CHAPTER

11
Annex L Calculation of the ability to achieve cos = .95 in an industrial enterpr
ise (small, medium or large)
Power Factor Correction
Loads that consume electricity industry, are mainly: electric motors for various
uses light energy sources other welders
The charges mentioned are part of the electrical energy that turns are what we n
eed, motion-light, etc. But there's another part that is lost and does not becom
e the objective. Electric motors consume electric power reaches its axis and mec
hanical power, active call, but no other necessary to create the rotating magnet
ic field energy which is an intermediary and that creates the concept of magneti
zing energy that is added to the effective and active or circulates a higher cur
rent for the line drivers. This is an apparent energy demands to the network and
larger processors. This means that the voltage of an engine is no longer in pha
se with the current and the phase difference is usually expressed as power facto
r or cos φ.
V φ I
Electricity suppliers (Edenor, Edesur, Edelap and other) ines to industries i
the cos φ is less than 0.85. There ore we need to know in terms o active power
(kW) what we interlayer capacitive power in parallel on our main board to correc
t the power actor. The ollowing table, entering the le t column and the existi
ng power actor, allowed to pass higher power actors. The value o the table mu
ltiplied by the kW power will power capacitors required (kWa) to raise the exist
ing power actor, as desired.
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11
Existing Power Factor 50 52 54 55 56 58 60 62 64 65 66 68 70 72 74 75 76 78 80 8
2 84 85 86 88 90 92 94 95
Power actor corrected 100% 1,732 1,643 1,558 1,518 1,479 1,404 1,333 1,265 1,20
1 1,168 1,139 1,078 1,020 0,964 0,909 0,882 0,855 0,802 0,750 0,698 0,646 0,620
0,594 0,540 0,485 0,426 0,363 0,329 95% 1,403 1,314 1,229 1,189 1,150 1,075 1,00
4 0,936 0,872 0,839 0,810 0,749 0,691 0,635 0,580 0,553 0,526 0,473 0,421 0,369
0,317 0,291 0,265 0,211 0,156 0,097 0,034 90% 1,247 1,158 1,073 1,033 0,994 0,91
9 0,848 0,780 0,716 0,683 0,654 0,593 0,535 0,479 0,424 0,397 0,370 0,317 0,265
0,213 0,161 0,135 0,109 0,055 85% 1,112 1,023 0,938 0,898 0,859 0,784 0,713 0,64
5 0,581 0,548 0,519 0,458 0,400 0,344 0,289 0,262 0,235 0,182 0,130 0,078 80% 0,
982 0,983 0,808 0,768 0,729 0,654 0,583 0,515 0,451 0,418 0,389 0,328 0,270 0,21
4 0,159 0,132 0,105 0,052 75% 0,850 0,761 0,676 0,636 0,597 0,522 0,451 0,383 0,
319 0,286 0,257 0,196 0,138 0,082 0,027 -
NOTE: 1) power actors below 0.85 are o ine or the distribution o electricit
y. 2) It should do the calculations or cos φ = 0.95 Example: or an industry wi
th 500 kW installed with cos φ = 0.75, i we spend a cos φ = 0.95 we must multip
ly 500 Kw. 0.553 is the actor obtained in the table, going or 75 and going to
95% (power actor corrected). That is 500 Kw. 0.553 = 276.50 Kw apparent that we
interlayer capacitive output main board.
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11
We will do vector calculus to justi y the values o the table.
Figure I
or cos φ = 0.75
Ω KVA
KVAi
φ
Kw
I
Figure II
cos φ '= 0.95 KVA'cap = X
KVAi
Kw = 500
KVA
'
φ '
Kw
I
Chart I: cos φ = 0.75 Kw = 500 cos φ '= KW KVA KW KVA = 500 = 667 = cos φ 0.75
KVA = KVAi ² ² ² + KW = KVA KVAi ² ² - ² Kw KVAi = 667 ² - 500 ² 194 890 = 441.5
KVAi
KVAi = 444890-250000 =
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11
Chart II: cos φ '= 0.95 = 500 KVA Kw' = KW = 500 = 526 cos φ '.95
KVA'i =
526 ² - 500 ² = 163 26 676 KVA'i
KVA'i = 276676-250000 =
The capacitive power to enter (see Figure II) will be: KVA'cap = KVAi - KVA'i =
441.5-163 KW = 278.5 K = 278.5 = 0.557 500
in table gave K = 0.553
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CHAPTER
11
Annex M Something more about heating in electrical connections.
This annex will address the importance o electricity connections in that they c
ause ires in electrical installations. I2 Joule's law which relates R is the lo
ad current lowing through the mechanical connection o the connection to the el
ectrical resistance o this. The product o these two values IU is the electrica
l power at a certain time T creates heat that can destroy the insulation o the
conductors and short o them. The Rules o products such as outlets, circuit bre
akers, contactors chips and indicate the values o torque that must be given to
the mechanical joints between conductors and screws or asteners driven by them.
€These values are related to the diameter o the screw, its head and the tool us
ed to actuate. The tables below are common to the above-mentioned main accessori
es.
Table 15 (IEC 60309-1) - Torque (Torque) or screw terminals
Nominal diameter o thread (mm) Up Over 2.8 Over 2.8 to 3.0 3.0 to 3.2 Mas rom
3.2 to 3.6 times rom 3.6 to 4.1 Over But rom 4.1 to 4.7 4.7 to 5.3 Over 5.3 to
6.0 Over 6.0 to 8.0 8.0 to Mas 10,00 plus o 10.00 to 12 , 00 But rom 12:00 to
15,00 plus o 15.00 to 20.00
Torque (Nm) I II III 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.25 0.3 0.4 0.7 0.8 0.8 1.2 2.5 ** ** ** ** 0.
5 0.6 0.8 1.2 2.5 3.5 1.8 2 4 ** ** ** 0.5 0.6 0.8 1.2 1.8 2 3 6 10 14 19 25
Torque (Kg.cm) I II III 2 4 4 2.5 3 4 7 8 8 12 25 ** ** ** ** 5 6 8 12 18 20 25
35 40 ** ** ** 5 6 8 12 18 20 30 60 100 140 190 250
In all the accessories mentioned above torque values are those o the above tabl
e. We should clari y that the column I corresponds to no head screws which tight
en with a screwdriver is made o sheet whose width is less than the diameter o
the hole. Column II corresponds to the width o blade screwdrivers should be as
close to the diameter o the screw head. Column III is di erent rom a screwdri
ver tools, such as a pneumatic screwdriver. There are devices or measuring torq
ue as illustrated in igure whose reading is expressed in Nm. Once applied these
retention torque is achieved between the terminal and the driver must respond t
o the ollowing table
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11
Cross section (mm ²) Holding Force (Kg)
1 2.5 5
+ 2.5 4 + 4-6 + 6-10 + 10-16 + 16-25 + 25-50 5 6 8 September 10, 1912
These torques are measured by devices read in kg. inches. Such as that illustrat
ed in igure. It is not usual practice or such unions o drivers and the access
ories mentioned terminal is respected, and the result is ine icient connections
 that generate heat locally and risks o ailure resulting rom such connections
. When making connections on bars main board rom which they derive conductor 50
mm ² or higher is not usual practice to take into account the mechanical vibrat
ions which are o ten produced by machinery, and the use o washers wrober or sim
ilar non- is implemented in general and electrodynamic orces that occur at time
s o CC helps also to loosen the connections. In short, i the International Sta
ndards: IEC 60884-1-outlets, 60669-1, switches, 60309-1, 2 ichas-outlets and ext
ension cords, industrial, 60898-1 and 60947-1 "Thermomagnetic indicate the need
or such values torque-torque, "it is because he has international experience as
one o the actors to respect or a sa e electrical installation. With re erenc
e to connections in homes and similar acilities o various switches 10 A connec
ted in parallel in a box o 10 by 5 cm. We say that the power should always be t
he same driver with a 2.5 mm ² (no less) and that leads charge o only 5 A in ea
ch switch (in the case o three switches), the main driver overload 15 A, in the
case o our switches (Cambre) makes 20 A. This is the reason that heats the ma
in driver and the irst switch terminal. The ollowing chart illustrates this re
gard and this is not a common practice in these acilities.
Bridge 2.5 mm ²
Conductor 2.5 mm ² input I = I + I + I + I
1 2 3 4 3 2 1 4
Output wires 1.5 mm ²
4 A = I4
I 3 = 3
I 2 = 6 A
I 1 = 6 A
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CHAPTER
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11
158