CHICAGO 1

Outline
1) Introductions (general principles)
2) Notes and Bibliography

A. Books

1. General book format

2. Single author

3. Two or three authors

4. Four or more authors

5. No author

6. Multiple works by the same author

7. Multiple works published in the same year by the same author

8. Different editions

9. Editor or Translator Instead of an Author

10. Authors plus Editors or Translators

11. Encyclopedia or dictionary

12. Chapter in an edited book

13. EBook (from a database of subscribed eBooks)

14. Preface, Foreword, Afterword, or Introduction

15. Co-publishers

B. Print journal

1. Article
CHICAGO 2

2. Article (no author)

3. Newspaper article

4. Newspaper article (no author)

C. Electronic journal

1. Full text from database

2. Full text from database (no author)

3. Full text from the Internet (four or more authors)

4. Full text newspaper from database

D. Web sources

1. Document on World Wide Web

2. Document on World Wide Web (no author)

3. Document on World Wide Web (no date)

4. Image on World Wide Web (no date)

5. Press release

6. Wiki

7. Blog

8. Online newspaper from a website

E. Government publications

1. Standard

2. Government report
CHICAGO 3

F. Secondary Sources

1. Book

G. Other Sources

1. Course materials

2. Films and video recordings

3. Television programs

4. Podcasts

5. Computer software

6. Corporate author

7. Personal communication

2.
CHICAGO 4

Chicago (NB) Citation Style Guide

Introduction

The system of notes and bibliography applied by the Chicago citation style offers the
writers ability to reference sources by means of endnotes and footnotes. At the end
of the paper written in compliance with the Chicago NB (notes and bibliography)
style, one may find the full list of the sources cited in the paper which is called
bibliography. Moreover, the existence of footnotes provides the writer with a
possibility to leave comments concerning the sources cited in the paper.
Basically, a footnote or endnote should be created every time the writer utilizes a
source. This rule works for all possible cases such as direct quotes, paraphrasing, or
summarizing someone's ideas. The footnotes can be found at the end of the page. It
is essential that the footnote is located on the same page with the reference it
belongs to.
The section with endnotes is commonly assembled after a major part or at the end of
the paper. The opening note should present all the information relating to the source
(including the full name of the author, title of the source, and other relevant facts). If
the source is being cited more than once, the subsequent notes should only include
the last name of the author, short title (if the original title consists of more than four
words), and the number(s) of the cited page(s).

If the source is cited two or more times in a row, the note should include the
abbreviation "Ibid." In case if the writer uses the same source but a different page
number, the matching footnote should contain "Ibid," a comma, and new page
number(s) after the comma.

Footnotes
CHICAGO 5

The term footnotes derived from the location of the citations and means that
naturally they appear at the bottom (footer) part of the page. Chicago (Notes-
Bibliography) also supports the allocation of endnotes at the end of the chapters,
articles, etc. Basically, the endnotes can be found after the separate text sections,
but they should always be presented before the bibliographic entries. The page with
the endnotes should be titled Notes.

Even though the use of footnotes is rather common, the utilization of endnotes
should be considered in cases when the footnotes are taking a lot of space.
Footnotes should always be located on the page to which they refer. In some cases,
footnotes and endnotes could be grouped in order to improve the usability of the
Notes-Bibliography citation style.

The initial footnote should be indented (left margin). All the succeeding lines of text
should be formatted flush left. The notes should be separated by an additional line
space.
CHICAGO 6

A) Books

1) General Book Format

Lastname, Firstname. Title of Book. Place of publication: Publisher, Year of

publication.

Footnote citation:

1. Firstname Lastname, Title of Book (Place of publication: Publisher, Year of

publication), page number.

2) Single Author

Fetherston, Trevor. Becoming an Effective Teacher. Victoria: Thomson Learning,

2007.

Footnote citation

1. Trevor Fetherston, Becoming an Effective Teacher (Victoria: Thomson Learning,

2007), 33.

3) Two or Three Authors

Bohm, Andrew, and Dean Chaudri. Securing Australias Future: an Analysis of the
International Education Markets in India. Sydney: IDP Education Australia, 2000.
CHICAGO 7

Footnote citation:

1. Andrew Bohm and Dean Chaudri, Securing Australias Future: an Analysis of the
International Education Markets in India (Sydney: IDP Education Australia, 2000),
33-55.

4) Four or More Authors

Bell, Michael, David Bush, Peter Nicholson, Dan OBrien, and Thomas Tran.
Universities Online: a Survey of Online Education and Services in Australia.
Canberra: Department of Education, Science and Training, 2002.

Footnote citation:

1. Michael Bell, David Bush, Peter Nicholson, Dan OBrien, and Thomas Tran,
Universities Online: a Survey of Online Education and Services in Australia
(Canberra: Department of Education, Science and Training, 2002), 33-55.

5) No Author

If there are no authors or editors in the source, then they should be cited by title. In
footnotes, endnotes, and corresponding bibliographical entry, the citations should
begin with the title, omitting the part with the first name and last name. The citation,
thus, would look like this:

Title of Book. Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication.

CHICAGO 8

Footnote citation:

1. Title of Book (Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication), page number.

6) Multiple Works by the same Author

With footnotes, using multiple works of the same author poses no challenge, as all of
them are promptly cited at the bottom of the page.

7) Different Editions

Kremer, John, and Aidan Moran. Pure Sport: Practical Sport Psychology. 2nd ed.
Hove, East Sussex: Routledge, 2013.

Footnote citation:

1. John Kremer and Aidan Moran, Pure Sport: Practical Sport Psychology, 2nd ed.
(Hove, East Sussex: Routledge, 2013), 104.

Nota Bene!

It may be required to further specify the place of publication. In this example it is

Hove, East Sussex. In most cases, it would be sufficient to simply list the city.

9) Editor or Translator instead of Author

Smith, Jane, ed. The Stanford Handbook of Business and the American Press. New
York: Oxford University Press, 2012.
CHICAGO 9

Footnote citation:

1. Jane Smith, ed., The Stanford Handbook of Business and the American
Press (New York: Oxford University Press, 2012), 202.

Nota bene!

In case with a translator, use trans. Instead of ed.

10) Authors plus Editors or Translators

Churchill, Winston. The Literary Works of Winston Churchill. Edited by Samuel

Jackson. London: The Limited Editions Club, Inc., 1963.

Footnote citation:

1. Winston Churchill, The Literary Works of Winston Churchill, ed. Samuel Jackson
(London: The Limited Editions Club, Inc., 1963).

Nota Bene!

Use phrases like edited by (ed.), compiled by (comp.) or translated by (trans.) when
it is necessary.

11) Encyclopedia or Dictionary

The New Encyclopedia Britannica. 15th ed. s.v. Tradition.

CHICAGO 10

If there is a need to cite the encyclopedia multiple times on the same page, use s.vv.
instead of s.v., and cite all the words after.

The New Encyclopedia Britannica. 15th ed. s.vv. Astronomy, Chemistry,

Tradition, Philosophy.

Footnote citation:

1. The New Encyclopedia Britannica, 15th ed., s.v. Tradition.

2. The New Encyclopedia Britannica, 15th ed., s.vv. Astronomy, Chemistry,

Tradition, Philosophy.

Nota Bene!

It is obligatory to specify any edition other than the first in both bibliography and
footnotes. Since all words in a dictionary or encyclopedia are typically placed in an
alphabetic order, no pages are necessary. However, the words must also be
arranged in an alphabetic order.

12) Chapter in an Edited Book

Higgs, Malcolm. Change and Its Leadership: The Role of Positive Emotions. In The
Oxford Handbook of Positive Psychology and Work, edited by P. Alex Linley, Susan
Harrington,and Nicola Garcea, 67-94. New York: Oxford University Press, 2013).

Footnote citation:

1. Malcolm Higgs, Change and Its Leadership: The Role of Positive Emotions,
in The Oxford Handbook of Positive Psychology and Work, ed. P. Alex Linley, Susan
Harrington, and Nicola Garcea (New York: Oxford University Press, 2013), 67-72.
CHICAGO 11

Nota Bene!

In order to illustrate that a book or a chapter was edited or otherwise altered,

footnotes and bibliography should include phrases like edited by or ed., compiled by
or comp., or translated by or trans.

13) E-book

Chan, Mimi. All the Kings Women. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2000.
PDF e-book.

Footnote citation:

1. Mimi Chan, All the Kings Women (Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press,
2000), PDF e-book, chap. 4.

Nota Bene!

Including the format of the document is important, so it must be specified. Most

common formats are PDF, Kindle, Microsoft Reader, Dejavu, etc. Pages in electronic
versions of a book may differ from the original print. You can use chapters or
sections of the book in order as locators.

14) Preface, Foreword, Afterword, or Introduction

Reamer, Frederic G. Foreword to Social Justice and Social Work, edited by Michael
J. Austin, xiii-xv. Los Angeles: Sage, 2014.
CHICAGO 12

Footnote citation:

1. Frederic G. Reamer, foreword to Social Justice and Social Work, edited by

Michael J. Austin (Los Angeles: Sage, 2014), xiv.

Nota Bene!

Should the book have multiple publishers, it is not necessary to cite all of them.
Include only the first one in both footnotes and bibliography.

15) Co-Publishers

Doe, John and Daniel K. F. Beaverfang. The Dead Sky Chronicles, Study Edition. 2
vols. New York: Brill; San-Francisco: Wm. B. Eerdmans, 2005.

Footnote citation

1. John Doe and Daniel K. F. Beaverfang, eds., The Dead Sky Chronicles, Study
Edition (New York: Brill; San-Francisco: Wm. B. Eerdmans, 2005), 2:35.

Nota Bene!

Sometimes, books are published in different countries. In that case include only the
version more relevant to you. Should the publishing dates for both authors be
different, then you must include them in both Bibliography and footnote citations.
CHICAGO 13

B) Print journal

1) Article

Davies, David. "From the further education margins to the higher education centre?
Innovation in continuing education." Education Training 39, no. 1 (1997): 4-13.

Footnote citation:

David Davies, "From the further education margins to the higher education centre?
Innovation in continuing education," Education Training 39, no. 1 (1997): 10,12.

2) Article (no author)

"Effects Teacher Certification and Teacher Commitment on Teacher

Performance." International Journal of Scientific Research and Management 4, no.
11 (2017): 33-45.

Footnote citation:

"Effects Teacher Certification and Teacher Commitment on Teacher

Performance," International Journal of Scientific Research and Management 4, no.
11 (2017): 36, 38, 39.
CHICAGO 14

3) Newspaper article

Higgins, Marguerite. "Obesity Policy Will Benefit Trial Lawyers; Enables Fast-Food
Lawsuits." The Washington Times (Washington, DC), December 22, 2010. Accessed
January 25, 2017.

Footnote citation:

Marguerite Higgins, "Obesity Policy Will Benefit Trial Lawyers; Enables Fast-Food
Lawsuits," The Washington Times (Washington, DC), December 22, 2010, 3,4,7,
accessed January 25, 2017.

4) Newspaper article (no author)

"Obesity epidemic expected to cut life expectancy, experts say." Chicago Tribune
(Chicago, IL), June 5, 2012. Accessed January 25, 2017.

Footnote citation:

"Obesity epidemic expected to cut life expectancy, experts say.," Chicago Tribune
(Chicago, IL), June 5, 2012, 6, accessed January 25, 2017.

C) Electronic Journal

1) Full Text from Database

CHICAGO 15

Cliff, Amy Fish. What are We doing Here: Eastern Cherokee Civil Authorities and
Sovereign Territorial Rights. American Indian Quarterly 36, no. 2, (Fall 2013): 234-
269. doi: /1d11d977-389e

1. Amy Fish Cliff, What are We doing Here: Eastern Cherokee Civil Authorities and
Sovereign Territorial Rights, American Indian Quarterly 36, no. 2 (Fall 2013): 234-
269, doi: /1d11d977-389e

Nota Bene!

If there is no DOI, it is acceptable to use URL in order to link the article to your work.
If you possess both URL and DOI, always use the latter.

2) Full Text from Database (no Author)

Higher Education in the Hi-Tech Age: Higher Education Leadership Forum. The
Chronicle of Higher Education 52 no. 16 (Winter 2005): 105-107. doi: /1001oi567

Footnote citation:

1. Higher Education in the Hi-Tech Age: Higher Education Leadership Forum, The
Chronicle of Higher Education 52 no. 16 (Winter 2005): 105-107, doi: /1001oi567

3) Full Text from Newspaper, Newswire (no Author)

Trump is Going to Ruin America. BBC, Jan. 17, 2017.

http://www.bbc.com/news/video_and_audio/headlines/389742289
CHICAGO 16

Footnote Citation

1. Trump is Going to Ruin America, BBC, Jan. 17, 2017,

http://www.bbc.com/news/video_and_audio/headlines/389742289

4) Full Text from the Internet (Four or more Authors)

How to Make a Potato Salad? Bell, Michelle, Deanne Forest, Petra Watson, and
Keiko OBrien. Accessed January, 31, 2017. http://www.cooking.com/this-
month/article/953521%7C0/Potato-Salad.html

Footnote Citation

1. How to Make a Potato Salad? Michelle Bell, Deanne Forest, Petra Watson, and
Keiko OBrien, accessed January, 31, 2017, http://www.cooking.com/this-
month/article/953521%7C0/Potato-Salad.html

5) Full Text newspaper from Database

Mace, Lina. Visiting Professor Lectures on Painting. Exponent (West Lafayette, IN),
Oct. 26, 2011. http://www.purdueexponent.org/features/article_6gh3a2814-cd52-
5f16-87b3-7c013123133e8f.html

Footnote citation

1. Lina Mace, Visiting Professor Lectures on Painting, Exponent (West Lafayette,

IN), Oct. 26, 2011, http://www.purdueexponent.org/features/article_6gh3a2814-cd52-
5f16-87b3-7c013123133e8f.html
CHICAGO 17

Nota Bene!

Many newspapers have every letter of their names capitalized. In order to stay
consistent with the style, however, only the first letter of every word has to be
capitalized.

For newspapers and news agencies that are not well-known, a city must be added
after the name.

D) Web sources

1) Document on World Wide Web

Ball, Deborah. The Work of Teaching and the Challenge for Teacher Education. PDF.
Journal of Teacher Education, 2009.

Footnote citation:

Deborah Ball, The Work of Teaching and the Challenge for Teacher Education, PDF,
Journal of Teacher Education, 2009.

2) Document on World Wide Web (no author)

"Educational Products." Educational Resources. November 3, 2011. Accessed

January 25, 2017. http://www.edresources.com/products.
CHICAGO 18

Footnote citation:

"Educational Products," Educational Resources, November 3, 2011, 1, accessed

January 25, 2017, http://www.edresources.com/.

3) Document on World Wide Web (no date)

Carpenter, John. "Alternative Cancer Treatments for Stage I, II and III Cancer
Patients." Cancer Tutor. Accessed January 25, 2017.
https://www.cancertutor.com/ruleofthumb/.

Footnote citation:

John Carpenter, "Alternative Cancer Treatments for Stage I, II and III Cancer
Patients," Cancer Tutor, 1, accessed January 25, 2017,
https://www.cancertutor.com/ruleofthumb/.

4) Image on World Wide Web (no date)

Tesla Autopilot Function. Digital image. Wired. Accessed January 25, 2017.
https://assets.wired.com/photos/w_860/wp-
content/uploads/2017/01/Telsa_Autopilot_TA.jpg.

Footnote citation:

Tesla Autopilot Function, digital image, Wired, accessed January 25, 2017,
https://assets.wired.com/photos/w_860/wp-
content/uploads/2017/01/Telsa_Autopilot_TA.jpg.
CHICAGO 19

5) Press release

Microsoft. Gaming Consoles. "Unboxed: The Xbox One S is here!" News release,
August 2, 2016. Microsoft News. Accessed January 25, 2017.
http://news.microsoft.com/en-gb/2016/08/02/unboxed-xbox-one-s/.

Footnote citation:

Microsoft, Gaming Consoles, "Unboxed: The Xbox One S is here!," news release,
August 2, 2016, Microsoft News, accessed January 25, 2017,
http://news.microsoft.com/en-gb/2016/08/02/unboxed-xbox-one-s/.

6) Wiki

"Education." Wikipedia. Accessed January 25, 2017.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education.

Footnote citation:

"Education," Wikipedia, 1, accessed January 25, 2017,

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education.

7) Blog

Middleton, Jane. "Southeast States Trivia Treasure Hunt." Deceptively

Educational (web log), March 13, 2015. Accessed January 25, 2017.
CHICAGO 20

http://deceptivelyeducational.blogspot.com/2015/03/southeast-states-trivia-treasure-
hunt.html.

Footnote citation:

Jane Middleton, "Southeast States Trivia Treasure Hunt," Deceptively

Educational (web log), March 13, 2015, 1, accessed January 25, 2017,
http://deceptivelyeducational.blogspot.com/2015/03/southeast-states-trivia-treasure-
hunt.html.

8) Online newspaper from a website

Glier, Ray. "Missed Plays Burn Atlanta; Falcons Have No Regrets After Rising from
Ground Zero" The Washington Post, February 1, 1999. Accessed January 25, 2017.
http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-574623.html?refid=easy_hf.

Footnote citation:

Ray Glier, "Missed Plays Burn Atlanta; Falcons Have No Regrets After Rising from
Ground Zero" The Washington Post, February 1, 1999, 1, accessed January 25,
2017, http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-574623.html?refid=easy_hf.

Nota bene!

It is now a common situation when DOI (Digital Object Identifier) is used instead of
the URL when citing various sources found on the World Wide Web and electronic
journals. In case if DOIs are used, they should be preceded by the doi abbreviation
(without quotes) and a colon. When citing a journal article, the DOIs should only be
included if they relate to the electronic form of the original source. In case if it is
CHICAGO 21

necessary to use URLs, a static version of the source (journal article) should be
identified.

E) Government Publications

1) Statistics

Canada. Statistics Canada. Aboriginal Peoples in Canada in 2006: Inuit, Metis and
First Nations, 2006 Census. 2006 Census Analysis Ser. 97-558-XIE2006001.
Ottawa, 2008.

Footnote citation:

1. Canada, Statistics Canada, Aboriginal Peoples in Canada in 2006: Inuit, Metis

and First Nations, 2006 Census, 2006 Census Analysis Ser. 97-558-XIE2006001,
Ottawa, 2008.

2) Government Report

Canada. British Columbia. Ministry of Education. Learning Assessment Branch. The

1982 B.C Science Assessment. Edited by Hugh Taylor. [Victoria, B.C.]: Queens
Printer, 1982.

Plant, P. Geoffrey. Access and Excellence: The Campus 2020 Plan for British
Columbias Post-Secondary Education System. [Victoria, B.C.]: Ministry of Advanced
Education, 2007.
CHICAGO 22

Footnote citation:

1. Canada, British Columbia, Ministry of Education. Learning Assessment Branch,

The 1982 B.C Science Assessment, edited by Hugh Taylor. [Victoria, B.C.]: Queens
Printer, 1982.

2. Geoffrey P. Plant, Access and Excellence: The Campus 2020 Plan for British
Columbias Post-Secondary Education System, [Victoria, B.C.]: Ministry of Advanced
Education, 2007.

Nota Bene!

The 16th Edition of Chicago Manual of Style does not cover the use of government
documents in reports. The information presented here is taken from the 15th edition
of CMS. When citing government documents, include all the relevant information,
such as author, title, editor or compiler, report number or any other identifications,
publisher, date, and page, if it is required.

F) Secondary Sources

1) Books

No bibliographical citation is necessary

Footnote citation:
CHICAGO 23

1. Jim Bean, A Book about Nothing, (New York, NY: Elsevier, 2001), 37, quoted in
Alexander Schultz, Modern Nihilism (London: Routledge, 2007), 5.

Nota bene!

The 16th edition of Chicago Manual of Style heavily discourages the use of
secondary sources in academic research. It is to be avoided at all times. Should the
original source not be available in any possible way, it is recommended to use the
quoted in format for the footnote.

G) Other Sources

1) Course materials

Single author citation

Jackson, Sean. The Basics of Cloud Computing. Lecture, The University of

Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, October 10, 2015.

Footnote citation:
CHICAGO 24

Sean Jackson, The Basics of Cloud Computing, lecture, the University of Virginia,
Charlottesville, VA, October 10, 2015.

Two or more authors

Jackson, Sean, and Kate Williams. The Key Features of Advanced Cloud
Computing Techniques. Lecture, The University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA,
December 15, 2015.

Footnote citation:

Sean Jackson and Kate Williams, The Key Features of Advanced Cloud Computing
Techniques, lecture, the University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, December 15,
2015.

2) Films and video recordings

Movie citation

Titanic. Directed by James Cameron. Performed by Leonardo DiCaprio and Kate

Winslet. USA: Paramount Pictures, 1997. DVD.

Footnote citation:

Titanic, dir. James Cameron, perf. Leonardo DiCaprio and Kate Winslet (USA:
Paramount Pictures, 1997), DVD.
CHICAGO 25

YouTube video citation

U.S. System of Education - English Language Notes. Directed by JenniferESL. July

19, 2013. Accessed January 25, 2017. https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=1ciiaPwhF0I.

Footnote citation:

U.S. System of Education - English Language Notes, dir. JenniferESL, July 19, 2013,
accessed January 25, 2017, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1ciiaPwhF0I.

3) Television programs

Friends. "The One with the Princess Leia Fantasy." Directed by Gail Mancuso.
Written by Michael Curtis. NBC, September 19, 1996.

Footnote citation:

Friends, "The One with the Princess Leia Fantasy," dir. Gail Mancuso, writer, Michael
Curtis, NBC, September 19, 1996.

4) Podcasts

Rivera-Collazo, Isabel. "Maritime Archaeology." Educational Technology Services

UCSD (audio blog), Winter 2017. Accessed January 25, 2017.
https://podcast.ucsd.edu/podcasts/default.aspx?PodcastId=3837.
CHICAGO 26

Footnote citation:

Isabel Rivera-Collazo, "Maritime Archaeology," Educational Technology Services

UCSD (audio blog), Winter 2017, accessed January 25, 2017,
https://podcast.ucsd.edu/podcasts/default.aspx?PodcastId=3837.

5) Computer software

Adobe Photoshop CS4 Extended. Computer software. Version 12. Adobe

Corporation. Accessed January 25, 2017.

Footnote citation:

Adobe Photoshop CS4 Extended, computer software, version 12, Adobe

Corporation, accessed January 25, 2017.

6) Corporate author

UNESCO. Worldwide Child Development Program 2000-2006. Zurich: UNESCO,

2000.

7) Personal communication

Footnote citation:
CHICAGO 27

Jared Jones, e-mail message, July 4, 2015.

Nota bene!

Within the framework of the Chicago (Notes-Bibliography) citation style, the act of
personal communication is only reflected in the notes and is not required for a
bibliographic entry.