I.E.S.

"SAN ISIDRO"
Course 2006/2007
ITEM 2: Review of electricity.
4th E.S.O.
Department of Technology. ITEM 2: Review of electricity.
4th E.S.O.
1 / 14
I.E.S. "SAN ISIDRO"
Course 2006/2007
CONTENTS
1 .- basic electrical quantities. 1.1 .- Current load or amount of electricity.
1.2 .- Intensity of the current. 1.3 .- Electrical resistance. 1.4 .- Voltage, v
oltage or potential difference. 2 .- Relationship between basic electrical quant
ities. Ohm's Law. 3 .- Measurement of electrical quantities with the multimeter.
3.1 .- Measurement of resistance. 3.2 .- Measurement of tension. Measurement of
intensities 3.3 .- 4 .- Symbols. 5 .- Elements of electrical control. 5.1 .- Th
e switch. 5.2 .- The pushbutton. 5.3 .- The switch. 5.4 .- Relay. 6 .- Typical a
pplication circuits of the various control elements 6.1 .- Power of a point of l
ight from two locations. 6.2 .- The switch as an investor. 6.3 .- relay as an in
vestor. 6.3.1 .- With two control circuits and power completely independent. 6.3
.2 .- With two control circuits and power and a generator. 6.4 .- Relay with hit
ch. 7 .- Activities.
Department of Technology. ITEM 2: Review of electricity.
4th E.S.O.
2 / 14
I.E.S. "SAN ISIDRO"
Course 2006/2007
ITEM 1: Review of Electricity.
1 .- BASIC ELECTRICAL PARAMETER. In electricity, there are three fundamental val
ues, which are: • the current intensity (I) • Electric Resistance (R) • Voltage
or voltage (V) However, to understand a little better, let's define another quan
tity initially important as the load electrical or amount of electricity. 1.1 .-
ELECTRICAL LOAD or amount of electricity. Electric charge is the amount of elec
tricity that has a body. The quantity is the electron elementary charge, but as
a unit so small, the International System of Units (SI) uses a higher level, nam
ely the Columbia, which is equivalent to 6,24.1018 electrons. (6.24 trillion ele
ctron) 1.2 .- INTENSITY OF THE CURRENT. It is defined as the number of electrons
circulating in a conductor in unit time. I = current in Amperes (A) qq = charge
in coulombs (C) I = tt = time in seconds (s) The unit used by the SI is the amp
ere (A), equivalent to one coulomb per second. To measure this magnitude in an e
lectrical circuit, using a device called an ammeter, which must always be connec
ted in series with the load.
I
Ammeter connected in series to measure current
In the hydraulic analogy, the intensity of current flow could equip the liquid f
lowing through a pipeline, ie the amount of fluid that carries the pipe into the
unit of time. 1.3 .- ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE. It is defined as the greater or les
ser opposition that offers a driver to the passage of electrical current. The un
it of electrical resistance is the ohm which is represented by the Greek letter
Ω. The symbol used to represent electrical circuits is: The resistance of a cond
uctor depends on the following factors: the nature of the conductor, ie the type
of material that fact. Every material has a coefficient of resistivity (ρ) diff
e ent. The table below shows the value of this atio fo most commonly used cond
uctive mate ials. The length of the conducto , usually exp essed in mete s. (L)
In the section of the conducto , usually exp essed in mm2. (S) Mate ial G aphite
I on Aluminium Coppe Lead Zinc Gold Silve Platinum Tin Me cu y Nich ome
ρ (Ω.mm2 / m)
0,028 0,017 0,046 0.13 0,023 0,016 0.11 0.22 0,061 0.12 0.96 1
-
R = ρ •
L S
To measu e this magnitude in an elect ical ci cuit, using a device called ohmmet
e , which should always be connected in pa allel with the load and the ci cuit e
ne gized. Depa tment of Technology. ITEM 2: Review of elect icity. 4th E.S.O.
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I.E.S. "SAN ISIDRO"
Cou se 2006/2007
Depending on thei esponse to elect ic cu ent (coefficient of esistivity) a e
fou diffe ent types of mate ials: - Supe conducto s a e those which offe ve y
little esistance to the passage of cu ent. D ive s a e those that offe elat
ively little esistance to cu ent flow. A e most of the metals. Insulato s: tho
se that offe much esistance to cu ent flow, ie we can say that will not condu
ct elect icity. Semiconducto s a e those whose esistance to cu ent flow depend
s on the conditions of tension, so that may be insulating unde ce tain conditio
ns, and othe d ive s.
1.4 .- VOLTAGE, VOLTAGE o potential diffe ence. The voltage, voltage o potenti
al diffe ence between two points indicates the level of ene gy they possess the
elect ons in these dots (potential ene gy), o what is the same,€wo k that is ab
le to develop each elect on to move f om the point of highest ene gy (potential)
at lowe ene gy. The efo e, the highe this value, the g eate the wo k pe fo m
ed by the elect ons to move f om one point to anothe ci cuit. The measu e used
by the SI is the volt (V). The tension is always measu ed elative to anothe po
int in the ci cuit. To measu e this magnitude in an elect ical ci cuit, using a
device called a voltmete , which must always be connected in pa allel with the l
oad. The pa allel hyd aulic p essu e o voltage would be the height of wate . A
diffe ence in altitude between two points in a hyd aulic ci cuit, the mo e p ess
u e and the efo e the potential ene gy contained in unit mass of wate .
2 .- RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BASIC ELECTRICAL PARAMETER. Ohm's law. The statement o
f Ohm's law states: the cu ent is unning th ough a conducto is di ectly p opo
tional to the voltage applied at the ends of it and inve sely p opo tional to t
he esistance offe ed to the passage of cu ent.
Cu ent (A) =
Voltage (V) Re esistance (Ω)
As a mnemonic can use the following triangle, that comes to say that: R = V / II
= V / VR = RI I
V
R
Department of Technology. ITEM 2: Review of electricity.
4th E.S.O.
4 / 14
I.E.S. "SAN ISIDRO"
Course 2006/2007
3 .- Measurement of electrical quantities, the multimeter. The polymer is a mult
ifunction device that includes a single unit in voltmeter, ammeter and ohmmeter,
with which we can measure the three fundamental quantities of electricity, such
as voltage, current and resistance respectively. In the market you can buy poly
mers "analog" in which the measurement is given by the reading of a needle on a
graduated limbo. Here we do not refer to them as their management is complex and
the price difference with the "digital" is not significant. Digital multimeters
are formed by the following parts: Selector - Display: liquid crystal is, as th
e selector functions of calculators, and she read the current display different
measurements. The current selector: a toggle switch, so that in one of them, mar
ked with the initials DC measurements are made for the DC power (supplied by bat
teries, power supplies, etc.).. In the other position, marked with AC measuremen
ts are made in alternating current (that supplied through the normal outlets.)
AC
Stress on e
Pointer
DC
s
OFF
R
ist's gums
Pointer
It is very important to correctly select the type of current to be 10A mA COM V
/ Ω to measure since, otherwise, the polymer could suffer irreparable damage. Ho
wever, most polymers have pins at the back of a lid where your battery located a
nd close to it, has a fuse to protect the instrument from possible errors in sel
ecting the type of power. Selector functions: it is a rotating wheel in the cent
er of the polymer and, depending on the position, can make measurements of volta
ge, resistance you.
Re sis
e io n
Before making a measurement you must place the selector in the correct area. In
the picture you can see different colors marked with the three areas correspondi
ng to the three quantities we can measure. As you can see, each zone has a serie
s of marks to indicate "how far" can be measured. -
S Ten
200 20 200m 200μ
Pointers: are the elements that connect the multimeter to 20m 2m component or ci
rcuit to be measured. They have a metal tip mounted on an insulating handle and
connected to electricity through a polymer intensities cable that terminates in
a plug. One is red that is used to capture the positive current and the other bl
ack, is for the negative current. The plugs: are the points where you plug the p
ointers. Depending on the magnitude to be measured, and they must be connected.
The black color is always connected to pin COM.
-
3.1 .- Measurement of resistance. It is a very simple operation and consists of
the following steps: 1. °) Isolate the rest of the circuit resistance or resista
nce being measured. Failure to do so, the polymer can throw the reading of the o
pposing party to which you want to measure. 2. °) Plug pointers in their corresp
onding pins. The red, red to pin marked with the initials VΩ, and black, to the
jack marked with the initials COM (common).
Department of Technology. ITEM 2: Review of electricity.
5 / 14
s Inte nsidade
600
OFF 20M
2K 200K 2M
ences ten
200Ω 20K 200m
4th E.S.O.
I.E.S. "SAN ISIDRO"
Course 2006/2007
3.°) Place the function selector in the correct area to make resistance measurem
ents (if you have no idea of the possible resistance to be measured by not knowi
ng the color code or be a resistance group, place the selector in the position g
reater value). The polymer screen should appear with the zero reading. 4 °) Play
ing with pointers at the ends of the resistance or part of the circuit that we h
ave isolated. If the display shows an error message is that the position of the
function switch is in a bad situation. We'll go down point by point the knob unt
il the display shows the correct measurement. Sometimes the display will range f
rom two readings do not worry, wait for the polymer to stabilize and hold tight
the pointers to the resistance until the reading is correct. 3.2 .- Measurement
of tension. The first precaution you should keep in mind is that in the circuit,
or part of it where you want to make the measurement, current flowing. On an en
gine you ever stopped to measure the voltage across its terminals. Once assured
that current flow, the steps are as follows: 1) Make sure the type of current, o
r alternating, you're going to measure and position the voltage selector in the
correct position. Normally, you always work on DC, so position the switch to DC.
2 °) Plug the pointers in the correct position: the red mark on pin VΩ, the tes
ter and pointer black to pin marked with COM. 3. °) Place the function switch in
position to measure voltages, and as when resisting medium, if you do not know
about stress, place the selector in the position of greater value. 4. º) plays w
ith pointers at the ends of the circuit where you take the measurement. If you d
isplay an error message appears, point to point down the function selector to gi
ve you an accurate reading. In the event that you measure out with a negative si
gn, do not worry, is that the pointers are swapped. Place the red cursor where y
ou were black, and vice versa, and check that the value is the same and the nega
tive sign has disappeared.
Measurement of intensities 3.3 .- The procedure is very similar to those above,
except that in the two previous cases, the polymer was mounted in parallel with
the element or circuit to be measured and is now mounted in series, ie intercrop
ping . The steps are: 1. °) Make sure the type of power that you are measuring,
whether direct or alternating, but more often is that it is continuous. Once sec
ured, place the power switch in position (DC). 2. °) Connect the pointers so tha
t the black color is plugged into the COM jack and red on the pin with the initi
als MA. 3. °) Place the function switch in position to measure currents as in th
e previous cases, positional greater. 4. º) "breaks" the circuit at the branch y
ou want to measure current and plays with pointers at both ends of the circuit t
hat has been set free, so that the current flow inside the multimeter. If you se
e the display shows an error message, go down point by point, the function selec
tor to achieve the correct measurement.
Department of Technology. ITEM 2: Review of electricity.
4th E.S.O.
6 / 14
I.E.S. "SAN ISIDRO"
Course 2006/2007
4 .- ELECTRICAL SYMBOLS.
ELECTRICAL SYMBOLS
Bulb RECEIVERS Motor Relay Relays Relay unipolar bipolar
MEASURING INSTRUMENTS AND GENERATORS Voltmeter Ammeter or battery Battery Switch
es Generator AC Generator Generator unipolar bipolar switch DC
Unipolar switch
Bipolar switch
NA button
Pushbutton NC
Department of Technology. ITEM 2: Review of electricity.
4th E.S.O.
7 / 14
I.E.S. "SAN ISIDRO"
Course 2006/2007
ELECTRICAL SYMBOLS (Continued)
ACTIVE ELEMENTS electrolytic capacitor Coil Resistance Resistance Resistance var
iable fixed non-polarized condenser
Temperature Dependent Resistance NTC
Light dependent resistor LDR Buzzer Sound Speaker Speaker
OTHER Fuse
Department of Technology. ITEM 2: Review of electricity.
4th E.S.O.
8 / 14
I.E.S. "SAN ISIDRO"
Course 2006/2007
5 .- CONTROL ELEMENTS OF POWER. To regulate the flow of current, is inserted int
o the channels of a number of elements that open or close the passage of this to
control the operation of the receivers. Let's see the following elements of con
trol: • Switch. • The pushbutton. • Switch. • Relay. 5.1 .- The switch. Is an el
ement of control of two stable positions: open, interrupting the passage of elec
trical current (electrons)€receptors and therefore the circuit will not work. Cl
osed, allowing the passage of electric current, and therefore connected receiver
s work.
The main application is to turn off lights, engine, or any other receiver, and a
lso serves as a switch to connect and disconnect at once all the elements of a c
ircuit. Depending on how the switch, there are many types. In terms of number of
contacts, there are two types of switch: single-pole switch, having two contact
s, an entry called pole, and an output. Is inserted into one of two cables that
make up the circuit in order to open and close it at will. Bipolar switch: they
have four contacts, two poles called input and two output. Is inserted while in
the two circuit wires to prevent voltage has any receiver when the switch is in
off position (open).
-
5.2 .- The pushbutton. The switch is an element of control of two positions, ope
n and closed, but only one is stable, so that changes position when the user cli
cks to activate it and keep it down. A typical case for understanding its operat
ion is the button that activates the bell to call the houses. If the stable posi
tion switch is open is called normally open (NO) and when the actuator is closed
. If instead the stable position is closed switch is called normally closed (NC)
, and to actuate the open. The main application is to operate stamps, and on and
off the engines. Depending on the way to press the button, there are two types:
manual, requiring human action for action, and the limit switches, which are op
erated mechanically and are used in automation.
As happened with the switches, depending on the number of contacts, there are tw
o types of button: unipolar and bipolar.
5.3 .- The switch. It is a particular case of switch, ie an element of control o
f two stable positions, but with the peculiarity that for each input contact (po
le) has two output contacts, one NA and the other CN. Vacating a contact output
can be used as a normal switch. The main application is to turn on and off a poi
nt of light from two different places, and also to reverse the direction of rota
tion of an engine. As happened with the switches and buttons, depending on the n
umber of contacts, there are two switch types: unipolar and bipolar. Department
of Technology. ITEM 2: Review of electricity. 4th E.S.O.
9 / 14
I.E.S. "SAN ISIDRO"
Course 2006/2007
5.4 .- Relay. It is a switch that is operated by an electromagnet. An electromag
net consists of an iron core surrounded by a coil, so that when she passes throu
gh an electric current, the iron core becomes a magnet, and when it fails to jum
p start this magnetic effect disappears.
Therefore, a relay is composed of two completely independent circuits: Control c
ircuit, which is responsible for the excitation of the coil when we want to occu
r switching contacts of a circuit. Power wiring where it connects the receiver c
ontrolled by the relay.
The control circuit always has two contacts. Depending on the number of contacts
that has the power circuit, we can distinguish basically two types of relays: R
elay unipolar: It has five contacts, two for the drive circuit, and three to the
power circuit, which is an input ( pole), and two out, one normally open and on
e normally closed. That is, it's like a unipolar switch electrically actuated. B
ipolar relay: has eight contacts, two for the drive circuit, and six to the powe
r circuit, of which two are input (terminals + and -), and the other four out, o
ne normally open and one normally closed for each of the poles. That is, which i
s like a bipolar switch electrically actuated.
-
Department of Technology. ITEM 2: Review of electricity.
4th E.S.O.
10/14
I.E.S. "SAN ISIDRO"
Course 2006/2007
6 .- TYPICAL ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS IMPLEMENTATION OF THE DIFFERENT ELEMENTS OF CON
TROL. 6.1-On a point of light from two locations. To do this we have two unipola
r switches.
In the figure we can see that from any starting position, if actions once any of
the two switches the light bulb changes state, that is, that if this turned off
, and vice versa.
6.2 .- The switch as an investor.€The main application of the bipolar switch to
reverse the direction of rotation of a motor current. This kind of motor rotatio
n direction reversed by reversing the polarity of its terminals, we can see that
in the following figure.
6.3 .- relay as an investor. One of the applications is the bipolar relay to rev
erse the direction of rotation of a DC motor. We can do it in different ways: 6.
3.1 .- With two control circuits and power completely independent.
Department of Technology. ITEM 2: Review of electricity.
4th E.S.O.
11/14
I.E.S. "SAN ISIDRO"
Course 2006/2007
6.3.2 .- With two control circuits and power and a generator.
6.4 .- Relay with hitch. The motor control relay circuit using a coupling is a m
ajor application of the relay and switches.
Department of Technology. ITEM 2: Review of electricity.
4th E.S.O.
12/14
I.E.S. "SAN ISIDRO"
Course 2006/2007
ACTIVITIES
1 .- If you want to measure the current flowing through a circuit, how do you co
nnect the ammeter in the circuit? a. - series. b. - in parallel. c. - In mixed.
d. - is immaterial, provided that measures the passage of electrons. 2 .- Which
of these formulas is the law of OHM? a. - V = R / R b - R = V. C. I - I = V / R.
3 .- In a circuit of two resistors in parallel, the Rtotal: a. - Rt = (R1 + R2)
/ (R1xR2) b. - Rt = (R1xR2) / (R1-R2) c. - Rt = (1 / R1) + (1/r2) d. - Rt = (R1
xR2) / (R1 + R2). 4 .- In a circuit of resistors in series, the total resistance
is: a. - Rt = R1.R2.R3 ... b. - 1/Rt = 1/R1 +1 / R2 + ... c. - Rt = R1 + R2 + R
3 + .. d. - Rt = R1 + R2 + R3.n 5 .- Which of the three laws is for a series cir
cuit of resistors?. a. - The tension is the same at all points. b. - The sum of
part I, is equal to the total. c. - The total resistance is equal to the sum of
partial. d. - The intensity is calculated by KIRCHHOFF. 6 .- In a parallel circu
it of resistors, it holds that: a. - The sum of partial currents is equal to the
total. b. - The sum of partial stresses is equal to the total. c. - The power d
issipated is the same in each element. d. - The total emf is equal to the voltag
e drop resistance. 7 .- In a parallel circuit, total resistance is: a. - Less th
an the least of them. b. - The sum of the R. v. - Greater than the least of them
. d. - Smaller than most of them. 8 .- How do you find the power dissipated by a
resistor? A. - P = V / I b. - P = II / R c. - P = VI 9 .- The resistance of a c
onductor depends on factors: a. - Length, conductivity and diameter of conductor
. b. - length, section and conductance. c. - Conductivity section and distance.
d. - The resistivity and conductor section. 10 .- The power unit is: a. - b. Wat
t - July. d. - P = V.V / I.
d. - R = I / V
c. - Erg.
d. - kwm.
11 .- The power of electric motors is expressed as: a. - Voltio. b. - c. CV-HP -
KWh. 12 .- The electrical resistance of a conductor is present: a. - The diffic
ulty of the voltage step. b. - The difficulty in passing the burden of potential
. c. - The difficulty to the passage of electrical energy. d. - The difficulty t
o the passage of electrical current.
d. - July.
Department of Technology. ITEM 2: Review of electricity.
4th E.S.O.
13/14
I.E.S. "SAN ISIDRO"
Course 2006/2007
13 .- When traveling in the same direction and constant value is: a. - pulsating
current. b. - Direct Current. c. - Alternating current. d. - Current ramp. 14 -
A material left over from the current ... a. - They are called semiconductors.
b. - Insulators. c. - Drivers. d. - resistant. 15 .- circuit is called the set c
onsisting of: a. - A receiver, a generator, a protection and a line. b. - A gene
rator, a receiver, a driver, a protection element and an element of control. c.
- A thermocouple, a receiver, a control element and a cable. d. - A battery, a r
esistor and a capacitor. 16 .- Which instrument measures the voltage: a. - Wattm
eter. b. - Voltmeter. c. - Ammeter. 17 .- How many mA are two A? a. - b. 200 mA
- 2000 mA. 18 .- How many mA are 0.0045 A? a. - 4.5000 mA. b. - 4.5 mA.
d - Ohmmeter.
c. - 20 000 mA
d. - 20 mA.
c. - 4,500 mA.
d. - 450 mA.
19 .- The confluence of two or more drivers it says: a. - Malla. b. - Nudo. c. -
Rama. 20 .- A good driver be the one whose resistivity is: a. - Grande. b. - Me
dium depending on the temperature. c. - Small. d. - None. 21 .- The electrical r
esistance of a conductor is present: a. - The difficulty of the voltage step. b.
- The difficulty in passing the burden of potential. c. - The difficulty to the
passage of electrical energy. d. - The difficulty to the passage of electrical
current.
d. - Online.
Department of Technology. ITEM 2: Review of electricity.
4th E.S.O.
14/14