1.

Introduction
Introduction It is difficult to determine the starting point for a synthesis of
computing, since many work and discoveries that have resulted in the constructio
n of the first computer. From time immemorial men have used tools to perform cal
culations and to store and process information. The first tool that was used to
count and at the same time to represent the amounts counted were the fingers, gi
ving rise to the decimal number system
Media need to do calculations and process information
Increased complexity • new • new • Technological Progress • Technological Progre
ss
1.1 History of Computing • Abacus oldest calculating device
Chinese Abacus
Abacus Abacus Japanese Russian
On November 12, 1946 competed, Pfc U.S. Army Wood, who was the operator of more
expert calculating machines, with an electric calculator of its time and Kiyoshi
Matsuzaki Savings Department of the Ministry of Administration Postal, equipped
with an abacus. It sought to address five calculations comprising the four elem
entary operations, the victory was for the Japanese by four to one.
1.1 History of Computing • John Napier (1617) Device
products and divisions
(Multiplication based on sums)
The need to calculate without errors led to the calculator, it works like a kind
of abacus, but with gears instead of rods and balls, provided with a mechanism
for transporting the units to be carried from one position digital to the next m
ost significant
• Blaise Pascal (1642) Mechanical Calculator
(Odometer)
• Leibnitz (1672) Calculator, but did not reach
market for its manufacturing complex (1200 pcs.)
(+, -, / Y *)
1.1 History of Computing • Charles Babbage (1822) Differential Machine
(Calculation of polynomials and also for navigation, artillery)
• Herman Hollerith (1879)
Card Reader
(U.S. Census, conducted in step seven years to two in 1890)
Automatic data processing
1.1 History of Computing • IBM (1924) Inernational Bussines Machines
Hollerith and two
(1925 First Tabulator in Spain settled in the National Telephone Company of Spai
n)
• John V. Atanasoft (1930)
ABC - Atanasoft-Berry-Computer
The first digital calculator
1.2 Generations of computers • 1st Generation (1940-1958)
Replacement relay for the vacuum tubes
It's time for computers running tube * use was exclusively for the scientific /
military. To program had to directly modify the values of the circuit of machine
s (machine language) * large and heavy machines punch cards * Employment * * Hig
h power consumption mass storage on magnetic tapes and drums
UNIVAC 1 - Universal Automatic Computer ENIAC - Electronic Numerical Integrator
and Computer 1943
- 30 Tons, 1600m2, 100,000 watts
1.2 Generations of computers • 2nd Generation (1958-1964)
Replacing the vacuum tubes by transistor
It arises when the valve is replaced by the transistor * In this generation are
the first commercial computers, which already had a previous setting that would
be the operating system. These interpreted programming language instructions (Co
bol, Fortran), this way, the developer wrote their programs in the languages and
the computer was able to translate it into machine language applications * New
Reservations airlines, air traffic control ... * Less power consumption, smaller
size
Creating your first flight simulator - IBM 1402 Whirlwind I
1.2 Generations of computers • 3rd Generation (1964-1971)
Replacing the transistor by silicon chips (integrated circuits)
It is the generation which came into use integrated circuits, this allowed on on
e side and cut costs by another increase processing capacity by reducing the phy
sical size of machines. Moreover, this generation is important because it gives
a significant improvement in programming languages * Multiprogramming * Employme
nt of computers in universities, homes, etc ... * Interconnection of networked c
omputers * 1970 Diskette
XEROX ALTO - First workstation
using bitmap graphics (BMP), a mouse, menus and icons, ...
IBM 360
IBM 360
1.2 Generations of computers • 4th Generation (1971-1988)
Emergence of microprocessors
This phase of evolution characterized by the integration of electronic component
s, and this gave rise to the microprocessor,€which is the integration of all bas
ic elements of the computer in a single integrated circuit * IBM-compatible micr
oprocessors - Macintosh
IBM PCs APPLE II - color graphics, mouse, GUI SUN-3/50 - UNIX Workstation Micros
oft - Founded in 1975
Windows 1.1 - Microsoft (Bill Gates) 1985
1.2 Generations of computers • 5th Generation (1988 - present)
Many authors agree that it is not going to give more generations, as advances in
technology do not grow as fast as previously thought, but what if progress is t
o use computers as tools of Artificial Intelligence techniques * ROBOTS * .- do
physical and calculation * EXPERT SYSTEMS .- based on human experience: medical
diagnosis, equipment repair, choice of routes for vehicles, ...
PDA - Personal Digital Assistant
(They differ depending on your operating system - Palm - Palm OS from PalmSource
Inc. - Pocket - Microsoft Windows Mobile
2 Basics COMPUTER = Information + automaton is a word of French origin formed by
the words information and automatically. It is the science that studies the aut
omatic processing of information and rational
OUTPUT DATA
DATA ENTRY
INSTRUCTIONS .- tell the computer what to do .- DATA INFORMATION acting elements
on or generated by the program
2 Coding of information
CODING process that allows us to represent the elements of a column using the ot
her (eg ID, car registration, ...) Many of them have a meaning (ie CP-36 200-Vig
o Pontevedra this area ...)
Computers
Encode information
BINARY CODE CODE binary 0, 1
Physical Layer
Binary Level
Most basic unit of information bit (binary digit)
Number of bits needed to store a byte (8 bits)
Nibble Half a byte
2 Coding of information
Units of measurement Units of measurement
Kilobyte (KB)
It is the grouping of 1024 bytes (210B)
Megabyte (MB)
Is the set of 1024 KB (220B) = 1,048,576 B
GIGABYTE (GB)
It is the grouping of 1024 MB (230B) is equivalent to 1,073,741,824 B
Terabyte (TB)
Is the set of 1024 GB (240B) is equivalent to 1,099,511,627,776 B
Petabyte (PB)
1024 is the grouping of TB (250B) are equivalent to 1,125,899,906,842,624 B
3 hardware and software
HARDWARE Physical support
SOFTWARE Software Support
3 hardware and software
HARDWARE
It is the machine itself: the electronic circuitry, cables, cabinets, electromec
hanical devices, and other physical elements that make up the computer is the ph
ysical element of a computer system, ie all component materials, such as the com
puter itself , external devices, cables, data media and ultimately all those ele
ments that have a physical entity.
3 hardware and software
A computer hardware to a lower level
3 hardware and software
Main Memory Main Memory
Cache Cache yy first first second level second level
Control Unit Control Unit (UC) (UC)
AritméticoAritméticoLógica Unit Unit (LGU) Logic (UAL)
Microprocessor central processing unit (CPU)
U. Acronyms C. P. or C. P. U. mean Central Processing Unit and is responsible fo
r carrying out all tasks on a computer
3 hardware and software
Arithmetic Logic Unit. (UAL or ALU) is the unit responsible for carrying out the
arithmetic and logical assessment of the conditions. Control Unit. (UC or UC) i
s the heart of the computer and ensures that all operations are done timely and
correctly. Memory. This is the device that stores both data and instructions. Th
e report was divided into two types.
Main Memory. It is the place where you store both data and instructions arranged
to be executed (RAM, ROM, ...) Cache. It is a faster memory that goes from diff
erent devices with the fastest computer as the control unit or ALU. It is divide
d into two types.
Cache Level 1 (L1). It is a very fast memory that is inside the chip which is th
e microprocessor and this is who handles it. Cache Level 2 (L2). It is also a fa
st memory that holds data for more frequent use of the same, is also the micropr
ocessor that runs at present is included inside the chip.
3 hardware and software
Software Software - a computer is the set of executable programs on the computer
is the logic that provides the hardware capability to perform any work
Application Software Software Application
Software Software
System Software System Software
3 hardware and software
System Software: S.O. (Operating System) software system: S.O. (Operating System
s)
It is the software that controls the operation of the hardware, hiding the detai
ls of the machine and making it easier to use the computer. A program or set of
them that are intended to facilitate computer use and ensure that it is used eff
iciently. Is the administrator of the resources offered by the machine to achiev
e their performance effectively. Services: Creation and implementation of progra
ms, input / output, manipulation and control of files (FAT, NTFS), error detecti
on, ... Types:
Character (Ms-Dos, Unix, Linux, ...) Figure (Family Windows 3.11, 95, 98, Me, 20
00, NT, XP, Macintosh, Linux, ...)
3 hardware and software
Application software - User Program Application software - User Programs
Specific tasks, not reflected in the operating system tasks. It includes word pr
ocessing, data analysis, storage and retrieval of data, ... Types:
Standard programs are those that solve problems common to most users (word proce
ssing, spreadsheets, etc). Integrated packages: they are the standard set of sev
eral interrelated programs and constitute an operational unit (Microsoft Office)
. Customized Programs: These are specific applications that correspond to more s
pecialized activities usually need to be performed by qualified personnel in pro
gramming (specialized management programs).
4 Programming Languages
INSTRUCTIONS set of symbols that represent an operation or treatment order for t
he computer. Usually they are characters and are built in accordance with detail
ed procedures
PROGRAM ordered set of instructions given to the computer indicating the operati
ons or tasks you want to make
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES mechanisms relating to the use of symbols and rules to bui
ld or draw with them on programs
4 Programming Languages
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES Main feature: Low level machine independent languages .- m
inimum machine regardless .- High level languages with a high degree of independ
ence The process of transforming the text (instructions) adapted to numerical ma
chine instructions
Compilation or interpretation
Assembly Language Example
• low-level language
• can not use the same program on different machines • Used for efficient use of
hardware
4 Programming Languages
Other languages Other languages PASCAL BASIC C - High-level language - Highly po
rtable - Compilers for almost all known architectures - Programs in C can call l
ibraries written in other languages HTML - Oriented Web Page Creation - marks or
labels languages C + + - Object-Oriented JAVA DELPHI - Standard for the sophist
icated design of Web pages
The choice of either language will depend on the needs in each moment, and the e
nvironment in which we are working
4 Programming Languages
Sample HTML Program <HTML> <HEAD> <TITLE> My first website! </ TITLE> </ HEAD> <
BODY bgcolor="yellow"> Click here to go to: <A HREF = "http:/ / www.uvigo.es ">
my university </ A> </ BODY> </ HTML>
View page test