you will see tabbed
pages on the left, and a large text box on the right. To begin, on the Models tab,
under Choose models for Run, click to select the numerical models you want to
run. In the window shown below, the Flow Model and Transport Model options
are selected.
Prior to running your simulation, you should check the tabbed page associated with
the models you have elected to run. This is important since you may need to change
one or more of the default run options prior to running the model.
Entering the Run Module 81

Solver Choices
View of Solver Iterations
The Particle Tracking and/or Transport models must be run simultaneously or after
running the Flow model. This means that the Tracking and/or Transport models can
be run individually provided an initial flow simulation has been run.
Flowpath II for Windows checks that all the necessary properties and boundary
conditions have been entered into the model. A list of missing parameters will be
displayed in the text field on the right side of the Change options, run solvers
dialogue. If this occurs, return to the Input Module and enter the required
parameters.
The Transport Model calculates contaminant transport only if selected. If your
model contains boundary conditions for transport but the Transport Model is not
activated prior to running the models, the transport parameters will be ignored.
Flow Model
Description of Solvers
Under Solver, you have two solvers to choose from; the IADI (Iterative Alternative
Direction Implicit) method and the PCG (Preconditioned Conjugate-gradient)
method.
82 Chapter 4 - Run
Solver Options
Specify Aquifer and
Aquitard Relationship
Convergence
C riteria
For each solver, a different Solver Parameters dialogue will be displayed on the
Solvers Tab, where you can modify the default convergence criteria to change the
precision of the calculated hydraulic head distribution.
It is the user's responsibility to ensure that the solution has reached convergence. It
is strongly recommended not to use less stringent values to avoid premature
termination of the hydraulic head calculation resulting in erroneous results.
Testing any obtained solution for its stability by using a more stringent convergence
criterion for at least one additional simulation run can test for convergence of the
model. If the results remain virtually the same, then the solution can be deemed to
be acceptable; otherwise, an even more stringent convergence criteria must be
specified.
A good way of checking the quality of the results is to calculate a global water
balance. (see Global Water Balance later in this section).
You are encouraged to run your model several times using both the PCG and IADI
solvers to determine which solver more closely simulates the actual groundwater
flow conditions. While the PCG solver can calculate a head distribution
comparatively quickly, it tends to slow considerably, and sometime gives
unacceptable results in areas of steep hydraulic gradients, such as around pumping
wells.
Flow Model 83
Getting Results Tips! Convergence Criteria
In most cases, the default solver parameters in Flowpath Ii for
Windows will facilitate convergence. However, it is
recommended to experiment by slightly changing the default
parameters to ensure that the iterative solution is stable, i.e.,
has in fact converged. Verifying that the model has
converged is the users responsibility.
IADI (Iterative Alternative Direction Implicit) Solver

The IADI uses an iterative technique to solve for the unknown heads in the finite-
difference grid. There are many methods available for solving systems of algebraic
equations, however, Flowpath II for Windows uses the IADI method because of
its small memory requirements. The method was originally developed by Peaceman
and Rachford (1958) and is described in detail by Prickett and Lonnquist (1971).
It can be shown that the system of equations for groundwater flow is always
diagonally dominant. For such systems the IADI method is unconditionally stable
(Kinzelbach, 1986). For every iteration the solution is checked against a
convergence criterion specified by the modeller. The default convergence criterion
of 0.0005 suggests that convergence is achieved if, for every node, the discrepancy
between the current head value and the previous head value is less than 0.0005
percent of the maximum head difference in the system. The suggested maximum
number of iterations is set to 200 after which the simulation will be terminated
regardless of error.
The described convergence criteria and the maximum number of iterations,
however, are only suggested default values that can be altered to suit the specific
needs of your particular problem.
Getting Results Tips! Global Water Balance

A good way of checking the quality of the solver results is
to calculate a global water balance. Flowpath II for
Windows calculates a Global Water Balance for you. For
details on where to access this option see Global Water
Balance later in this section.
Explanation of the IADI solver parameters

Outer Iteration Criterion {Default = 0.0005}
This parameter specifies the minimum relative difference, measured as a percent,
between the most recently calculated head and the previously calculated head in all
84 Chapter 4 - Run
cells of the system. If the calculated percent difference is equal to or less than the
user-specified tolerance, then the solver has converged and will stop. Otherwise, a
new outer iteration is started. The model defaults suggest that convergence is
achieved if, for every node, the difference between the current head value and the
previous head value is less than 0.0005 percent of the maximum head difference in
the system.
Maximum Number of Outer Iterations {Default = 200}

This parameter provides an upper limit on the number of outer iterations to be
performed. The suggested maximum number of iterations is set to 200 by default
after which the simulation will be terminated regardless of the error. If convergence
was not achieved, then the maximum number of iterations can be increased and the
model run again.
PCG (Preconditioned Conjugate-gradient) Solver

Flowpath II for Windows can also use the Preconditioned Conjugate-gradient
(PCG) method to solve the simultaneous equations produced by the model. The
PCG solver works on a two-tier approach to calculate a solution at one time step.
Outer iterations are used to vary the preconditioned parameter matrix in an approach
toward an acceptable solution. Convergence of the solver is determined using both
the head-change and residual criteria.
Explanation of the PCG solver parameters

Outer Iteration Criterion {Default = 0.0005}[m or ft]
The Outer Iteration Criterion defines the maximum head difference in any cell
between the heads calculated in the previous outer iteration and the heads from the
most recent outer iteration. When this value is less than or equal to the user-defined
Outer Iteration Criterion, then the solution has converged and the solver will end the
simulation. This constraint must be met for every cell in the model.
Maximum Number of Outer Iterations {Default = 200}

This parameter provides an upper limit on the number of outer iterations to be
performed by the solver. The maximum number of outer iterations will be used
only if a convergence is not reached prior to reaching the maximum specified value.
However, if the maximum number of outer iterations is reached, and a convergence
with an acceptable mass balance error was not achieved, this value should be
increased and the model run again.
Maximum Number of Inner Iterations {Default = 30}

This parameter provides an upper limit on the number of inner iterations to be
performed by the solver. The maximum number of inner iterations will be used
only if a convergence solution for the current set of matrices in the outer iterations is
not reached prior to reaching the maximum specified value. However, if the model
Flow Model 85
is diverging or oscillating you should reduce the maximum number of inner
iterations.
Inner Iteration Absolute Criterion {Default = 0.0001} [m or ft]

This parameter specifies the minimum departure the calculated head distribution
should have from the actual heads as measured in observation wells before the
solver will stop. For every inner iteration, the solver checks for the difference in the
calculated head solution and the actual heads in every cell. If the calculated head
difference in the solution is equal to or less than a user-specified tolerance (set here
in working head units of feet or meters), then the solution has converged and the
solver stops. Otherwise a new inner iteration starts.
A solution accurate to 0.0001 [feet or meters] will normally be sufficient for most
problems, unless the maximum head difference across the modelled domain is less
than a foot or meter. If you reach convergence, but an acceptably low mass balance
error was not achieved, then you can decrease the absolute criterion by an order of
magnitude and run the model again.
Inner Iteration Relative Criterion {Default = 0.001}

This parameter specifies the minimum relative difference, measured as a percent,
between the most recently calculated head and the previously calculated head in all
cells for each iteration. If the calculated percent difference is equal to or less than
the user-specified tolerance, then the solver has converged and will start another
outer iteration. Otherwise, a new inner iteration is started.
If you reach convergence, but an acceptably low mass balance error is not achieved,
then you can decrease the absolute criterion an order of magnitude and run the
model again.
Aquifer
Under Aquifers and Aquitard on the Flow tab, you must specify the aquifer as
either unconfined, semiconfined, or confined, and also specify how you want the
solver to calculate the input or output of groundwater from an aquitard.
Aquitard
The three Aquitard options use the boundary conditions defined in the Input
Module. For a leaky aquitard you can either define fluxes into or out of the aquifer
86 Chapter 4 - Run
or assign hydraulic conductivity and thickness of the aquitard as well as a hydraulic
head distribution in the aquitard. The three run options for aquitards are:
Non-Leaky If you choose this option, the model assumes that no flow to or
from the aquitards occurs. Even if you have assigned fluxes or
leakances the solver will ignore them.
Use Heads This option allows for flow through the aquitard, based on the
hydraulic conductivity, thickness of the aquitard, and the head
distribution in the aquitards. You must enter the appropriate
parameter in the Leakance Top or Bottom options in the Input
Module under Aquitard. If you have assigned both fluxes and
leakances in the Input Module with this run option selected, only
the leakances will be used by the solver.
Use Fluxes Flow through the aquitard will occur, based on the flux rate you
assigned in Input/Aquitard/Flux Top or Bottom. If you have
defined leakances, the solver will ignore these and just use the
fluxes for the simulation.
Global Water Balance

The global water balance is a useful tool to evaluate the validity of the simulation.
A global water balance is calculated in Flowpath II for Windows after the running
flow model. The water balance function computes all fluxes into and out of the
model domain caused by pumping/injection wells, recharge, leakage from aquitards,
and boundary conditions. Flow into the groundwater domain is positive; losses from
the domain are negative.
To maintain continuity under steady-state conditions, the sum of all fluxes should be
equal to zero. The validity of the converged solution is better, when the global water
balance error is small.
It is the users responsibility to decide what level of water balance error is
acceptable for a particular situation; the maximum water balance error should,
however, always be less than 1 to 3 percent. The Run Module creates a (.bal) file
for each model which gives a detailed global water balance calculation.
For linear model simulations (e.g., confined aquifer), a relatively small global water
balance error can usually be achieved by allowing the model to run to a large
number of iterations (i.e., low convergence criterion).
Particle Options
Particle Tracking Options

In some cases, you may want to model the movement of particles in your aquifer.
By modelling the movement of particles, you can determine the route a particle will
Particle Options 87
follow, and how long it will take for it to travel a specified distance. Flowpath II for
Windows provides you with options for forward and backward particle tracking
and for defining well capture zones. Each of these options is explained in more
detail below.
The Particle Tracking model only needs to be run when importing models created
by previous version of FLOWPATH. Flowpath II for Windows calculate particle
tracking interactively in the Output Module. Where you can add, delete and animate
a particle.
Particle Tracking Options
Particle Retardation Factor
Forward Tracking
By tracking particles forward in time, you can predict the location of a particle at
some future time. This can be useful in risk assessment studies. Particles are
assumed to be conserved during transport, however, a retardation factor can be
specified if required. To activate the Forward Tracking option, select the Forward
Tracking check box.
Backward Tracking
The backward tracking of particles allows you to determine where a known particle
may have originated. Backward tracking can be insightful when you are
investigating where groundwater contaminant may have originated. To activate the
Backward Tracking option, on the Particle tab click to select the Backward
Tracking check box.
88 Chapter 4 - Run
Capture Zones
Flowpath II for Windows allows you to determine a time-related capture zone
around a pumping well in your model. All particles which occur within the capture
zone will be drawn into the pumping well. Time-related capture zones are
calculated as a set of pathlines from a circle of points around the well of interest. To
activate the Capture Zone option, select the Capture Zones check box. To specify
a certain length of time for the capture zone, enter a number of days in the
Max.Time text box.
Contaminant Transport
Flowpath II for Windows now offers you the option of modelling the transport of
dissolved solutes using the Random Walk Method. The Transport option
simulates the movement of contaminants under the influence of advection, and
retardation.
Transport Methods Reflection Options
Transport Step Criteria
Create Detailed Mass

Balance File (.bal)
You can specify additional transport parameters for the contaminant plume, i.e.,
dispersion, first-order biological and/or radioactive decay, initial source
concentration, and duration of the contamination event, in the Input Module under
Boundaries. You can only define one retardation value for a transport simulation.
Explanation of Transport Simulation Methods

On the Transport tab, under Method, you have a choice of three numerical
approaches to simulate the transport of dissolved solutes: Constant Displacement,
Constant Time, and Predictor Corrector methods. Each option available is
Contaminant Transport 89
explained in detail below. All of the methods are based on the Random Walk
technique of simulating the transport of contaminants as discrete particles or 'items'.
The options vary from each other only in the way that the modelling steps are
defined.
Constant Displacement Method

The constant displacement method divides the travel path of each particle into equal
distances. Therefore, all particles will be travelling at different times depending on
the pore velocity at any point. This has the advantage over constant time methods,
where each particle is forced to travel the same time in lock-steps which results in
very long travel times in areas of low velocity. The constant displacement method
used in Flowpath is based on the scheme outlined in "The Constant Displacement
Scheme for Tracking Particles in Heterogeneous Aquifers" by X. H. Wen and J. J.
Gomez-Hernandez.
Explanation of the Constant Displacement Parameters

Modelled Time Step (days) [Default=100] [days]
This parameter specifies the length (days) of each time step in the transport
simulation. For example, if you specify 200 days as the modelled time step, the
model will calculate the contaminant concentration, and quantity of contaminant
decayed or removed using an interval of 200 days.
Number of Time Steps [Default=10]

This parameter defines the number of modelled time steps to be used in the
simulation. For example, 10 time steps, at 200 days per time step (see above), the
model would calculate concentration distribution at ten, 200-day intervals, giving a
total simulation time of 2000 days.
Constant Displacement (m or ft) [Default=1/4 of the cell

length]
Flowpath II for Windows allows you to specify the absolute displacement
distance used. By entering 0 in the Constant Displacement text box, the model
will calculate a default displacement value equal to 1/4 the cell length at each
transport grid cell.
Retardation [Default=1]
Retardation refers to a group of processes that tend to slow the migration of a
contaminant plume. Calculation of a retardation factor is not straightforward, but
empirical equations based on laboratory and field experiments have been developed.
For more detailed information on retardation factors, see Domenico and Schwartz,
1998.
90 Chapter 4 - Run

R = 1 + --- Kd

where,
Kd
R= Retardation factor
= Bulk density of soil
=Porosity
= Distribution coefficient
A value of R=1 implies no retardation, which will yield a conservative, or worst-
case estimate of the contaminant distribution.
Items to transport [Default=1,000 to 10,000]

In the Random Walk Method of simulating contaminant transport, each item
represents a fraction of the total contaminant mass. As the quantity of items
increases and approaches the actual concentration of contamination, on a molecular
level, an exact solution to the constituent distribution is obtained. For most
simulations, the default range of 1000 to 10,000 items will result in a reasonable
level of accuracy. Increasing the number of items to be used will result in a more
accurate distribution, but will require more memory (approximately 5 bytes per
item).
Constant Time Method

The constant time method moves particles in increments of equal time. This makes
it easy to calculate the location of particles at particular times but may result in
excessive accuracy in regions of low velocity. The constant time method
implemented in Flowpath II is based on the standard Random Walk Method
described in numerous text books, such as "Groundwater Modelling" by W.
Kinzelbach, and "A Random Walk Solute Transport Model for Selected
Groundwater Quality Evaluations" by T. A. Pricket, T. G. Naymik, and C. G.
Lonnquist.
Explanation of the Constant Time Parameters

Constant Time (days) [Default=0]

In the Constant Time method, the rate of movement of the transport items is
controlled by the length of the constant time step. The default value of 0 will cause
Flowpath II for Windows to calculate the time step as 1/4 of the minimum time it
would take for a particle to cross a cell. That is,
CellLength ( x, y )
DefaultTimeStep = MinOverTheModel 1--- ------------------------------------------
-
4 Velocity ( x, y )
1998.

R = 1 + --- Kd

where,
=Porosity
Kd = Distribution coefficient

92 Chapter 4 - Run
simulations, the default range of 1,000 to 10,000 items will result in a reasonable
item).
Predictor-Corrector Method
The Predictor-Corrector method of regulating the transport items is also based on
the average cell velocity, but differs from the Constant Time method (see above). In
the Predictor-Corrector method, the average linear groundwater velocity of the
upstream cell is predicted and used to calculate the time step. Once the item is at the
new location, the actual velocity components are evaluated, and the location of the
transport items is adjusted if necessary.
This method is very similar to the constant time method, but the time step is based
solely on the velocities in the cells which particles are located. Therefore, if you
have a pumping well (with high velocities and small cells) located outside of your
plume, it will not affect the size of your time step.
Explanation of the Predictor-Corrector Parameters


Initial Time Step (days) [Default=0]

In the Predictor-Corrector method, the rate of movement of items is controlled in
part by the Initial Time Step. Using the default setting, the method will calculate
each time step based on a predicted average linear groundwater velocity from the
next downgradient cell. Using the default should provide reasonable results,
however, you are urged to run your model at least one additional time using a
different time step for comparison.
1998.

R = 1 + --- Kd

where,
=Porosity
Kd = Distribution coefficient

simulations, the default range of 1,000 to 10,000 items will result in a reasonable
item).
Reflection
The Reflection option allows the model to loose contaminant if the contamination
plume hits a no flow boundary during transport. This is important because the
random walk method will allow particles to travel perpendicular to the flow
direction even if they are flowing parallel to a no flow boundary. You have three
options:
None Selecting None will permit the model to discharge 100 percent of
the contaminant plume that contacts a boundary during transport,
i.e., contaminants will not be 'reflected' back into the flow system
Partial Selecting Partial will permit the model to discharge only by
diffusion any portion of the contaminant plume that contacts a
boundary during transport.
94 Chapter 4 - Run
Full Selecting Full will force the model to reflect 100 percent of any
portion of the contaminant plume that contacts a boundary back
into the flow system.
Detailed Balance
Choosing Detailed Balance will result in the creation of a text file (.cmb) which is
placed in your Flowpath II for Windows directory. This file contains a detailed
contaminant mass balance for each time step during the model run. An example of
the file output is shown below. Depending on the run time you have specified, the
.cmb file can become quite large, therefore if available hard disk space is a concern
you may want to clear the Detailed Balance box.
Animate
Choosing this option will cause a graph of either total mass or maximum
contaminant mass versus time to be displayed during the Random Walk
calculations. The graph is displayed in real time and is updated as each iteration is
completed. To disable the display of the graph, under Animate click to choose the
None option.
96 Chapter 4 - Run
5
OUTPUT
This chapter presents information on,

Viewing model results;
Effectively using Flowpath II for Windows numerous model
visualisation features;
Customising, printing, and exporting your modelling result.
Viewing Modelling Results: The Output Module

After your solver has finished running, you can view the results of your model
graphically in the Output Module. The major graphical options for displaying
results available to you are:
contouring and colour shading of hydraulic heads, drawdown, residuals,
and concentration distributions;
flow field representation as velocity vectors;
forward, backward, and wellhead capture zone particle tracking;
calibration data graphs.
In the Output Module, graphics can be customised by changing font attributes
(type, size, style), colour shading settings (colour field display), and contouring
settings (contour level, line thickness, contour label).
Entering the Output Module

From the Change options, run solvers dialogue, click [Close] after your model run
is complete, then click [Yes] to save the last run's options for the next run. Flowpath
II for Windows will start the Output Module, and display the results of your
latest model after the simulation has run.
Upon entering the Output Module, hydraulic head contours will be displayed by
default.
The Output Module window contains menu options that also can be accessed
directly by clicking a corresponding toolbar button located below the Output menu.
The menu structure and the many options available to view and customize your
model results are described in detail in the sections that follow.
Viewing Modelling Results: The Output Module 97

File Options for saving files and model settings, options for printing
and printers, exporting graphics, opening the Input Module,
and closing the Output Module
Edit Undo the last action, change the model units, edit ASCII files,
add or delete maps, or copy the current graphic to the clipboard
Options Options to set output display properties
View Turn on/off model overlays and edit the overlay controls
Results Activate options for displaying velocity vectors, heads,
concentrations, drawdowns, and pathlines
Calibrate Graphical and statistical tools for analyzing your model output
Inspect Activates cell inspection tool
Help Obtain general help
Output Menu Toolbar Buttons

Flowpath II for Windows offers you several timesaving toolbar buttons which
allow you to quickly access options and modules. The Output Module toolbar
buttons are shown below.
TOOL FUNCTION
Prints the graphic in the active window to print
Saves the active project
Opens the Input Module and displays the active model
Opens the Run Module
98 Chapter 5 - Output
Activates the Hydraulic Head option
Activates the Drawdown option, when a drawdown file is available
Activates the Concentration option
Activates the Particle Tracking option
Activates Velocity Vector option
Shows Observed versus Calculated Heads Graph
Activates Contouring of Head Residuals
Activates Columnar Cross Section option
Activates Row Cross Section option
Zoom-in
Zoom-previous
Zoom-out
Allows movement of the zoomed view by using the click and drag
operation
Refreshes the current display
Displays the Overlay Control
Entering the Output Module 99

Connect to WHI World Wide Web Site
File
The following menu selections appear when you select File:
Save Save the data set
Save As Save the data set to a different name
Save and Close Save data and exit the Input Module
Save Dry Cells as Inactive Specifies dry cells as inactive regions for your
next model run
Print
Under the Print option you can specify margin width, create custom output for
your project by inserting a BITMAP logo and project information. You can preview
your print job on-screen by clicking [Preview], as well as choose and set up an
output device by clicking [Setup].
To include a company or project logo and title information on the output:
1) Under Include in Print, click to select Company Logo and Project Title;
2) Click [Design] to access the layout option. The following dialogue box will be
displayed (see below);
3) In the dialogue box that apears, you can choose the BITMAP file by entering
the file name and location, or clicking [Browse];
4) Project title and other information can be entered in the text box provided.
Options for modifying font type, style, and size can be accessed by clicking
[Select Font];
5) To save the logo and text for use again later, click [Save]; note that you can
save only one logo and text combination for later use;
6) Click [OK] to accept the current design.

Printer Setup
When you choose Printer Setup, or [Setup] from the Print window, the dialogue
box shown below will appear. From here, you can select any available printer listed
in the drop-down list under Name, and then view and modify the selected printers
setting by clicking [Properties]. It is also possible to choose paper size and source,
and specify paper orientation.
Print Preview
When you choose Print Preview, your output is displayed in a WYSIWYG
(What You See Is What You Get) format on the screen. Once in the Print Preview
window, you can change the margins of your print output, or send your output
directly to the currently selected printer.
Print to File
Choosing the Print to File option displays a dialogue box in which you can save
your graphical output as a file in a .bmp, .dxf, or .wmf file format and specify the
name of the file.
Input View simulation results from last run in the Output Module
Run Run model simulation
Close Close the Input Module without saving data
File 101
Edit
The following menu selections appear when you select Edit.
Annotate >
The Annotate option allows you to add text and draw objects on your model to
further customise the graphical output. For example, you can draw attention to an
area of concern or interest in your model by drawing a circle around it and adding
descriptive text.
Once an option is activated, you can use your mouse pointer to move about the
model display and, using click, drag, and keyboard entry operations, annotate your
output.
Insert arrow
Draw circle
Draw rectangle
Draw line
Enter text
Getting Results Tips! Toolbars

Flowpath II for Windows offers several time saving toolbars
throughout the program. To use a toolbar for a particular
option, the option must be activated for the toolbar to be
visible and available for use.
You can change the colour of each annotation, as well as move or resize the shapes.
Simply select and then right click on the object of text you would like to
change. A drop down menu will appear providing the following options.
Maps
The Maps option allows you to add a new map file or delete active map files.
You can turn on or off the display of a .dig, .dxf, or .mif map. You can also change
the display colour of the map.
To add a new .dig, .dxf, or .mif file:

dialogue box that appears, click [Add];
2) Using the Add map dialogue box that appears, find the map file you wish to
use and click [Open];
3) In the Map property dialogue box, click to select the Visible option;
4) Click [OK] to display the selected map background.
Bitmap
The Bitmap option allows you to turn on or off the background display of a .bmp
file, and to add or delete a .bmp file.
Note that unless you have previously georeferenced the .bmp image file you are
adding, the imported image may appear slightly distorted, depending on the co-
ordinate settings of your model. When you select the Bitmap option, the
following dialogue box will be displayed.
To add a new .bmp map file:

1) Under Edit, select Bitmap.... In the dialogue box that appears, click [New];
2) Enter the file name and path of the new .bmp file you wish to use, or navigate
to it and select it. Click [OK]. Be sure that the Visible option is selected, then
click [OK] to add the new .bmp file.
Edit 103
Copy to Clipboard Copy the current screen to the clipboard
ASCII Editor
The ASCII Editor option enables you to edit or view an ASCII file. Once the
file is selected click [Open], and Flowpath II for Windows will run your
systems text editor.
Options
The following menu selections appear when you click Options:
Heads
Drawdown
Each of these options is
Residuals
discussed separately at
Velocities the end of this section.
Particles
Concentration
Colour Shading
Specify settings for colour mapping, or select black and white mapping.
Wells
Turns the display of all, or only selected well types, i.e., pumping, injection, or
observation, on or off. You can choose display options for wells, e.g., symbol size,
colour, label, and choose options for displaying the residual at each well.

Properties/Boundaries
Activate auto-inspection of model properties, specify display options, e.g., colour
cells, colour shading, or contouring of model properties
Bitmap
Options for choosing a new bitmap image, deleting or displaying an existing bitmap
image
Options 105
Maps..
Add a map (.dig, .dxf, or .mif formats), turn map display on or off
Status Line
Enable or disable display of model co-ordinates and output properties in the status
bar via mouse pointer auto-inspection
Key Output Options Explained

Heads
The Heads option allows you to contour hydraulic heads. You can specify the range
of head values to be contoured, colour of contours, manual versus automatic
contouring, label font, label box and decimal places used. You can choose to
display head distribution as colour shading and change the default display settings.

Heads Toolbar Explained
Activates Color Shading
Activates Color contouring
Insert Contour Line
Delete Contour Line
Insert Contour Label
Delete Contour Label
Move Contour Label
Activate Contour Label
Remove Contour Label
Display Residual Options
Select Residuals along a Line
Activate Select Heads
Toggle Toolbars
Output Options Explained

Several output options are available for you to view your model results. Each
option has some visualisation features in common with other features. For example,
contour lines, labels, and colour shading attributes are common options that can be
customised. These common features are accessed through a separate dialogue box
for each option. Each of these common options are described below.
Key Output Options Explained 107

Contour Lines Tab
Under the Contour Lines tab, you can:
Turn on or off the display of contours by selecting the Visible Contour
check box;
Specify the minimum and maximum contour lines to be displayed or have
Flowpath II for Window automatically set the minimum and maximum
values contour values to match the minimum and maximum output values;
Specify the total number of contours displayed or use a constant contour
interval;
Add additional contours to the display by clicking the Manual check box
and specify custom contour levels under Manual Levels. Or you can turn
off automatic contouring of output values by clicking the Automatic
check box, click the Manual check box, and then use only custom contour
levels;
Change the contour colour by clicking the Colour Bar, and choosing a
colour.
Contour Lines Tab
Min and Max Set Manual

Contour Level Contour Levels
Set Number of
Contours or Intervals
Colour Control
Set Automatic and/or
Manual Contouring
Contour Label Tab

Under the Colour Label tab, you can:
Turn the display of contour labels, and label border on or off by choosing
the appropriate option under Label;
Clear the background display in a small area around the contour label by
selecting the Clear Label Region option;
Change the font, style, font size by choosing the Font button;
Change the label interval, i.e., the number of labels displayed, and the
number of decimal places used in the label by changing the Labels

interval and Decimal places options, respectively.
Label Format
Options
Colour Shading
Under the Colour Shading tab, you can:
Turn on or off the display of colour shading by selecting the Colour Map
Visible check box;
View the minimum and maximum values calculated by Flowpath II for
Windows for the output you are viewing;
Set colour shading cut off values, i.e., values beyond which will not be
included in the colour shading map;
Display a colour map legend;
Change the calculated association between shading colours and model
output values.

Turn Colour Shading
ON or OFF
Calculated Max
and Min Values
Change Colour Shading

Cut-Off Values
Display Colour
Map Legend
Drawdown
The Drawdown option allows you to import a heads file (.HDS) from a previous
Flowpath II for Windows model and contour the difference between the previous
head and the head from the current run. Positive values mean that the current lead is
lower and negative values imply that the current head has increased compared to the
previous run.
For example, if you are interested in the estimated total drawdown from wells in an
area, you could run a non-pumping simulation, and then rerun the model with
pumping wells active. Then using the Drawdown option determine the estimated
total drawdown from pumping.
To activate the Drawdown feature:
1) Under Results from the top menu, select Calculate New Drawdown;
2) In the dialogue box that appears, choose the .HSD file from a previous
Flowpath II for Windows run;
3) Click [Open] to load the selected file;
4) The Drawdown option will now be active. You can change the default display
settings by choosing Drawdown under Options from the top menu.
Residuals
The residual is the difference between the observed versus calculated head. In this
option, you can contour this difference.

When you activate the Residuals option, a shortcut toolbar will be displayed on
the left of the Output Module window (shown left). This toolbar give you quick
access to the Residuals option program features.
To change contouring and colour shading options, under Options from the Output
menu, choose Residuals and the following dialogue box should be displayed; or
with the Residuals Toolbar active, click the icon. The options available in this
dialogue are analogous to those in the Output Heads dialogue box (see Output
Heads) and are not explained again here.
Velocities
The Velocities option displays the groundwater flow velocity distribution as
vectors in the Output Module window. Using the Velocity Settings dialogue box,
you can change the vectors scaling factor to increase or decrease the size of the
vector displayed, activate the colour mapping option and change its default settings.
Velocity vectors show not only the direction of groundwater flow, but the relative
magnitude of the flow velocity as well.
Velocities Toolbar
Activates Velocity Shading
Activates Velocity Contouring
Display Velocity Options
Display Velocities along Line
Activate Select Heads

On the Velocity Control tab, you can change the default vector scaling factor to
increase or decrease the size of the vector arrow displayed. Changing the # Vectors
per Grid direction option results in an increase or decrease in the number of rows
of velocity vectors displayed.
Particles
Activates options for displaying forward and backward particle tracking, particle
animation, specify number of particles, colour of particles, particle time steps, and
display of capture zones.

Particle pathline Toolbar
Toggles On/Off Particle Display
Assign Particles around Well
Insert Line of Particles
Add Single Particle
Display Particle Options
Delete Single Particle Path
Delete All Particles
Prepare Animation
Select Pathline
Save Particles and Pathlines
Calculate Pathlines
Select Particles
Toggle Output Options
Animating Particles
You can place particles in the model domain, and then animate their movement
through the flow system. Using this option, you can specify the duration of the
animation time step across the model.
A step-by-step example of how to use this feature is given below (see also Chapter
2: Tutorial for another example of how to use this option).
To place and animate a particle:
1) In the Output Module, activate the Particles... option by clicking the
Particles/pathlines tool button located on the top toolbar.
2) From the left toolbar, click the Draw Particle Forward button and move the
mouse pointer into the model domain. Click to place a particle anywhere in
the model domain;
3) Click the Calculate button;
4) Next, from the left toolbar, click the Animate Particles button to have
Flowpath II for Windows prepare an animation of particle movement and
pathline rendering;
5) You should now see the Pathlines Video Player displayed in the Output
Module window. After a few moments, the Play button on the video player
should become active. Click the Play button to begin the animation of particle
movement and pathline rendering;

6) Use the buttons on the Pathline Video Player to rewind, fast-forward, and
replay your animation. To change the animation characteristics, open the
Pathline Properties dialogue box (see next section).
Particle Pathline Options Dialogue Box

This dialogue contains several useful options for customising the movement and
display of particles and pathlines in your model. Each of these options is described
below.
On the Particle Defaults tab shown below, you can change the following particle
tracking defaults.
Wells Specify forward or reverse particle pathlines around wells. The
Wells Scheme is used when you place a circle of particle around a
pumping or injection well. You can specify the number of particles
to be tracked in the Number of Particles text box.
Lines The Line Scheme is used when you place a line of particles in your
model. You can specify forward to reverse pathline creation, and
the number of particles to be used in the line.
Single When placing a single particle in your model, you can specify
either forward or reverse particle tracking and pathline creation.
Under the Display Options tab, you can specify the following.
Pathlines Specify which pathlines are visible in the model. A check
mark next to one of the Visible options indicates that
option will be displayed in your model. This option must

be specified for your pathlines to be displayed. By
clicking to select one of the coloured buttons, you can
change the default display colour of forward or backward
pathlines and highlighted forward and backward pathlines.
Time Markers Specify which time markers are visible in your model. A
time marker is placed along the particle pathline at a time
interval you define (see Calculation/Animation tab
below). Under Size, you can choose the size of the time
marker to be placed along the pathline by clicking either
the up or down arrow.
Particle Specify which particles are visible in your model. You can
choose the size of the particle and change the default
particle colour.
On the Calibration/Animation tab you can do the following.

Under Time (model time unit) you can specify the time interval and
maximum time for Flowpath II for Windows to place markers along
particle pathlines. The time markers will appear as coloured dots on the
pathlines.
Under Pathline Calculation, you can specify a retardation factor for the
particle and the maximum time for the particle transport. A value of 0 for
the maximum time is processed as steady state. To activate the Forward
Tracking, Backward Tracking, or Capture Zone particle pathline options,
click to select the option you need. A check mark next to the option
indicates that that option is active.

Under Pathline Animation you can specify a time delay between each
particle transport step, and choose a step interval. To slow down a particle
and pathline animation, increase the Delay value, and decrease the Step
value.
Getting Results Tips! Defining Wellhead Protection Areas

One major application of defining time-related capture zones is the
defining of wellhead protection areas (WHPA) around drinking
water supply wells.
The WHPA that is calculated using Flowpath II for Windows is
based on the advective transport of conservative, non-reactive
particles. Since the movement of many contaminatns can be slowed
through sorption processes, the calculated WHPA defines a
conservative protection zone.
Concentration
The Concentration option activates concentration contouring and transport
animation options. Using this option, you can choose the range of contaminant
concentrations to be contoured, the colour of contours, manual versus automatic
contouring, label font, label box and decimal places used. You can also display
concentration distributions by colour shading and change the default display
settings.
When you activate the Concentration option, a shortcut toolbar will be displayed
on the left of the Output Module window (shown below). This toolbar give you
quick access to the Concentration option program features.

To change contouring and colour shading options, under Options from the Output
menu, choose Concentration; or with the Concentration Toolbar active, click
the icon. The options available are analogous to those in the Output Heads
dialogue box (see Output Heads).
Concentration Toolbar
Activate Color Shading
Activate Contours
Insert Contour Line
Delete Contour Line
Insert Contour Label
Delete Contour Label
Move Contour Label
Show All Contour Labels
Hide All Contour Labels
Display Concentration Options
View Concentrations Along a Line
Select Pointer Mode
Toggle Between Output Modes
Animating Contaminant Transport

Using the Flowpath II for Windows animation capabilities, you can display the
migration of your contaminant plume over time. As the plume moves through the
model, you can visualise the effects of dispersivity on plume geometry, the
degrading effects of first-order decay, and rate of migration from retardation and
aquifer flow conditions.
When the Concentration option is active, the Animate toolbar (shown below)
will be displayed on the right on the Output Module window.
Animation creates a bitmap of each time step which is displayed (played back).
Therefore, to have smoother animations, you can increase the number of time steps.
Be aware that increasing the number of bitmaps created increase the amount of hard
disk space required.
To animate contaminant transport:
1) With the Concentration option active, click the Prepare Video button from the
Animate toolbar;
2) Flowpath II for Windows will move the simulation through each time set
which you specified in the Run Module, on the Transport tab;

3) After the animation steps have been completed, click the Play Animation
button to view the animation.
Animate Toolbar
1. Click here to prepare

the animation.
2. Click here to start the

display of animation.
3. You can change the

animation speed here.
View
X-cross section Enables selection and display of a cross-section in the
X-grid direction using the mouse pointer.
Y-cross section Enables selection and display of a cross-section in the
Y-grid direction using the mouse pointer.
Cross Sections
Using the X- or Y-cross section option under View, you can display a cross
sectional view of your model. As shown below, you can display wells, active and
inactive regions, aquifer top and/or bottom. After you run your model simualtion,
you can view the effects from pumping or injection on the water table from wells.

Overlay control
THE Overlay control option provides you with the ability to toggle on and off the
display of model layers. For example, to turn off the display of the annotations you
made on your background map, under the Overlay tab, you would click to clear the
Annotate box. Then click either [OK] or [Apply] to make the change.
Overlay Tab
Click to hide the

Annotate overlay
You may wish to change the order in which different model layers are displayed,
since some layers may be too dark for other, lighter-colored layers to be visible.
View 119
To change the order in which different model layers are displayed:
1) In the Overlay Control dialogue box, click the Order tab;
2) From the list of active layers, click to highlight the layer you would like to
move in the display priority list;
3) Next, with the layer selected, use the mouse pointer to click the toolbuttons on
the right of the Overlay tab to move the layer either up or down in display
priority;
4) Click [OK] or [Apply] to make the change.
Grid Turns the model grid display on or off

Inactive cells Turns the inactive region display on or off
Wells > Turns the display of all, or only selected well types, i.e.,
pumping, injection, or observation, on or off
Properties > Turns the display of all, or only selected model properties, i.e.,
conductivity, diffusion, aquifer elevation, and porosity, on or
off
Boundaries > Turns the display of all, or only selected model boundary
conditions, i.e., constant head, drain, initial concentration, lake/
river, recharge, and specified flux, on or off

Aquitard > Turns the display of all, or only selected aquitard properties,
i.e., flux top/bottom, leakance top/bottom, on or off
Dry Cells Turns on or off the display of dry cells if any are generated by
the model
Maps Turns base map display on or off (.dxf or .dig)
Bitmap Turns the bitmap display on or off
Annotate Turns annotations on model display on or off
ZOOM In Permits enlargement of a selected area of the model area using
the mouse
ZOOM Previous Restores the most recent display magnification after enlarging a
model area
ZOOM Out Restores the display to its maximum size
Move ZOOM Allows you to move an existing enlarged view to another area
of the model without having to select Zoom In again
Refresh Reloads the present display and removes any relict display
elements
Toolbar Turns the display of all toolbars off or on
Results
The following menu selections appear when you select Results...
Heads Activates the hydraulic head model layer
Drawdown Activates the Drawdown model layer which allows you
to visualise the drawdown effects from a pumping well
in your model
CALC New Drawdown Allows you to import an existing hydraulic head file
(*.HDS); Flowpath II for Windows will calculate a
revised drawdown using the imported file
Velocities Activates the Velocity Vector model layer which
allows you to visualise the groundwater flow in terms
of vectors (direction and magnitude)
Concentration Activates the Concentration model layer, which allows
you to visualise contaminant concentration and
generate animations of contaminant transport
Pathlines Activates the Particle Pathline layer, which allows you
to view the movement of particles through the
groundwater system
Results 121
Calibrate
The following menu options appear when you select Calibrate...
Calc. vs. Obs. Displays a linear plot of calculated heads versus actual
observed heads in observation wells completed in the
model domain; calculates and displays error statistics
useful in assessing the validity of the model
Residuals Displays a residual head label at each observation well
Residuals Contours Displays contours of residual head values
RESIDUALS Shading Displays a colour shaded map of residual head values
Residuals ASCII file.. Save residual values to an ACSII file
Help
The following options appear when you select Help:
Contents Displays contents of the Help
Search the Index Allows you to search the contents of Help by keyword
About Displays copyright notice and other program
information

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Butler, S.S., 1957. Engineering Hydrology. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
Golden Software Inc., 1987. Surfer version 3.0.
Javandel, I., Tsang, C.-F., 1986. Capture-zone type curves: a tool for aquifer
cleanup. Ground Water, 24(5).
Kinzelbach, W., 1986. Groundwater Modelling - An introduction with sample
programs in BASIC. Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam.
McDonald, M.G., Harbaugh, A., 1984. A modular three-dimensional
finite-difference ground-water flow model. U.S. Geological Survey, Reston,
Virginia.
Peaceman, D.W., Rachford, D.D., 1955. The numerical solution of parabolic and
elliptical difference equations. Jour. Soc. Industrial and Applied Mathematics,
3(11), 28-41.
Pinder, G.F., Bredehoeft, J.D, 1968. Application of the digital computer for aquifer
evaluation. Water Resour. Res., 4(5), 1069-1093.
Prickett, T.A., Lonnquist, C.G., 1971. Selected digital computer techniques for
groundwater resource evaluation. Bull. 55, Ill. State Water Surv., Urbana.
Prickett, Thomas A., T.G. Naymik, and C.G. Lonnquist. 1981. A Random-Walk
Solute Transport Model for Selected Groundwater Quality Evaluations. Illinois
State Water Survey Bulleitn 65. Urbana, Illinois. 103 pages
Shafer, J.M., 1987. Reverse pathline calculation of time-related capture zones in
non-uniform flow. Ground Water, 25(3).
Soell, T., 1988. Berechnungsverfahren zur Abschaetzung anthropogener
Temperaturanomalien im Grundwasser. Eigenverlag des Instituts fuer Wasserbau
der Universitaet Stuttgart, PhD Dissertation. (Calculations for Estimating
Anthropogenic Temperature Anomolies in Groundwater)
United States Environmental Protection Agency, 1987. Guidelines for delineation of
wellhead protection areas. Office of Water, Office for Ground-Water Protection,
Washington, D.C., EPA 440/6-87-010.
Wen, X.H., J.J. Gomez-Hernandez, January-February 1996. The Constant
Displacement Scheme for Tracking particles in Heterogeneous Aquifers. Ground
Water Journal, Association of Ground Water Scientists and Engineers. Volume 34,
Number 1.
Bibliography 123
124 Bibliography
INDEX
A Color contouring 107
About 122 Color Shading 107, 117
Active Areas 70 Colour Shading 104, 109
Add Column 60
well 63 Columns 62
Add horizontal gridlines 61 Company Logo 100
Add map 55, 103 Concentration 74, 80, 99, 104, 116, 121
Add Row(s) 60 Conductivity 70
Add vertical gridlines 61 Confining Layer 51
Add Well 63 Constant Displacement Method 90
Adding Gridlines 62 Constant Head 73, 75
Adding Pumping Wells 22 Constant Head Boundary 30
Adding Wells 65 Constant Time Method 91
AIRFLOW/SVE 6 Consulting 6
Animate 95 Contaminant Transport 89
Animating Contaminant Transport 117 Contents 122
Animating Particles 113 Contour Line 107
Animation 113, 115 Contouring 99
Annotate 54, 58, 59, 102, 121 Contouring Options 40
Annotating your Graphic 46 Contours 117
Aquifer 49, 68 Convergence Criteria 84
Aquifer Bottom 69 Co-ordinates Area 12
Aquifer Elevations 72 Copy to Clipboard 56, 104
Aquifer Properties 33 Create 48
Aquifer Property 50 Create Log file 53
Aquifer Toolbars 69 Create New Project 47
Aquifer Top 69 Cross Section 51, 99
AquiferTest 6 Cross Sections 57, 118
Aquitard 50, 51, 59, 86, 121
arrow 54, 102 D
ASCII Editor 56, 104 Decimal place 109
Assign line 69 Delete
Automatic 108 well 63
Delete horizontal gridlines 61
B Delete Row(s) 60
Backward Tracking 88 Delete vertical gridlines 61
Base Map 18 Delete wells 63
base map 48 Deleting Gridlines 62
BITMAP 18, 100 Deleting Wells 65
Bitmap 56, 59, 103, 105, 121 Detailed Balance 95
bottom elevation 68 Diffusion 69
Boundaries 50, 59, 68, 105, 120 diffusion 68
Boundary 51, 73 Dispersivity 73
Boundary Conditions 27 dispersivity 68
Building a New Model 47 Ditch 73, 78
Bulk density of soil 94 Drain 73
Drains 78
C Draw circle 54
Calculated Heads 99 Draw line 54
Calculated Heads vs. Observed Heads Graph 122 Draw rectangle 54
Calibrate 98, 122 Drawdown 99, 104, 110, 121
Calibration 36, 115 Dry Cells 121
Calibration Graph 44
Capture Zones 89 E
circle 102 Edit 49, 54, 98, 102
Close 54, 101 Editing Wells 67
Coarsen Rows 61 Education 6
Coarsening 62 Elevation 72
Index 125
Elevations 72 K
Equipotentials 40 Key Output 106
Erases 50 Kxx 71
erroneous results 83 Kyy 71
F L
Features 3, 49 Lake 73, 76
File 11, 47, 49, 51, 98, 100 Lake Elevation 77
flow boundaries 68 Layout 12
Flow Model 82 Leakage 77
Flow Velocities 41 Leakance 87
Flux 73, 75 Left and Right Toolbar 12
Fluxes 87 line 69, 102
Font 100 Line of Particles 113
Forward Tracking 88 Lines 114
Log file 53
G
Georeference Point 19 M
Georeferencing 18 Main Menu 50
Global Water Balance 84, 87 Main Window 11
Grid 23, 49, 50, 60, 120 Main window 47
Grid Dimensions 62 Manual 108
Grid direction 112 Map File 48
Grid Limits 60 Maps 55, 59, 102, 106, 121
Grid Orientation 61 Mark columns 61
Grid Toolbar 61 Mark Rows 60
Groundwater Recharge 35 Mark rows 61
Maximum Grid Dimensions 62
H Model Input 17
hardware requirements 9 Model Input Features 49
Head 73, 75 model region 48
Head Residuals 99 MODFLOW 5
Heads 104, 106, 121 modifying a model 47
Help 11, 50, 98, 122 Module 49
Hydraulic Conductivity 34, 69, 70 Move
hydraulic conductivity 68 well 63
Hydraulic Head 99 wells 65
Move horizontal gridlines 61
I Move Row(s) 60
IADI 82, 84 Move vertical gridlines 61
IADI solver parameters 84 Move Well 63
Import 63 Moving Wells 65
Import Data 66
Import database 63 N
importing a Flowpath v.5.x model 47 New Model 17
Importing Wells 65 new model 47
Inactive Areas 70 No Flow Boundaries 70
Inactive cells 59, 120 no flow boundaries 68
Inactive Regions 27 Non-Leaky 87
Index 122 Notations 16
Injection 65
injection wells 63 O
Inner Iteration 86 Observation 65
Input 11, 47, 101 Observation Wells 36
Input Features 49 observation wells 63
Input Module 4, 49, 54, 61 Observed Heads 99
Inspect 98 Open the Input Module 98
installation 9 Open the Run Module 98
Interface 4 Options 98, 104
Iterative Alternative Direction Implicit 82, 84 Outer Iteration Criterion 85
126 Index
Outer Iterations 85 River 73, 76
Output 11, 39, 54, 81, 97 River Bed Elevation 77
Output Module 4, 50, 54, 97 River Boundaries 31
Overlay 99, 119 Row 60
Overlay Control 51 Rows 62
Overlay control 58 Run 54, 81, 101
Run Module 4, 50, 81
P running 9
Pan 60 Running the Model 38
Particle 115
Particle Display 113 S
Particle Options 87 Save 50, 51, 100
Particle pathline 113 Save and Close 51, 100
Particle Pathlines 42 Save As 51, 100
Particle Tracking 87, 99 Save Dry Cells as Inactive 100
Particles 104, 112 Save the active project 98
Particles around Well 113 Screen Layout 12
Pathlines 114, 121 Search the Index 122
PCG 82, 85 Set Grid Limits 61
PCG solver parameters 85 Setup 52
polygon 69 Solvers 82
Porosity 69, 71 Specifications 49
porosity 68 Specified Flux 73, 75
Preconditioned Conjugate-gradient 82, 85 Starting Flowpath II 11
Predictor-Corrector Method 93 Status Bar 12
premature termination 83 Status Line 106
Preview 52
PRINCE 6 T
Print 52, 100 Technical Support 13
print 50 Terms and Notations 16
Print Preview 53, 101 text 54, 102
Print the graphic 98 Time Markers 115
Print to File 53, 101 Time Step 90, 93
Printer Setup 52, 101 Toolbar 60
Printing 46 Toolbar Buttons 50
project information 100 Toolbars 102
Project Name 47 Tools 50
Properties 11, 59, 105, 120 top elevation 68
Pumping 65 Top Menu Bar 12
pumping wells 63 Top Toolbar 12
Training 6
R Transport 89
Random Walk 90, 95 Transport Simulation 89
Random Walk Method 89, 91, 92, 94 Tutorial 15
Random Walk Solute Transport Model 91
Recharge 35, 73, 79 U
rectangle 69, 102 Undo 54
Reference Books 4 Units 57
Refine Rows 61
Refining 62 V
Refining the Grid 23 Velocities 41, 104, 111, 121
Reflection 94 Velocity Contouring 111
Refresh 51, 60, 121 Velocity Shading 111
Refreshes 99 Velocity Vector 99
Residual 107 View 49, 57, 98, 118
Residuals 104, 110, 122 Viewing Modelling Results 97
Residuals ASCII file 122 Visible 103, 109
Residuals Contours 122 Visual Groundwater 6
Residuals Shading 122 Visual MODFLOW 5
Results 97, 98, 121 Visualisation 39
Retardation 90, 92, 93
Index 127
W
Water Balance 76, 84
Water Surface Elevation 77
Waterloo Hydrogeologic, Inc. 5
well file 63
Well Properties 63
Well Toolbar 64
Wellhead Protection 116
Wells 49, 50, 59, 63, 104, 114, 120
WHI 3
WHPA 116
Window 50
World Wide Web Site 51, 100
X
X-cross section 57, 118
Y
Y-cross section 57, 118
Z
ZOOM 121
Zoom 51, 99
Zoom Extents 60
Zoom In 59
Zoom Out 60
Zoom Previous 59
128 Index

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. QUICK START ................................................................................................ 9

BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................... 123

Table of Contents iii

Major Program Features

Who We Are at WHI

Major Program Features 3

About the Interface

Suggested Reference Books

Applied Hydrogeology; 3rd edition, Fetter, C.W. Jr., 1994.

How to Contact Waterloo Hydrogeologic, Inc.

Phone+1 519 746 1798

Email (General): whs@flowpath.com

Other Products and Services by Waterloo Hydrogeologic, Inc

AquiferTest for Windows

Waterloo Hydrogeologic, Inc. Education and Training Services

Waterloo Hydrogeologic, Inc. Consulting Services

Waterloo Hydrogeologic, Inc. Consulting Services 7

Installing Flowpath II for Windows

To continue the installation,

10 Chapter 1 - Quick Start

Starting Flowpath II for Windows

File: Select a file utility or exit Flowpath II for Windows

Starting Flowpath II for Windows 11

Top Menu Bar

Status Bar Co-ordinate Area

Top Menu Bar: Displays main options for that window.

12 Chapter 1 - Quick Start

Reporting a Program Error to WHI

Obtaining Technical Support 13

General Site and Hydrogeologic Setting

Hydraulic Conductivity Distribution

Aquifer Bottom Elevation

Terms and Notations

Starting Flowpath II for Windows 95/NT

Generating a New Model

In the Project Name box:

Under Define model region

In the Map File section:

Starting Flowpath II for Windows 95/NT 17

Georeferencing .BMP (BITMAP) Base Map

To accept these co-ordinates for georeference Control Point 1,

To accept these co-ordinates for georeference Control Point 2,

To define the model domain,

To see the grid,

Adding Pumping Wells

The Save Data dialogue box will appear.

Double-click in the box to the right of X and enter the following:

Refining the Grid

Under Inspect, make sure the Visible check box is checked.

) (Zoom-in button from the top tool bar)

To refine the horizontal gridlines,

You are now in the Grid options of Flowpath II for Windows.

Type the following,

Your model should now resemble the following figure.

The final grid should look like that below.

Input of Boundary Conditions

To assign an inactive region:

From the toolbar on the left side of the screen,

Getting Results Tips! Defining Inactive Regions

Constant Head Boundaries

) Boundaries (from the top menu bar )

The constant head line should now be red.

From the side toolbar, choose the Draw Line option,