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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)

Volume 8, Issue 1, January 2017, pp. 189198, Article ID: IJCIET_08_01_019


Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=8&IType=1
ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316
IAEME Publication

ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS MONITORING OF


AAC BLOCKS USAGE OF HIGH RISE BUILDINGS AT
TADEPALLI, ANDHRA PRADESH
P. Nagavenkatasaikumar
PG Student, Department of Civil Engineering,
KL University, Vaddeswaram, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India

D. Sathishchandra
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering,
KL University, Vaddeswaram, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India

ABSTRACT
Use of Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC) blocks in construction industry in India offers
interesting proposition for various segments in the society. A project developer needs faster and
lower cost construction. For environmentally conscious constrictions they needs eco-friendly
products and for those who occupy buildings built with AAC blocks is better safety and lower
energy costs for cooling or heating. Even though considering advantages of AAC blocks there is a
scope of investigation of transformation of brick product when mixed with soil. There is a need of
study on environment effect because of fly ash and silica ashes will transform to the environment
and steadily increases air pollution effects. The present project discuss about the advantages as
well as draw backs of usage of AAC blocks usage in present trends and the effects for environment.
Key words: AAC blocks, Environment effects, Air, water pollution controlling.
Cite this Article: P. Nagavenkatasaikumar and D. Sathishchandra. Environmental Conditions
Monitoring of AAC Blocks Usage of High Rise Buildings at Tadepalli, Andhra Pradesh.
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 8(1), 2017, pp. 189198.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=8&IType=1

1. INTRODUCTION
AAC (Autoclaved Aerated Concrete) was invented in the mid-1920s by the Swedish architect and inventor
Johan Axel Eriksson. AAC is one of the major achievements of the 20th century in the field of
construction. It is a lightweight, precast building material that simultaneously provides structure,
insulation, and fire and mold resistance. AAC Blocks is a unique and excellent type of building materials
due to its superb heat, fire and sound resistance. AAC block is lightweight and offers ultimate workability,
flexibility and durability.
Main ingredients include fly ash, water, quicklime, cement, aluminum powder and gypsum. The block
hardness is being achieved by cement strength, and instant curing mechanism by autoclaving. Gypsum acts
as a long term strength gainer. The chemical reaction due to the aluminum paste provides AAC its distinct
porous structure, lightness, and insulation properties, completely different compared to other lightweight

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P. Nagavenkatasaikumar and D. Sathishchandra

concrete materials. The finished product is a 2.5 times lighter Block compared to conventional Bricks,
while providing the similar strengths. The specific gravity stays around 0.6 to 0.65. This is one single most
USP of the AAC blocks, because by using these blocks in structural buildings, the builder saves around 30
to 35 % of structural steel, and concrete, as these blocks reduce the dead load on the building significantly.
AAC is a long proven material. AAC block is used in a wide range of commercial, industrial and
residential application and has been in use in EUROPE over 90 years, the Middle East for the past 40 years
and in America and Australia for 25 years. It's an estimate that AAC now account for over 40% of all
construction in UK and more than 60% of construction in Germany. In India production of AAC block
started in 1972. This unit is proposed to manufacture AAC Blocks by consuming the Fly-Ash as one of the
prime raw material. Fly-Ash, a major raw material with 70% proportion in AAC Blocks, an indispensable
by-product of Thermal Power Plants, is an environmental threat across the globe. Power plants are facing
an ever increasing challenge disposal of this polluting agent.

1.1. Advantages
The advantages are as follows: 1. Consumes Fly ash, which is a big problem for thermal power plants to
dispose. It is environment friendly, because of no need of burning. 2. Higher strength, best thermal
insulation & excellent sound absorption, vibration resistance compared to red bricks. The AAC products
lightweight and easy workability means that is very quick to install on site and transportation with lesser
brakeage. 3. AAC blocks made walls can be left exposed (without Plaster) and gains strength over time. It
saves structural cost by 35% and recycling of breakage, rejects also. 4. AAC products are not affected by
harsh climatic conditions and will not degrade under normal atmospheric conditions. 5. AAC Block does
not have any toxic substances or emit odors. Its production, management and disposal do not represent any
health risks or damage to the environment. Its production process develops non-toxic gases. 6. AAC blocks
are bigger in size then conventional bricks, resulting in lesser number of joints. Less joints result in lesser
quantity of mortar required, resulting in saving of mortar.

1.2. Site View


Tadepalli is a small neighbourhood of Vijayawada, a large city in Andhra Pradesh, sometimes known also
as Bezawada. With the population of about 1.5 million people, the city is an important economic, cultural
and transportation center of the state. Tadepalli is formerly a small town which has merged with the city
and has become its integrated part. The district is located on the opposite shore of Krishna River and can
be easily reached by Highway 5.The latitude of Tadepalli, Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, India
is 16.481112, and the longitude is 80.617958. Tadepalli, Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, India is located
at India country in the Districts place category with the gps coordinates of 16 28' 52.0032'' N and 80 37'
4.6488'' E. Tadepalli, Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, India elevation is 26 meters height, that is equal to 85
feet.

Figure 1 Location of Tadepalli, Vijayawada, AP.

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Environmental Conditions Monitoring of AAC Blocks Usage of High Rise Buildings at Tadepalli,
Andhra Pradesh

1.3. Health Risk


Most of the projects work on advantages of cost variation and shear abilities of AAC bricks there is a think
of negative impact consideration also plays an important role. The impact of fly ash and silica forms have
to interact with climate conditions may increase the hazard to the health of residential people. This leads
think us to a deep study of environmental changes by using AAC bricks in construction

1.4. Climatic Conditions


The climate is tropical, specifically a tropical wet and dry climate, with hot summers and moderate
winters. The peak temperature reaches 47 C (117 F) in MayJune, while the winter during December and
January maximum temperature is about 29 C and minimum temperature is about 19 C. The average
humidity is 78% and the average annual rainfall is 103 cm. Other than these problems there are some
environmental issues like Canal creates unhygienic environment due to the degradation of organic waste
existing in the canal and canal also becomes a breeding of mosquitoes, flies etc. Flooding of roads by
sewage occurs due to encroachment, silting and solid waste dumping on the drainage channels, which
leads to the canals in Vijayawada. The drains empty themselves in to the canals polluting the canals and
also the environment along the canals

2. OBJECTIVES
To study the preparation of AACs.
To study the fly ash and SiC impact on health.
To study the effects of ash contents in local atmospheric conditions.

3. METHODOLOGY
1. Production of materials and components
2. Construction - Use/operation of the building
3. Maintenance
4. Demolition
5. Disposal (recycling, landfill, incineration for energy recovery etc.).
By checking the above considerations 1, 4 &5 will mainly effect on environment because of
considering coastal area of river basin which may cause water pollutants effect

3.1. Production of Materials and Components


Fly ash is one of the residues generated in the combustion of coal. Fly ash is generally captured from the
chimneys of coal-fired power plants, and is one of two types of ash that jointly are known as coal ash; the
other, bottom ash, is removed from the bottom of coal furnaces. Depending upon the source and makeup of
the coal being burned, the components of fly ash vary considerably, but all fly ash includes substantial
amounts of silicon dioxide (SiO2) (both amorphous and crystalline) and calcium oxide (CaO). Toxic
constituents include arsenic, beryllium, boron, cadmium, chromium, chromium, cobalt, lead, manganese,
mercury, molybdenum, selenium, strontium, thallium, and vanadium, along with dioxins and PAH
compounds.
Inventory analysis and environmental impact assessments are based on assumptions that may not
include all potential applications and impacts. LCA studies may be improper for local applications when
they consider only global and regional issues. Availability and quality of relevant data limit the reliability
and accuracy of LCA studies. Ambiguity in impact assessment procedure that is caused by shortages
temporal and spatial dimensions in the inventory data. By considering the above factors we need to go for
a case study evaluation to study the effects on new capital near Krishna River.

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P. Nagavenkatasaikumar and D. Sathishchandra

3.2. Construction- use/Operation of the Building


Dust particle emissions have to consider while construction because deposition of waste fly ash particle at
one place is an impossible task. Little particle sizes easily enter the atmospheric environment can cause
breathing effect to the constructing workers. Management must have to take proper precautions for health
hazardous.
Rain causes a little amount of letches that means heavy metals from fly ash bricks and this aspect also
have to take consideration. The river Krishna produces drinking and agricultural water the avoidance of
these metals become compulsion in health point of view.

3.3. Maintenance
Indoor air exposure may originate from natural sources, construction products, and human behaviour. The
global trends in construction industry encourage application of environmentally and ecologically justified
materials and synthetic agents (as additives) which improve the performance of construction products. As
humans spend most of their lifetime indoors, aspect of health quality in such radio chemically new
microenvironments should be evaluated because exposures even to low doses of xeno biotics may involve
different health risks. Especially vulnerable subpopulations are pregnant women (unborn children) and
children due to age-related characteristics of bioaccumulation and excretion physiology. Most of indoor
radiation is owed to radon emitted from soil and rocks. The significance of lung cancer risk related to
indoor radon exposure is recognized, and it seems that in the next decade we can expect beneficial results
of launched radon mitigation programmes. As methods which can be applied for mitigation of increased
radon levels in existing homes are costly. Even though the emissions and radiations are minor issues with
AAC fly ash bricks the residents also aware of these situations and the government also has to take
awareness programs in rural constructions. The coastal area mainly deals with rain falling and the soils are
absorbents of fly ash purification of water needed because the heavy metal particles produce lung cancer.

3.4. Demolition
Most of the constructed bricks using 55% of fly ash as course aggregate demolition will take immediate
effect of fly ash in to the environment. The nature of minimum particle size approximately micron it is
easy to soluble in air and water precautions must have to take to minimize the effect of demolishing still
not applied in lot more suburban areas of Vijayawada. Maximum of these particles deposits at the river
bound areas and the particles easily mixed in to the river can causes water pollution, the heavy metals like
zircon, heavy carbonates mixed with drinking water. The water purity levels have to check out after giving
permissions to the demolitions and the effects have to be considered because of fly ash mix up with unit
volume will be more in demolishing.

3.5. Disposal (Recycling, Landfill, Incineration for Energy Recovery etc.)


This is an important process of decreasing pollution that the disposal of demolishing objects can use for
stabilization of black soils which are nearer to city. Recycling techniques are available in present market
awareness programs have to develop for good results. Deleting of heavy carbonates by chemical recycling
process can decrease 25% of pollution effects to the human body.

4. NECESSARY ACTIVITIES FOR DECREASING POLLUTION


Sanitary applications are very poor in Vijayawada and its surroundings like Tadepalli and mangalagiri the
waste disposal have to take corrective actions like the substance cant mix with canal water. AAC blocks
may give better performance than other but demolishing of building and construction scenarios the ash
content have to reduce.
Indian coal is of low grade with ash content of 30-45% in comparison with imported coal which has
low ash content of 10-15%. Large quantity of fly ash is thus being generated at thermal power stations in
country, which not only requires large area of precious land for its disposal but is also one of the sources of

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Environmental Conditions Monitoring of AAC Blocks Usage of High Rise Buildings at Tadepalli,
Andhra Pradesh

pollution of both air and water. Ash needs to be converted into ash-based products and utilized so that ash
does not mix in air.

4.1. Climatic Condition


The climate is tropical, specifically a tropical wet and dry climate, with hot summers and moderate
winters. The peak temperature reaches 47 C (117 F) in MayJune, while the winter during December and
January maximum temperature is about 29 C and minimum temperature is about 19 C. The average
humidity is 78% and the average annual rainfall is 103 cm. Other than these problems there are some
environmental issues like Canal creates unhygienic environment due to the degradation of organic waste
existing in the canal and canal also becomes a breeding of mosquitoes, flies etc. Flooding of roads by
sewage occurs due to encroachment, silting and solid waste dumping on the drainage channels, which
leads to the canals in Vijayawada.
The drains empty themselves in to the canals polluting the canals and also the environment along the
canals.

4.2. Preparation Emissions

Klin type Energy consumption(MJ/Kg brick) Specific coal Specific coal


consumption Consumption
(kg coal/kg Kg coal/m3 brick
Lower Average brick)

FC BTK 1.1 2 1.55 0.060077519 150.1937984

Weighted average Specific coal consumption, kg/m3 = 150.1937984


Specific heat consumption, MJ/m3 = 25.8 x 150.1937984= 3875 MJ/ m3
Emission Factor of Coal, tCO2/MJ - 25.8 x 44/12 /10^6 = 0.0000946+Annual production specific emission
factor, tCO2/m3 = 3875 x 0.0000946
Therefore Annual production specific emission factor = 0.366575 tCO2/m3.

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P. Nagavenkatasaikumar and D. Sathishchandra

Preparation of materials

Preparation of components

Construction of sites

Using of buildings Operation of buildings Completed building

Under construction
Planning to site Identified the risks
of site

Poor coordination in
Waste materials Hazardous chemicals
site

Insufficient planning Dust particles Weather conditions


identification

Health analysis

Climatic conditions

Results and discussion

Conclusion

Figure 2 Step by step procedure of methodology

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Environmental Conditions Monitoring of AAC Blocks Usage of High Rise Buildings at Tadepalli,
Andhra Pradesh

5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS


Below graphical represents the pollution emissions according to the environmental changes in and
surroundings of Vijayawada city compare with actual pollution limits in accordance with construction of
unit areas.

5.1. Case Study Deviations


18.5
18
17.5
17
16.5
16 Series 1
15.5 Series 2
15
14.5
14
13.5
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2016

Below graph shows the pollution % of emissions after using AAC blocks comparison with normal
concrete applications in a high raise building of G+8.
35

30

25

20

15 Normal
AAC
10

0
mid 3:00 6:00 9:00 noon 3:00 6:00 9:00
night AM AM AM PM PM PM

Below graph shows the construction area to pollution emission with normal concrete blocks and it
shows that nothing varied with the area to pollution proportionate

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P. Nagavenkatasaikumar and D. Sathishchandra

700

600

500

400
Series 1
300
Series 2
200

100

0
1950-1980 1980-2000 2000-2010 2010-2016

Below graph shows the emission rates of normal building to AAC building pollution variants.

8th floor

7th floor

6th floor Normal


AAC
4th floor

ground floor

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Below graph shows the pollution emissions percentage in 3rd floor in G+8 building
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5 radiation
2 nitogen
1.5 Series 3
1 Co2
0.5
0
mid 3:00 6:00 9:00 noon 3:00 6:00 9:00
nght AM AM AM PM PM PM

Below graph shows the statistical information of Vijayawada rural area pollution charts in the year
2015.

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Environmental Conditions Monitoring of AAC Blocks Usage of High Rise Buildings at Tadepalli,
Andhra Pradesh

140

120

100

80

60 air
sound
40
water
20

6. DISCUSSIONS AND CONCLUSIONS


By checking the pollutant emissions in a building having a built up area 600x 400 square yards ratios are
compare of two nearest buildings of G+8 less from the AAC building. Readings sort out from CO2
emission inside indicators and radiation checking equipments and the data comparison with actual results
of normal buildings in past researches.
Deep study required in soil stabilization and construction activities because of growing capital of
Andhra Pradesh needs eco-friendly building for future generations. Lab analysis required for soils as well
as AAC blocks for decreasing submerge pollutants deletion with various process. Government has to take
necessary precautions while giving construction permissions in river banks. Integral assessment require to
get clear application, still there is a scope of increasing pollution rate with the increasing of population
because of new capital.
Preparation of blocks give an effect to air the industry location must be at minimum distance from the
river bank. Partial work only studied in the present work a full housing society need to work out for more
optimum results.

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