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Road Accidents: The Lived Experiences of Motorcycle Users

Bautista, B.,(1) Eduarte, L.,(2) Evaristo, R.,(3) et al.

ABSTRACT

This study is about the lived experiences of motorcycle users involved in road
accidents. The study aims to determine the reasons why motorcycle users continuously
used motorcycle, in spite road accidents. The study employs qualitative method of research
utilizing in-depth interview. Criteria are set to qualify Key Informants (KI) and Focused
Group Discussion (FGD) participants.

Findings reveals that motorcycle users prefer to buy motorcycle because of its affordability,
convenience and mobility; Common reasons why motorcycle users are involved in road
accidents are the lack of knowledge and formal training; Lack of discipline and inadequate
knowledge on road signs and traffic rules. Participants also claim that they were under the
influence of alcohol when they experience road accident; a few experienced traumas but
eventually continue to drive motorcycle.

The researchers recommends to the Land Transportation Office (LTO), an

increment on the existing penalties impose to violators. Likewise it is recommended to have
traffic enforcers visible at the main roads and highways and strict implementation of traffic
rules and regulations. Researchers strongly recommend that before Land Transportation
Office (LTO) will issue a student license, applicant must undergo a mandatory seminars and
trainings on road safety and traffic rules. Motorcycle sellers should also provide similar
training to potential buyers. Moreover, the researcher recommends conducting more
studies for the proper designation of motorcycle lane on the national roads and highways.

Keywords: Motorcycle, Motorcycle Users, Road Accidents, Motorcycle Accidents


Introduction
We are all surrounded by modern
vehicles that affect our daily living. These
things were made for the improvement of
our lives and make us do less while the
output is higher. Modernizations of
technology in transportation have also
made a great impact in history of
conveyance.
Transportation is the movement
of people and goods from one place to
another, whether in sea, air and land. A
lot of transportation have been invented
and introduce to provide the most
sufficient and efficient means of
transportation to the people. In the
Philippines, jeepneys, buses, MRT, LRT,
UV Express and tricycles are the most
common kinds of a transport vehicle.
Consumers look for a kind of
vehicle that will reduce their expenses in
transportation. One of the vehicles that
can answer their problem is a motorcycle.
A motorcycle is a two-wheeled vehicle
that can carry two to three persons
including the driver. Motorcycles are
mostly used by the Filipinos because of its
affordability. A person with an average
income can afford, since it is low in price
compared to other vehicles. It can also
transports a person in the least of time
that is why motorcycles became popular
for many Filipinos who needs a fast,
efficient but inexpensive transport
machine.
According to the record of Land
Transportation Office (2014), the most
prominent users of motorcycle are in
NCR, having a 537,160 registered
motorcycle. Furthermore, motorcycle has
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the highest number of users compared to
other vehicles, and followed by cars
having a 395,782 registered car. Same
record from Land Transportation Office
(LTO) indicates the number of motorcycle
users also increase, from 2012, 188,062,
on 2013, 197,275 to 249,551 registered
motorcycles on 2014. Despite of the many
benefits brought by motorcycle to
motorists which result to rapid growth of
people using motorcycle, it considered
riskier and more prone to accident
because of being exposed by drivers and
passenger/s to twice as much the risk
compared to other transport vehicle that
leads to accident that causes injuries,
damages to property and eventually
death. Based on the record from Metro
Manila Accident Recording Analysis
System (MMARAS), there is an increase in
number of road accidents involving
motorcycle from year 2009 to 2014.
The government and other
concerned sectors implemented policies
in order to minimize the volume of
motorcycles involve in road accidents
which is as of now continuously
operating. The Republic Act 4136, Land
Transportation and Traffic Code, this law
controls the registration and operation of
motor vehicle to limit the people who
drives on the road and only give license to
the persons who are worthy to give
opportunity to drive vehicle on the road.
The Republic Act 10054, Motorcycle
Helmet Act of 2009, this law requires all
motorcycle users to wear standard
protective helmet while driving a
motorcycle. Other laws are the Senate Bill
2488 and House Bill 4462 which prohibits
the children to ride the motorcycles, the
approved measure prohibits any person
to drive motorcycle with a child on board

on public roads where there is heavy
volume of vehicles, high density of fast
moving vehicles or where a speed limit of
more than 60 kilometers per hour is
imposed. A children who can wrap their
arms on the driver and their feet reaches
the step knot that supports the feet, are
the only eligible in riding a motorcycle.
Also the implementation of Motorcycle
Lane Policy by Metro Manila
Development Authority (MMDA) on some
area that is prone in road accidents most
likely in Quezon City.
Although many provisions and
policies are implemented in order to
avoid motorcycle accidents, still a
continuous number of related accidents
are recorded. There are still motorcycle
users who are stagnant in using
motorcycle even though they themselves
have already experienced a road accident.
The purpose of this study is to know the
reasons of these people that continue to
use motorcycle even after they experience
road accidents.
Theoretical Framework
Motorcycle has been a trend in the
last five years. The number of motorcycle
users increases continuously as if there
was no danger in using it. However, as the
number of motorcycle users increases,
the number of motorcycle users that has
been involved in accidents is also
increases.
A theory entitled Prospect
Theory by Daniel Kahneman and Amos
Tversky (1979), states that people value
gains differently from losses and, as such,
will base decisions on perceived gains
rather than perceived losses. Thus, if a
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person were given two equal choices, one
expressed in terms of possible gains and
the other in possible losses, people would
choose the former. Stated differently,
people make decision on what they might
win rather than what they might lose.
It was in 1979 when Daniel
Kahneman along with his colleague, the
late psychologist Amos Tversky delivered
a paper in Econometrica by the name
Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision
under Risk , came up with the concept of
Prospect Theory also called as Loss-
aversion theory.
"In prospect theory, loss aversion
refers to the tendency for people to
strongly prefer choosing gain than losses.
It suggests people express a different
degree of emotion towards gains than
toward losses. Individuals are more
stressed by prospective losses than they
are happy from equal gains.
The theory proposed that the
outcome of the decision is based on the
perceived gains than its perceived losses.
In regard to his study, the motorcycle
users who had been experience
motorcycle accident choose to use or ride
again a motorcycle because of the
advantages they got in using it. They
continuously using motorcycle as means
of transportation rather than to stop after
the terrible experience they got in
motorcycle accident. They blindly
ignoring the risk and focusing on the
gains and advantages in using motorcycle
because of escalating transportation fare
and cost of living expenses of every family
which rapidly increasing.
Conceptual Framework

According to the Prospect theory
an individual may disregard the risk or
loses on their decision and focus only on
the advantages or gains. Assumes that
motorcycle users are knowledgeable and
does have an idea on the risk theyre
facing when using a motorcycle and the
advantages, the benefits and the gains
that they get in using motorcycle. The
dependent variables in the study are: (1)
Advantages in using a motorcycle; (2)
Risk in using motorcycle. (3)How a
motorcycle user values risks and
advantages; and the (4) Outcomes or the
decision they made are the independent
variables. These variables can be measure
by asking semi-structured question to the
subjects of the study.
The relationship of how
motorcycle users value advantages and
risks affects the outcomes or the decision
they made, using again; discontinue the
use, after experiencing a road accident.
Moreover, the relationship of other
variables to another was further explored.
Research Design
This study uses Qualitative Approach.
Qualitative research is a systematic
scientific inquiry which seeks to build a
holistic, largely narrative, description to
inform the researchers understanding of
a social or cultural phenomenon (Astalin,
2014). McMillan and Schumacher (1993)
define the qualitative research as,
primarily an inductive process of
organizing data into categories and
identifying patterns (relationships)
among categories.
In this study, the researchers use
Phenomenology. It is defined as a strategy
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research of searching the core of the
human experiences that the researchers
will try to find, with regard to a
phenomenon as described by the
participants. The objective
phenomenological approach to qualitative
research is to depict the exact and certain
lived experiences of people and no to
create baseless theories or models of
phenomenon being studied (Creswell,
2009).
Descriptive Research design was
also used in this study. It is a method of
fact finding study with accurate
interpretation of the data. This method
will be used by the researchers to
interpret the information from the
participants. It is mainly focused on
collecting and analyzing the findings
based on the lived experiences of the
participants. It is also emphasizes what
actually exist such as the current
situation, practices, happenings, or any
similar phenomena (Marvel & Mendel,
2010).
Scope and Delimitation
The participants of this study were from
the vicinity of Quezon City, Philippines.
They were motorcycle users who
experienced road accident and continuing
the use of motorcycle with 3 years or
more, experience in driving a motorcycle.
The study contains seventeen (17)
qualified participants, 4 participants in
Key Informants and 13 participants in
Focus Group Discussion. The participants
in the Focus Group Discussion were
clustered into three (3) groups, which
were Clusters A, B & C. The researcher
clustered the Focus Group Discussion

(FGD) based on the severity of the injury
they acquired in the road accidents they
experienced.
Key Informants were persons or
officials who had knowledge and
understanding on the situation of
motorcycle users and plays a significant
role on the safety of motorcycle users and
other road users.
The time frame of this study is from June-
March, Academic year 2015-2016.
Method
The In-depth interview and Semi-
Structured interviewed was used as a
method of data collection in the study. In-
depth interview is a type of data
collection where the participants receive
questions with fixed response categories.
The in-depth interview, while focused, is
discursive and allows the researcher and
respondent latitude to explore an issue
within the framework of guided
conversation (Crabtree, 1999).
Galleta (2013) defined semi-
structured interview as a qualitative
method of inquiry that combines a pre-
determined set of open questions that
prompt discussion with the opportunity
for the interviewer to explore particular
themes or responses further. It does not
limit respondents to a set of pre-
determined answers. It is used to
understand how interventions work and
how they could be improved. It also
allows respondents to discuss and raise
issues that you may not have considered.
The research instruments used in
the study are semi-structured guide
questionnaire that are non-biased and
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formulated only for the purpose of getting
only the needed information for the
study. The guide questionnaire was pre-
tested to twenty-five (25) participants to
ensure the understandability of the
questions when asked to the subjects of
the study. After the pre-test, the results
tabulated and revised the questions that
are slightly unclear or ambiguous. After
revising the questions, the Land
Transportation Office validated the guide
questionnaire.
Researchers also prepared
Informed consent that is signed by the
participants after discussing the nature of
the study, their rights and confidentiality
of the gathered data in the whole
interview footage.
Analysis and Discussion
In the Philippines, motorcycle as a
mode of transportation is very rampant
not only that, road accidents are also
evident at the same time. Base on the
record of Metro Manila Accident
Recording and Analysis System
(MMARAS), it shows an increase in
accidents involving motorcycle in Quezon
City. They recorded 15,106 accidents on
2009 and 113 or (0.75%) of it are fatal
accidents. In the previous year, 2014, they
record 20,515 accident and 204 or
(0.99%) of it are fatal. Based from the
data, there is an increase of (35.80%)
from the year 2009 to 2014.
Based on all the participants from
the Key Informants (K.I) and Focused
Group Discussion (FGD), results showed
that motorcycle users preferred to buy
and use motorcycle because of its
affordability, convenience and

maneuverability on road even in a heavy
traffic condition.
The study of Olanloye (2014),
confirms that motorcycle users prefer
motorcycle than other vehicles because: it
is very cheap and affordable, low on fuel
consumption and low maintenance cost
Another study conducted by Hsu
et al. (2003) stresses that: motorcycles
are relatively small in size, giving
maneuvering flexibility and the freedom
to park practically anywhere; motorcycles
have the agility and the capability to
weave through queues in congested
areas; the weight of a motorcycle is
relatively light and able to be moved by
driver; the price of motorcycle is low and
affordable by many people in developing
or in the low-income economies.
Motorcycle users also claimed
that they do not have enough proper
precautionary measures before riding
motorcycle they just only wear helmet
and other safety gears. Do not have a
proper training on driving a motorcycle.
And also the sources of their knowledge
or skills in driving are mostly from:
observing others and actual experiencing.
This is supported by the theory
Social Learning Theory proposed by
Albert Bandura (1971), it states that an
individual can learn or acquire new
pattern of behavior through direct
experience or by observing the behavior
of others.
Furthermore, findings revealed
that the most common causes of their
involvement on road accidents are
because they had improper knowledge
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about traffic rules and road safety, they
don't had a proper training before driving
a motorcycle and lack of discipline. They
also claimed that driving under the
influence of alcohol, aggressive driving,
slippery road and carelessness are some
of the factors which lead on their road
accident.
The information underpins the
report of National Highway Traffic Safety
Administration (NHTSA) the different
factors that cause Motorcycle Accidents
are the following: (1) Dangerous
roadways cause riders to wipe out, (2)
Aggressive driving, (3) Distracted driving,
and (4) Drunk driving.
In the Philippines, Metro Manila
Accident Recording and Analysis System
(MMARAS, 2014) shows the top accident
causations: (1) Human Error; (2) Other;
(3) Vehicle Defect.
(1) Human Error is composed
of: (a) Alcohol suspected; (b) Avoided a
Path Hole; (c) Hitting Animal; (d) Hitting
Another Vehicle; (e) Hitting Pedestrian;
(f) Moving backwards; (g) Counter-flow;
(h) Cut by another vehicle; (i) Driver
Error; (j) Inattentive; (k) Lost Control; (l)
Tired/Asleep; (m) Too close to another
vehicle; (n) Over speeding.
(2) Others" is composed of:
(a) Driver is suffered from heart attack
while driving; (b) Due to scattered
objects; (c) Road Condition; (d) Slipped;
(e) Slippery Road.
(3) Vehicle Defects consist of: (a)
Bike part broke; (b) Lost brakes; (c)
Mechanical; (d) Tire Exploded/Blown out
Tire.

The researchers found out that in
spite experiencing road accidents,
motorcycle users preferred to use again
motorcycle because of its said advantages
and features. Moreover, the participants
said that the main reason why they
continuously using motorcycle is because
it is a necessity on their job.
Using a motorcycle is like
gambling, staking your life for the benefit
that comes from using it. Prospect theory
explains that people value gains
differently from losses, and will base their
decision on what they might win rather
than what they might lose. (Kahneman &
Tversky, 1979)
Recommendations
The study reveals the different
problems encountered by motorcycle
users, the causes of their involvement in
road accidents and their continuous use
of motorcycle in spite experiencing
accidents. The researchers formulate
these recommendations base on the
results, these are the following:
The researchers recommend to
the authorized agencies that govern land
transportation, such as Land
Transportation Office (LTO), to
reconsider an increment on the penalties
in the following violations:
(a) Reckless Driving; (b)Disregarding;
(c)Traffic Sign (DTS); (d)Obstruction;
(e)Driving without Drivers license (DL);
(f)Drivers License not carried (DL);
(g)Expired Drivers license
(DL)/Temporary Operators Permit
(TOP); (h)Not wearing crash helmet;
(i)Illegal change of body parts and
Page |7
accessories; and (j)Driving under the
influence of alcohol
The researchers also recommend
traffic enforcer visibility to every
highway, especially on congested roads,
and the strict implementation of traffic
rules and regulations.
The researchers recommend that
before issuing a student license, an
applicant, especially motorcycle users,
must undergo a mandatory seminars and
training about the proper knowledge on
road safety and traffic rules and
regulations for at least 3 days, before
claiming his/her license. Upon
accomplishment of the program,
applicants will receive a certificate of
accomplishment and can continue to the
acquisition of student license.
The researchers suggest that the
motorcycle dealers will provide a one (1)
day driving lesson to their customer
about the proper driving and road safety
measure.
The researchers also suggest
increasing the salary of all traffic
enforcers.
The researcher recommends
conducting more studies for the proper
designation of motorcycle lane on the
national roads and highways.
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