Procesadores Dual Core

DUAL CORE PROCESSORS
DUAL CORE PROCESSORS Posted 14 July 2005 Recommends this article Print this arti
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TITLE: Dual Core Processors ABSTRACT: The technological revolution in component
integration has come to extremes, an example dual-core processors ..
DUAL-CORE PROCESSORS
CONTENTS
Microprocessor 0.Principios 1. HyperThreading Technology 2.La Multiprocessor Sys
tems (Multithreading - Multithreading) 3.Procesadores Dual-Core. 4.Beneficios of
dual-core processors. 5.Tendencias. 6.References
Microprocessor 0.Principios
A microprocessor in general terms is a set of highly integrated circuits for com
puting and process control of a machine. The microprocessor is the most importan
t part of a machine (a computer). The microprocessor is responsible for operatio
ns processes and calculations that come from outside elements which after proces
sing are sent to output devices (monitor, printer ,...). The microprocessor spee
d is measured by the clock frequency to working as Hertz. The logical part in ge
neral terms which make up the processor to perform the operations are:
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Aritmeticológica Unit. Control Unit. Processing Unit. Records Storage. Cache mem
ory. Data Buses. The leading manufacturers of microprocessors are Intel, IBM, AM
D, Zilog, Motorola, Cyrix ... but the most competitive are AMD Intel. If you wan
t more information on what is a microprocessor can visit the article "The Proces
sor" by clicking the link.
1. Multiprocessor Systems
Multiprocessor systems are one of the options for improving performance, speed a
nd performance of servers and workstations. This system is used to perform multi
-tasks, in this way if a processor is busy performing an operation, the process
our request to attend another free processor. The technology of these systems is
complex because bantante used in the same team two or more processors together
symmetrically and in parallel using shared resources such as system memory. All
processors are treated equally and processors share the work of users thereby im
proving their performance in the work of a single application.
nce
Figure 1 Symmetric Multiprocessing Systems (SMP) of two processors are used for
messaging services while four processors are used to run enterprise applications
(databases, Client / Server). In dual processor systems with respect to uniproc
essor noticed a big increase in performance and speed. In the four-processor sys
tems with respect to the performance of two processors is not much difference.
Figure 1.2
nce
As we have said Symmetric Multiprocessing Systems (SMP), also called tightly cou
pled (closely coupled) or Shared everything (all share) are systems which share
their resources which is a problem.
Figure 1.3 In systems of two or four processors share the same memory RAM which
does not pose great problems of saturation, in contrast to systems of eight or m
ore processors if it could be a big problem, when responding to all processing r
equests, if all consume many of the same memory so it can produce bottlenecks an
d slug the system considerably, so this solution will depend on each processor c
aches small as seen in Figure 1.4. Even with independent local memory does not s
olve the problem of bottlenecks.
nce
Figure 1.4
Another problem is we can find is to find technological applications or operatin
g systems that are optimized to use these systems. Only W2000,XP and Linux are
ready to be used in the SMP, if utlizaramos Windows 98 only use one processor be
cause it is not prepared for multithreaded tasks. The hardware cost is another i
nconvenience, that involves buying two or more microprocessors for a motherboard
that is adapted with two or more microprocessor sockets. If we add all the spac
e it occupies and the temperatures can reach, so to minimize this last should at
tach more fans.
2.La HyperThreading Technology (Multithreading - Multithreading)
As an alternative to the disadvantages of multiprocessor systems we can apply th
is technology is far more effective than the microprocessor HyperThreading is wo
rking as two virtual CPUs running multiple threads or threads in parallel.
nce
Figure 2 This technology divides the execution of each instruction into several
separate steps. Each of these steps are executed in different parts of the proce
ssor so that this process would run in parallel, but not always possible to appl
y this technique because several similar processes would have to go into operati
on the same functional unit as aritmeticológica unit for several mathematical op
erations, a solution to this minor inconvenience is to use a few transistors on
the wafer manufacturing more units to duplicate as described above (ALU - aritme
ticológica Unit), this means that the processors using this technology unlikely
to have complications, such as "bottlenecks".
Figure 2.1
nce
3.Procesadores Dual-Core.
A dual-core processor (Dual Core) is a microprocessor in which there are two pro
cessors (physical) independence in the same package, in addition to these dual-c
ore processors have an internal processor for each second-level cache (L2) of on
e or 2 Mb of capacity, also share the main system memory for loading their own p
rocess. Note: In this type of processing the first level cache (L1) may vary dep
ending on the needs of processing or multiprocessing. Is usually smaller than th
e L2. In this case the "bottleneck" could not occur, as there is an arbitration
mechanism that makes each core has an optimal bandwidth.
The manufacturing process for the production of this technology has been due to
the construction of 90-nanometer semiconductor that facilitates integration into
small spaces more transistors (about 230 million transistors) high performance.
We can see in Figure 3.1 a map of an internal microprocessor, the main feature
of this map is that there are two CPUs (Surrounded in red) in the same package,
we can also see that each CPU has its own L2 cache type (Surrounded in blue).
nce
Figure 3.1: This map shows the functional part of a Dual Core processor. In the
case of AMD the model stands out with this technology is the Athlon 64 X2 4800 +
and the case is the model INTEL Pentium Extreme Edition 840. INTEL has implemen
ted in its Dual processors featuring HyperThreading technology Corel to operatin
g systems and applications of four virtual processors, two for each core. For in
corporates AMD 2GHz HyperTransport channel for communication with the various in
tegrated chipset or plaque and between the cores of the Dual Core.
Figure 3.2 and 3.3: Two examples of the Dual Core Microprocessors of the two bra
nds are pioneering technology.
nce
4.Beneficios of dual-core processors.
One of the advantages of this technology is less power consumption with restecto
to multiprocessing systems and electrical signal would flow through the same in
tegratedalso have a smaller physical space compared with the same type of syste
m (multiprocessing) in need of large base plates to mount two or more processors
with their heatsinks and fans. In contrast, if we could say that Dual Core tech
nology dissipate more heat compared to single processor systems (single processo
r). Another drawback is that we can present compatibility because many current m
otherboards are not suited to this type of systems, this will also happen to sup
ply that need more power and connectors that current preparations to feed Dual p
rocessors Core, an example of power supply is the SILVERSTONE ZEUS ST65ZF. Final
ly if we look at the price, they might be presented with another problem, the AM
D Athlon 64 X2 4800 + sells for around $ 1,001, but if you want something a litt
le more "cheap" we have the same model but lower speed, the AMD Athlon 64 X2 420
0 + with a price of $ 537. Intel has a model called PENTIUM D 830 Dual Core with
a price of $ 530 and its stronger version of the Pentium Extreme Edition 840 wi
th a price of $ 999. As pedemos see its price is not for simple users.
5.Tendencias.
AMD and Intel are on the lookout to make new products and better. AMD has some a
dvantage over Intel because in the core of each processor contains a HyperTransp
ort connector with its own memory controller. AMD to insert this type of technol
ogy has the potential to get the Dual Core + N, ie if we were talking about the
insertion of two processors in the same pill Silicon Waffer used, we'll see more
processors on the same chip ( 4, 8 or more), it seems that Intel also has been
kept back and not going to be left behind.
6.References
PC World Magazine # 221. Hyper-threading
nce
Dual Core http://rainbow.mimuw.edu.pl/SO/Projekt04-05/temat4-g5/ http://www.mach
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