International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)

Volume 8, Issue 1, January 2017,, pp. 811820, Article ID: IJCIET_08_01_095

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STATIC LINEAR AND NON

NON LINEAR (PUSHOVER)
ANALYSIS OF RC BUILDING
BUILD ON SLOPING GROUNDS
ON MEDIUM SOILS IN DIFFERENT ZONES
N.V. Mohanakrishna
PG Student, Civil Engineering Department, K L University, A.P, India

CH. Hanumantha Rao

Professor, Civil Engineering Department, K L University, A.P, India

ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: This paper Deals with the seismicc activity field investigations
investigation often verify so as
to uneven constructions undergo extra harm than their common counterparts.
counterpart This is known in
seismic design codes, & limitations
limitations on top of sudden changes within mass & rigidity are
compulsory. METHODS/ANALYSIS:
METHODS/ANALYSIS Irregularity within sizes pressures sharing about rigidity, &
within twist influence ability, ass mass irregularity is likely to pressure compulsory required.
require
Altitude
ltitude irregularity has been observed in the direction of reason story failure due to non-uniform
non
distribute of demand-to-supply
supply ratios the length about length of thee elevation. Plan irregularity,
resting on the additional hand, reason non-uniform
non demand-to-capacity
capacity ratios bounded by the
columns. In this paper the structure chosen for study is a 4 to 7 storey commercial complex
building. The building which is located in seismic zone III, IV, & V on Medium soil sites. sites 3D
mathematical models for the same are generated in ETABS software. software FINDINGS: For all
structural fundamentals, M400 Grade
G of material is used. The floor Diaphragms
iaphragms are unspecified to
be rigid. Seismic
eismic loads were considered
considere acting along either of the 2 major directions. Using ETABS
a 4 to7 storey RC structure with typical ground slope choosing angle range between 00 and 400
building that which produce less torsion effect for set-back set back & step-back
step with irregular
configuration in horizontal & vertical direction is modeled and analyzed. And isolated bearing is
also used that which resist during earthquake and building that which produce less torsion effect
for setback - step back with irregular configuration.
Key words: Setback-Step Back, Static Linear Analysis, Static Nonlinear (PUSHOVER
PUSHOVER) Analysis,
Base Shear, Target Displacement, Hinge Status, Isolated Bearing.
Cite this Article: N.V. Mohanakrishna and CH. Hanumantha Rao, Static Linear and Non Linear
(Pushover) Analysis of RC Building On Sloping Grounds On Medium Soils In Different Zones.
Zones
Technology, 8(1), 2017, pp. 811820.
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology,
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 N.V. Mohanakrishna and CH. Hanumantha Rao

1. INTRODUCTION
In many parts of India it is a regular practice to construct building on hill slopes, whether there is a natural
hill sloping terrain. The building on the sloping terrain undergoes severe torsion under earthquake
hazardous excitation due to significant variation in the elevation of ground floor columns. To make the
decision on the safety, adequacy or to assess the actual behavior of the structures, sophisticated analytical
methods are needed. Static Non linear (Pushover) Analysis has become a popular method during the last
some decades for the seismic assessment of structure. Pushover (Non Linear) Analysis preserves
performed as force controlled or displacement-controlled. During force-controlled Pushover (Non Linear)
method, Full Load arrangement is used while prcised, which is force controlled method, must survive to
use at what time the Load is previously recognized. Also, in force-controlled pushover (Non Linear)
method a few mathematical troubles so as to pressure exactness about outcome take place as Aim
displacement perhaps be linked by means of a extremely minute constructive (positive) otherwise yet a
unconstructive (Negative) Horizontal rigidity for the cause that about development of techniques & P-
things. It is the chosen tool for evaluation of seismic presentation of structures by the main rehabilitation
guiding principles and codes for the reason so as to it is theoretically and computationally easy & allows
tracing series about elastic & breakdown on top of part & structural phase fine as growth about the whole
ability curve about structure. In this isolated bearings are used in which the seismic separation system is to
decouple Building construction starting the destructive mechanism about seismic activity entered
movement that is, on the way to avoid super-structure about Building starting interesting i.e., fascinating
seismic activity power. The whole super-structure have to be supported on divide isolators whose vibrant
characteristics be selected towards separate Ground movement. A few separators are too designed to merge
considerable vibration. Displacement & elasticity are determined next to the level of the isolation
strategies, & super-structure behaves extremely a large amount similar to a rigid body.
The equivalent static method doesnt consider the ir-regular effects in the building and since it depends
only on empirical formula the results obtained will be abnormal in comparison to response spectrum
method. By Ravikumar C M1, Babu Narayan K, Sujith, Venkat Reddy D1.The performance of STEP back
building during seismic excitation could prove more. Vulnerable than other configurations of buildings.
B.G. Birajdar1, S.S. Nalawade2. The natural period decreases as the stiffness of the building increases and
thereby leading to increase in base shear. From analysis, it is found that time period for bare frame model
is almost 90 to 135 percent more, when compared to other models. By Prashant D1, Dr. Jagadish Kori G2.

1.1 Background
Nonlinear static (pushover) Analysis has been superior in excess of the history 20 years & has now
develop into the most selected Analysis technique for Design & seismic presentation estimation purposes
because this put into practice is comparatively simple & considers post- elastic performance. On the other
hand, this technique includes confident approximations & simplifications due to which some amount of
variation is always possible to survive i.e., to exists in the seismic demand estimation of pushover analysis.

1.2Concept of pushover analysis

A Pushover (Non Linear) Analysis is presented by been subjected a construction to a monotonically rising
prototype of tangential load, on behalf of Inertial Forces which would exist skilled through construction
when subject towards the ground quaking. Beneath incrementally rising weights a variety of structured
fundamentals can yield in sequence accordingly. At each event, the constructions experience a defeat in
rigidity. By means of Pushover (Non Linear) analysis, a excellence non-linear Force Displacement
connection be able to determined.
Unlike Forces Distributions can be used to symbolize the Earthquake loads strength. If a Pushover
(Non Linear) Analysis is in conditions about Response Demand vs. Capacity. Whether Demand curvature
intersects capacity envelope lock to stretchy range, (Figure a), subsequent to that construction has a high-
quality confrontation. Whether the Demand Curve intersect the Capacity Curve by means of minute

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 Static Linear and Nonn Linear (Pushover) Analysis of RC Building On Sloping Grounds On Medium Soils In
Different Zones

preserve about strength & deformation capacity, (fig: b),b), after that it be able to done so as to that
construction resolve act badly throughout
throu the
he compulsory seismic excitation & need on the way to
Retrofitted to keep away from the prospect main injure otherwise fall down.

1.3. PLASTIC HINGES

Plastic hinges are failure points at which the rotation reaches infinity, there by which the structural
struc member
fails resulting in structural collapse. In this Non-linear (pushover) Static Analysis
nalysis the objective is in the
direction of location this hinges in earthquake
earthquake retaining structural members for different incremental loads.
loads
PLASTIC HINGE occurrence intended for 3 Building uilding mechanism has being
be obtaining on dissimilar
dislocation Levels. Hinging Patterns be situated in fig 2, 3 & 4. Relationship about fig 2, 3 & 4 reveal so as
to pattern intended for 3 Building
uilding be fairly parallel.
parallel PLASTIC HINGES GES occurrences Starts by means of
Beam Ends & Base Columns about Lower Stories, after that Propagates in the direction of higher Stories &
carry on by means of elasticity about center middle columns inside higher stories. Other than as elasticity
occurs onn proceedings B, IO & LS correspondingly, quantity about harm inside 3 Buildings are be
there inadequate.(As per FIG: 3)

Figure 1 Configuration of plastic Hinges in Building at what time it is subjected to Pushover Plastic Hinge
Mechanisms

Figure 2 Hinges Patterns Five Story Building Intended For Dissimilar Dislocation Levels

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 N.V. Mohanakrishna and CH. Hanumantha Rao

4-BAY 00 4-BAY 16.320 4-BAY 21.580 4-BAY 26.560 4-BAY 31.560

Figure 3 Buildings on sloping grounds with different sloping angles

1.4. BASE ISOLATION

It is too recognized as Seismic Base Isolation, be single about trendiest means of caring the building from
Earthquake forces. Its be the group about structural fundamentals whose be supposed to considerably de-
couple a super-structure as of Its sub-structure hidden on top of quaking Ground therefore caring a
Building or non-Building structures reliability.

1.5. DESCRIPTION OF STRUCTURES

The structure chosen is of type setback step back which is 4 to 7-storied with distinct hill slopes varying
from 00 to 400 degrees. The occurrence of abrupt lessening of the lateral dimension of the building at exact
levels of the elevation. This building class is known as setback and step back building. The structure
substance in which is chosen subjected to less torsion effect. (As per TABLE-2) & (As per FIG-4).

Table 1 Types of Seismic Analysis Methods

Type Usual name Dynamic Effects Material Non-linearity

Linear static Similarly Static No No
Static Linear Dynamic Response Spectrum Yes No
Non-Linear Static Pushover Analysis No Yes
Non-Linear Dynamic Time History Yes Yes

2. OBJECTIVES
The purpose about job is on the way to learn linear & nonlinear (PUSHOVER) action and performance
of building frame on sloping ground depending on various hill slopes of medium soil & number of stories.
The objective is as follows:
1. To learn the difference of Base shear, Displacement, Drifts w.r.t variation in various hill slopes of medium
soil.
2. To learn the Target displacement, Performance i.e., Plastic hinge formation in various hilly slopes. And
finding the angle that subjected to less torsion & which is safe in increasing the height of building.
3. An isolated bearing is used to reduce the earthquake effect on the building & finding hinges when it is
subjected to pushover (Non Linear) analysis.

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 Static Linear and Non Linear (Pushover) Analysis of RC Building On Sloping Grounds On Medium Soils In
Different Zones

3. METHODOLOGY
3.1. SCOPE ABOUT CURRENT STUDY
In the current study, the frame is modeling & analyzed of the RCC frame beneath the gravity & earthquake
loads & applying pushover (Non Linear) analysis using ETABS software. From this we can study load
deformation curves, the target displacement & hinges formation at different stages.
Analysis & Design together pressure seismic activity presentation about Buildings. Understanding the
seismic performance is achievable not more than all the way through appropriate Analyses about Building
so as to captures every one of behavioral proceedings likely inside the Buildings throughout Earth-quakes.
In addition to calculating seismic performance it is likely simply throughout realistic design so as to ensure
every behavioral event measured inside the building throughout Analysis. Designed for a innovative
building, design must duplicate Analysis performed, & for assessing an obtaining Building, Analysis must
assess design performed.

3.2. Structure Earth quake analysis

Linear Static method
Linear dynamic method
o Response Spectrum method
o Time history method
Nonlinear Static (Pushover analysis) method
Nonlinear dynamic method
As per IS-1893:2002, Methods Adopted are
Equivalent Static Lateral Force (or) Seismic Coefficient technique
Response Spectrum technique
Time history technique

3.3. ANALYSIS METHODS

Static Analysis Techniques be generally classifies because of Linear Static & non-linear (PUSHOVER)
Static Analysis. In linear static analysis will make the effect of the superior modes of shaking & the real
sharing of forces in the elastic range i.e., Which Response of Buildings are unspecified while linear
stretchy way .This Analysis be passed elsewhere at the same time as per IS: 1893-2002(Part-1) Non-linear
Static (PUSHOVER) Analysis be an development in excess of Linear Static & Linear Dynamic Analysis in
the sense i.e., It allow the in-elastic performance about construction. The non-linear (PUSHOVER)
Analysis about construction be Iterative technique .This is Depends on top of concluding dislocation,
while efficient damp depending on top of hysteric force defeat owing towards in-elastic deformation h
inside twist depending on the concluding dislocation. This makes the Analysis method Iterative. Trouble
inside result is face close to final loads, while rigidity Matrix on This end becoming harmful specific
owing towards unsteadiness about construction becoming a device. SOFTWARE obtainable towards
performing non-linear (PUSHOVER) Static Analysis as ETABS, (Extended Three Dimensional Building
System) & structural analysis program limited constituent Program so as to Works by means of
multifaceted Geometry & monitor deformations on every hinge towards conclude final de-formation. It has
fitted default intended for ACI-318 substance property and ATC40 & FEMA-273 Hinge property. Too It
have being ability intended for inputting every substance otherwise Hinge Property. E-TABS deal by
means of Buildings simply. The Analysis in E-TABS Involves subsequent 4 steps:

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 N.V. Mohanakrishna and CH.
C Hanumantha Rao

Step. 1. Modeling, 2.Linear static Analysis,

A 3.Designing, 4.PUSHOVER (Non Linear)
Line Analysis.

Chart explains the Curve force v/s.

/s. deformation
1. End (A) correspond in the direction of unloading
unload situation.
2. End (B) represent elasticity about constituent.
3. Ordinate on (C) correspond in the direction of supposed force and Abscissa
A scissa on (C) correspond in the
direction of de-formation
formation on Which important force dreadful conditions begin.
4. Drop as of (C) in the direction of (D) represent primary breakdown about constituent and conflict in the
direction of horizontal weights outside end (C) be more often than not undependable.
5. Remaining conflict as of (D)) in the direction of (E) allow Frame
rame fundamentals in the direction of maintain
Gravity weights. Away
way from end (E), greatest Deformation ability,, Gravity weight be able to rejection
Longer be there continued.

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

DISCUSSI
(As per FIGURES4, 5, 6,7, &8 and TABLE3)
TABLE
DRIFTS

4-BAY
BAY when we use only fixed supports 4-bay
bay when we are using isolated bearing

Figure
igure 4 Results From Linear Static Analysis

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Static Linear and Nonn Linear (Pushover) Analysis of RC Building On Sloping Grounds On Medium Soils In
Different Zones

Figure 5 4 Bay Displacements When We Use Fixed Supports

Figure 6: 4 Bay Displacements When We Use Isolated Bearings

Figure 7 Pushover Curve In X-

X Direction Figure 8 Hinge Performances Of Structures

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 N.V. Mohanakrishna and CH. Hanumantha Rao

Table 2 Complete information about Buildings

Common particulars about Building
Number about Story 4 to 7
Storey Height Floor to Floor Height=3.5mts
Plinth Height=1.75mts
Frame system of Building OMRF
Model of concrete Floors Rigid
Building use Commercial Building
Foundation type Stepped
Seismic Zone III , IV , V
Type of soil MEDIUM SOIL
Material Properties
Concrete Grade M40
Steel Grade 500 N/mm2
Youngs Modulus E of M40 5000fck
Concrete Density 25 KN/cub-m
Poisons ratio of concrete 0.2
Density of Brick masonary 20 KN/m3
Construction members
Slab thickness 0.15mts
All Beam size For 4 storied=0.23*0.45 m
For 5 storied=0.30*0.45 m
All Column size For 4 storied=0.23*0.50 m
For 5 storied=0.30*0.50 m
Wall Thickness full Brick Wall=00.23 m
half Brick Wall=00.115 mt
Unspecified lifeless weight Intensities
Floor Finish (FF) 1.5KN/cub-m
Live load 3KN/cub-m
earthquake (LL) top of slab like per section 7.3.1. & 7.3.2. about IS: 189- (part-1)-2002
Top load 00 kn/Sq-mt
Bottom load 00.25 x 3.0 = 00.75 kN/Sq-m

EARTHQUAKE PARAMETERS
Time period T 0.09h/d
Impedence factor 1
Sa/g 1/T,2.50
Reduction Factor 3
Load cases for Non-Linear (Pushover) Analysis
(Non NAMES LOADS Controlling
Linear) through
Pushover
cases Forces &
1 Gravity DL+0.25LL Displacements
2 PUSH X EQ X
3 PUSH Y EQ Y Displacements

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 Static Linear and Non Linear (Pushover) Analysis of RC Building On Sloping Grounds On Medium Soils In
Different Zones

The Forces in X-direction is more successful than in Y-direction.

The Displacement is more in the Medium Soils than in Rock soils.
In the medium type soils 6th storey is the peak storey for resistance by using isolated bearings.
The storey drift in any storey should be a minimum partial load factor of 1shall not exceed 0.006 times the
storey height.
In the 4th storey when the structure was in the normal condition the maximum target displacement(117mm)
and the maximum base shear (533.36kn) has been decreased when the isolated bearings are introduced to
the structure , hence the maximum target displacement (108mm) and maximum base shear (531kn).
In the 5th storey when the structure was in the normal condition the maximum target displacement (129mm)
and the maximum base shear (681kn) has been decreased when the isolated bearings are introduced to the
structure , hence the maximum target displacement (119mm) and maximum base shear (680.05kn).

5. CONCLUSIONS
1. The performance of RCC frames was investigated by means of the (Non Linear) pushover analysis.
2. From this analysis the observations are as the angle of slope increases base shear increases and displacement
decreases.
3. The base shear acts more in longitudinal direction than in transverse direction.
4. These observations are reduced i.e., displacement, drifts and the large forces it can resist when we are using
isolated bearings at supports at it varies upto nearly 10%.
5. From this we observed that for 16.32, 21.58, 26.56, 31.56 degrees are safe upto 5- bay .But as the bay
increases more no of hinges are to be formed and subjected to collapse region.

REFERENCES
[1] ATC-40: Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit of Concrete Buildings.
[2] FEMA-356: Pre-standard and Commentary for the Seismic Rehabilitation of the Buildings.
[3] Nonlinear static pushover analysis of irregular space frame structure , Govind M1, Kiran K. Shetty2, K.
Anil Hegde3 1M. Tech Final Year (Structures), Department of civil engineering, M.I.T Manipal,
Karnataka, India 2Associate Professor (senior scale), Department of civil engineering, M.I.T Manipal
Karnataka, India 3Senior Structural Consultant, Vimal Anil Structural Consultants, Mangalore,
Karnataka, India
[4] Seismic Analysis of Buildings Resting on Sloping Ground with Varying Number of Bays and Hill
Slopes. Dr. S. A. Halkude1, Mr. M. G. Kalyanshetti2, Mr. V. D. Ingle3 (Civil Engg. Dept. W. I. T.
Solapur, University, India)
[5] Pushover analysis of unsymmetrical framed structures on sloping Ground 1n. Jitendra babu, 2k.V.G.D
balaji & 3s.S.S.V gopalaraju 1Assistant professor, k l university, Guntur, India 2professor, Gitam
university, Visakhapatnam - 530 045, Andhra Pradesh, India 3professor & head Gitam university,
Hyderabad, India
[6] Effect of Irregular Configurations on Seismic Vulnerability of RC Buildings Ravikumar C M1,*, Babu
Narayan K S1, Sujith B V2, Venkat Reddy D1 1Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of
Technology, Surathkal, 575025, India 2Department of Studies in Civil Engineering, U.B.D.T College of
Engineering, Davangere, 577004, India cmravibdt@gmail.com, sujithbv@gmail.com
[7] Seismic analysis of buildings resting on sloping Ground by B.GBirajdar1, S.S.Nalawade2.
[8] Effects of plastic hinge properties in nonlinear analysis of reinforced concrete buildings by Mehmet
Intel, Hayri Baytan Ozmen. Dept of Civil Engineering Pamukkale University.
[9] Pankaj Agarwal Earthquake Resistant Design Of Structure A.K.Chopra-Dynamics of Structures

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 N.V. Mohanakrishna and CH. Hanumantha Rao

[10] Numerical Analysis of Seismic Elastomeric Isolation Bearing in the Base-Isolated Building by M.
Jabbareh Asl, M. M. Rahman, A. Karbakhsh from Islamic Azad University, Kerman Branch, Kerman,
Iran
[11] IS1893-2002 Part1; Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of structures
[12] IS456-2000; Plain & Reinforced Concrete Code of Practice.

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