Unit 2 Chapter Tour

Learning Target I can predict how metabolism is controlled through enzymes.

Proficiency Descriptor Definition
4 Proficient I can predict how metabolism is controlled through enzymes.
3 Developing I can differentiate between anabolism and catabolism.
2 Basic I can identify organic and inorganic substances important to the
human body and explain why each is important.
1 Minimal I can define organic and inorganic substances.
0 No Evidence No evidence.

Learning Target I can analyze substances and describe how they are used as energy in the body.
Proficiency Descriptor Definition
4 Proficient I can analyze substances and describe how they are used as energy
in the body.
3 Developing I can sequence the events of cellular respiration glycolysis, the
citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain.
2 Basic I can interpret a diagram that sequences the process of cellular
respiration.
1 Minimal I can define the steps of cellular respiration.
0 No Evidence No evidence.

Chapter 2
Section 2.3 Chemical Constituents of Cells (p. 39-47)

Define:
Inorganic: The rest of the chemicals that dont include both carbon and hydrogen atoms
Organic: Chemicals that include both carbon and hydrogen atoms
Carbohydrates: Provide much of the energy that cells require
Monosaccharides: Simple sugars
Disaccharides: Double sugars
Polysaccharides: Simple sugar units joined
Lipids: Organic substances that are insoluble in water but soluble in certain organic solvents
Triglyceride: Single fat molecule
Phospholipid: Molecule similar to a fat molecule in that it consists of a glycerol portion and fatty acid
chains. Has only two fatty acid chains; in place of the third is a portion that includes a phosphate group.
Steroid: Molecules are complex structures that include four connected rings of carbon atoms.
Proteins: Have a wide variety of functions in the body. Structural materials, energy sources, or
hormones.
Amino acids: The building blocks of proteins
Conformation: Distinctive three dimensional shape
Nucleic Acids: Form genes and take part in protein synthesis

Question:
How do inorganic and organic molecules differ? Inorganic substances usually dissociate in water to
release ions which makes them electrolytes. Many organic compounds also dissolve in water, but they are
more likely to dissolve in organic liquids. Organic substances that dissolve in water usually do not relase ions
and are called nonelectrolytes.

*Create a chart comparing the shape, function, example, monomer, polymer of the organic chemicals
in cells.
 Compound Shape Function Example Monomer Polymer

Carbohydrates Ring Provide energy, Glucose, starch Monosaccharid Disaccharide

cell structure es

Lipids Have tails Provide energy, Triglycerides, Glycerol and No polymer

cell structure phospholipids, fatty acids
steroids

Proteins Messy ball Provide cell Albumins, Amino acids Polypeptide

structure, hemoglobin
enzymes,
energy

Nucleic Acids Helix Store RNA, DNA Nucleotides DNA

information for
protein
synthesis;
control cell
activies

Chapter 4
Section 4.1-4.5 Cellular Metabolism (p. 76-83)

Define:
Enzymes: special proteins that controls each of the interrelated reactions of metabolism, as well as the
steps of DNA replication and protein synthesis.
Anabolism: Build up of larger molecules from smaller ones
Catabolism: The breakdown of larger molecules into smaller ones and releases energy
Dehydration synthesis: An anabolic process
Hydrolysis: Catabolism; decomposes carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins, and splits a water molecule in
the process
Substrate: A particular chemical that each enzyme acts on
Active site: Part of an enzyme molecule that temporarily combines with portions of the substrate
molecules, forming an enzyme-substrate complex.
Glycolysis: The energy releasing breakdown of glucose to produce 2 pyruvic acid molecules
Citric acid cycle: Series of chemical reactions that oxidizes certain molecules, releasing energy; Krebs
cycle
Electron transport chain: Series of metabolic reactions that capture the energy in the bonds of nutrient
molecules as ATP
ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate
Anaerobic: Glycolysis that does not require oxygen
Aerobic: The complete, energy releasing, breakdown of glucose to carbon dioxide and water, in the
presence of oxygen.
Metabolic pathway: A sequence of enzyme controlled reactions
Question:
What is the general function of ATP? To create energy

What happens during glycolysis? The 6-carbon sugar glucose is broken down in the cytosol in two
3-carbon pyruvic acid molecules with a net gain of 2 ATP and the release of high energy electrons.

What is the role of oxygen in cellular respiration? It helps convert glucose to cellular energy

What are the final products of cellular respiration? CO2, water, and energy

How does cellular respiration represent a metabolic pathway? Cellular respiration is a sequence of
enzyme controlled reactions