ODN101002

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Course Code Product Product Version Course Version ISSUE
ODN101002 MBB V6R2 1.00
Developer/Modifier Time Approver New/Update
Liu Feng 2012.07 Gaojianqin Update
Copyright 2011 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page0
Ethernet Basics
www.huawei.com
Copyright 2011 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Foreword
As a data link layer protocol, the Ethernet protocol features
simple principles, easy-to-implement, and low cost, and is the
most common protocol applied on LANs. With the emergence
of higher-performance fast Ethernet and gigabit Ethernet, the
Ethernet protocol has become the most widely deployed
network technology.
On IP backhaul networks, base stations and base station

controllers have been optimized to be IP-oriented to better
carry data services, and physical ports mainly use Ethernet
technologies to facilitate the interconnection between IP
backhaul networks and bearer networks.
Objectives
After completing this course, you will be able to:
Describe the concepts related to Ethernet basics.
Describe the working process of Ethernet switches.
Describe what is VLAN.
Describe the concepts related to VLAN.
Describe the communication principles of VLAN.
Know how to configure the interconnected Ethernet ports

between wireless equipment and bearer networks.
Contents
1. Basic Ethernet technologies
2. Working principles of Ethernet switches
3. VLAN basics
4. Configurations of interconnected Ethernet ports
Contents
3. VLAN basics
Contents
1.1 Development of Ethernet
1.2 Physical Layer of Ethernet
1.3 Data Link Layer of an Ethernet
Origin of Ethernet
In 1973, the original Ethernet was put forward and realized by
Xerox Corporation in Palo Alto.
Robert M. Metcalfe Ph.D

Ph.D
Script of Ethernet
Bob Metcalfe drew by Dr. Robert Metcalfe

Brief Development History of Ethernet

IEEE802.3 Ethernet standard

IEEE802.3u 100BASE-T fast Ethernet standard

IEEE802.3z/ab 1000Mb/s 1000BASE-T standard

Emergence of 10G Ethernet
IEEE802.3ae the standard for 10 Gbit/s Ethernet
Fast development of GE
100M fast Ethernet
Change from shared mode to LAN switches
Development and maturity of 10M Ethernet
Birth of Ethernet
1970s 1980s 1990s 1992 1996 2002
Contents
Cable Standard
Since the birth of Ethernet, the physical layer of Ethernet has deployed
the following mature standards:
10BASE-2/10BASE-5/10BASE-T/10BASE-F
100BASE-T4/100BASE-TX/100BASE-FX
1000BASE-SX/1000BASE-LX/1000BASE-CX/1000BASE-TX
In the standard names, the 10/100/1000 at the beginning indicates the

rate, "BASE" indicates that the signals for transmission are baseband
signals, and the digit at the end indicates the maximum transmission
distance or the type of the transmit media.
CSMA/CD
Carrier sense (CS)
Before transmitting data, a station monitors the shared line to check

whether the line is idle. In this manner, chances of collision are
decreased.
Multiple access (MA)
The data from each station can be received by multiple stations

simultaneously.
Collision detect (CD)
If two stations transmit signals at the same time, the signals are
superimposed, Conflict 10BASE-5/10BASE-2
and therefore the voltage amplitude is more than one
time the normal amplitude. A collision has occurred.
IN IN Listening Listening Listening
t1 t1
Duplex Mode of Ethernet
The physical layer of Ethernet can work in either half-duplex
mode or full-duplex mode. The two modes indicate the data
transmission mode.
Half-duplex Data direction at t1
Data direction at t2
HUB HUB
Data direction at all time

Full-duplex
Ethernet switch Ethernet switch
Ethernet Auto-negotiation
The auto-negotiation mechanism allows the devices on both ends of a
link to exchange information and then select the same working
parameters. The information to be negotiated includes such
parameters as duplex mode, working rate, and flow control. If the
negotiation is successful, the two devices at both ends operate in the
same duplex mode and working rate.
16ms
1ms
Inserting 16 small pulses into each big pulse
The Working Process of a Hub
Application layer Application layer
Presentation layer Presentation layer
Session layer Session layer
Transport payer HUB Transport layer
Network layer Network layer
Link layer Link layer
Physical layer Physical layer Physical layer Physical layer
Note: HUB is a device that is only connected at the physical layer.
Working Process of a Hub
1 2 3 4 5
OUT OUT OUT OUT
IN
All hubs work in half-duplex mode.
Contents
Hierarchical Structure of the Data Link Layer
The data link layer is divided into two sublayers: the Logical
Link Control (LLC) and Media Access Control (MAC) sublayers.
For the functions of each sublayer, see the course about the
TCP/IP basics.
Application layer
Transport layer
Network layer
LLC sublayer
Data link layer
MAC sublayer
Physical layer
MAC Addresses
48 bits
24 bits 24 bits
Manufacturer
Code specified by each
manufacturer independently
Example: 00e0.fc39.8034
00e0.fcassigned to equipment manufacturers by the IEEE
39.8034specified by each manufacturer independently
Structure of an Ethernet Frame
DMAC SMAC Length/T DATA/PAD FCS

6 6 2 46-1500 4
Length/Type Meaning
Value
Ethernet_II Length/T > 1500 Frame type
802.3 Length/T <= 1500 Frame length
Self-Test Questions
Multiple Choice (Only one answer is correct)
1. Two sets of equipment can transmit and receive data, but cannot
simultaneously. This working mode is ( ).
A. Simplex
B. Half-duplex
C. Full-duplex
D. Auto-negotiation
2. Which of the following network equipment works in the network layer? ( )

Which of the following equipment works in the data link layer? ( )
A. HUB
B. Repeater
C. Switch
D. Router
Contents
3. VLAN basics
Learning and Aging of MAC
Addresses
Segment 1 Segment 2
A C
PORT1 PORT2
B D
Switch
MAC address table of the switch
MAC Address Located Port

MAC A 1
MAC B 1
MAC C 2
MAC D 2
Learning and Aging of MAC
Addresses
To adapt to the changing network, the MAC address table
needs to be updated constantly. The entries automatically
generated (dynamic entries) in a MAC address table are not
always valid. Each entry has a life cycle. The entry that has
never been updated till its life cycle ends will be deleted. This
life cycle is called aging time. If the entry is updated before its
life cycle expires, the aging time of the entry will be
recalculated.
Packet Forwarding Based on a MAC
Address Table
MAC Address Located Port
MACA 1
MACB 1
MACC 2
MACD 2
MACD MACA ......
Port 1
MACD MACA ......
Port 2
Working Process of a L2 Switch
Frame input
Destination MAC address

Unicast Broadcast
Queries the Floods the frame

destination table No match (except the receive port)
Successful
match
Forwards the frame

(except the receive port)
Case Study: Packet Forwarding on a Switch
As shown in the figure, PC1 and PC2 are connected to a

switch. The MAC addresses and IP addresses of PC1 and
PC2 are provided in the figure.
Switch
Eth0/1 Eth0/2
PC1
PC2
MAC70f1:a131:ad30 MAC 3e26:b9ca:e451
IP192.168.100.1/24 IP192.168.100.2/24
Self-Test Questions
True or False:
1. A switch forwards data frames based on its MAC address table.

Entries in the MAC address table will not change after they are
created. ( )
2. A port on a switch may correspond to several MAC addresses. ( )
3. When a switch receives a data frame, it queries its MAC address table.
If the destination MAC address of the frame is not contained in the
table, the switch discards the frame. ( )
4. A switch forwards broadcast packets and multicast packets to all its

ports. ( )
Contents
3. VLAN basics
Contents
3. VLAN basics
3.1 What Is VLAN?
3.2 Basic Principles About VLAN
3.3 VLAN Communicate Principles
Why Do We Use VLAN?
A B C
User AI dont want to Administrator: I wanna restrict

receive the broadcast User B to Visit User A
packets from User C.
There is no schemes to control the packets forwarding in Ethernet.
Objective of VLAN
Group 2
Group 1
What Is VLAN?
A VLAN is a logical broadcast domain that is obtained by
dividing a physical LAN.
Router
SwitchA SwitchB SwitchC
VLAN 1
VLAN 2
VLAN 3
Contents
3. VLAN basics
3.1 What Is VLAN?
VLAN Frame Format
6B 6B 2B 64-1500B 4B
DA SA TYPE DATA FCS Untagged frame
6B 6B 4B 2B 64-1500B 4B
TYP
DA SA TAG DATA FCS Tagged frame
E
2B 2B
0x8100 PRI CFI VLAN ID

12b

TPID TCI
Classification to VLANs
VLANs can be categorized in different ways:
Port: VLANs can be classified according to the port numbers of a

switch.
MAC address: VLANs are classified according to the MAC address of

the NIC of a computer.
Subnet: VLAN IDs are added based on the IP addresses carried in the
packets.
Protocol: VLAN IDs can be assigned based on the protocol type and
encapsulation format of packets received by a switch.
Matching policy: VLANs can be divided based on the combination of

MAC addresses, IP addresses, and ports.
Currently, the VLAN division by port mode is the most common mode
because the configuration management is simple.
VLAN Division by Port
A network administrator assigns a port default VLAN ID (PVID)
to each port of a switch. If a port receives an untagged frame,
the port adds its PVID to the frame.
Port PVID
Port 1 Port 10 Port1 5
Port 2 Port 7
Port2 10
Port7 5

Host A Host C Port10 10
Host B Host D
Link Type
Access link: indicates the link connecting a user host and a
switch. In general, a host is not required to know which VLAN
it belongs to, and therefore frames transmitted over access
links are untagged frames.
Trunk link: indicates a link connecting two switches.
VLAN 2 Access Link

Trunk Link
VLAN 3
Port Type Access Ports
Access ports on switches are used to connect hosts. They
can connect only access links. An access port has the
following features:
Only frames whose VLAN ID is the same as the port's PVID can
traverse the port.
If the port receives an untagged frame from the peer

equipment, the port forcibly adds its PVID to the frame.
The Ethernet frames sent through an access port are untagged

frames. Switch
Eth0/0/1 :VLAN-3 Eth0/0/1 :VLAN-5
Port TypeTrunk Ports
Trunk ports on switches are used to connect other switches.
They can connect only trunk links. A trunk port has the
following features:
A trunk port allows the tagged frames from multiple VLANs to
pass through.
If a tagged frame to be sent through a trunk port carries a VLAN

ID the same as the PVID of the port, the system removes the VLAN
tag from the frame. It is because the PVID of each port is unique.
So, only in this case, the frames forwarded by the trunk port are
untagged.
If a tagged frame
SWAto be sent through a trunk port carries a VLAN
SWB
ID different from the PVID
Port- of the port, the system directly forwards
Port-
1/0/2 1/0/2
the frame without performing any other action.
Port TypeHybrid Ports
A hybrid port on a switch can connect either to a host or to another
switch. That is, a hybrid port can connect either to an access link or to
a trunk link. The hybrid port allows the packets from multiple VLANs
to pass through, and removes VLAN tags from some packets on the
outbound interface.
SWA
Eth-0/0/24
SWB
Eth-0/0/1 Eth-0/0/2
Port typeQinQ Ports
An 802.1Q-in-802.1Q (QinQ) port uses the QinQ protocol. A QinQ port
can add a second tag to a frame, that is, add a tag to a tagged frame,
so that the network can have 4094 x 4094 VLAN IDs. This is used
when a network requires lots of VLAN IDs.
For a QinQ frame with double tags, the external tag is often called the
public tag, used for carrying the VLAN ID of a public network. The
inner tag is usually known as the private tag, used for carrying the
VLAN ID of a private network.
6B 6B 4B 4B 2B 64-1500B 4B
DA SA TAG TAG TYPE DATA FCS
Contents
3. VLAN basics
3.1 What Is VLAN?
Cross-Switch Communication in a VLAN
Sometimes, user hosts belonging to the same VLAN may be connected to
different switches. In this case, the VLAN crosses switches. Ports on the
switches need to be able to identify and transmit cross-switch VLAN packets.
The trunk link technology applies to this scenario.
VLAN 3
GE0/0/ GE0/0/1
Switch A Switch B
2
GE0/0/4 GE0/0/3
Trunk Link
Host A VLAN 2 Host B
Communication Between VLANs
L2 switch + router
In most cases, the Ethernet port (switching Ethernet port) of a L2 switch on

a LAN is connected to the Ethernet port (routing Ethernet port) of a router
to implement communication. This solution is called the single-armed
routing technology.
Router
Subinterface VLAN Trunk
Switch
Access Port
VLAN 2 VLAN 3
Communication Between VLANs
VLANIF interfaces are L3 logical interfaces and can be
deployed on both L3 switches and routers.
Switch
VLANIF VLANIF
VLAN 2 VLAN 3
Self-Test Questions
Multiple Choice (Only one answer is correct.)
1. A VLAN can be considered as a/an ( ).
A. Collision domain
B. Broadcast domain
C. Management domain
D. Autonomy domain
2. Which of the following methods is NOT used for VLAN classification? ( )
A. By port
B. By MAC address
C. By protocol
D. By physical location
Contents
3. VLAN basics
Contents
4.1 Topology Description
4.2 Configuration Tasks
4.3 Procedure of Configuring an Interconnected Port on the

Base Station Side

RNC Side
Topology Description
Last Mile MBB Core

CSG1 Access AGG3 Aggregation RSG5
VLANIF100
E0/3/2.1 E0/3/1 G1/0/1 G1/0/0 G1/0/0
E0/3/0
G1/0/1.1
BTS
G1/0/2.2
G1/0/2.1
.
Trunk
Vlanif
G1/0/1.1
G1/0/2.2
G1/0/2.1
BSC/RNC
E0/3/0
E0/3/1 G1/0/1 G1/0/0 G1/0/0

VLANIF100
E0/3/2.1
NodeB CSG2 AGG4 RSG6
interconnected Ethernet ports
Contents

Base Station Side

RNC Side
Task 1: Configuring an Interconnected
Port on the Base Station Side
Step Task Description
1 Creating a sub-interface Select the main port and specify the ID

for the sub-interface.
2 Configuring the sub- Specify the VLAN ID.

interface
3 Adding an IP address Add an IPv4 address for the VLAN sub-

interface.
Task 2: Configuring an Interconnected
Port on the RNC Side
Step Task Description
1 Configuring a L2 Convert a L3 port of the route into a

Ethernet port L2 port.
2 Creating a VLAN Create a VLAN ID.
3 Changing the VLAN Change the port VLAN attribute

attributes for the port from the default value Hybrid to
Trunk.
4 Creating a VLANIF Create a VLANIF interface.
interface
5 Adding an IP address. Add an IP address for the VLANIF
interface.
Contents

Base Station Side

RNC Side
Step 1: Creating a Sub-Interface

Parameter introduction:

Sub-interface ID: 10

Sub-interface name:
Ethernet 0/3/2.10
Step 2: Configuring Attributes for the Sub-
Interface
Access mode: VLAN

encapsulation
Termination mode :
Dot1q
VLAN ID: 10
Step 3: Adding an IP Address
MTU: 1500 (the

default value)
IPv4 address:
192.168.10.1/24
Result Verification
On the interface query tab page, you can see that the Ethernet
0/3/2.10 interface has been successfully configured and its
attributes are displayed in the Common tab page .
Contents

Base Station Side

RNC Side
Step 1: Configuring a L2 Ethernet Port
The interconnected
physical port is
configured to be a L2
port and it allows the
passing-through of
tagged data frames.
Step 2: Creating a VLAN
VLAN ID: 200. The value range is

1-4094.
Step 3: Changing the VLAN Attributes for
the Port
Link type of the

interconnected port:
Trunk
Permitted VLAN ID: 200
Step 4: Creating a VLANIF Interface
Interface ID: 200, the

same as the created
VLAN ID
Step 5: Adding an IP Address
MTU: 1500 (the default

value)
IPv4 address:
192.168.2.1/30
Result Verification
On the interface query tab page, you can see that the
VLANIF200 interface has been successfully configured and its
attributes are displayed in the Common tab page.
Summary
3. VLAN basics
Thank you
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Revision Record Dont Print This

ODN101002 MBB V6R2 1.00

Developer/Modifier Time Approver New/Update

Liu Feng 2012.07 Gaojianqin Update

Copyright 2011 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

On IP backhaul networks, base stations and base station

Describe the working process of Ethernet switches.

Describe what is VLAN.

Describe the concepts related to VLAN.

Describe the communication principles of VLAN.

Know how to configure the interconnected Ethernet ports

2. Working principles of Ethernet switches

4. Configurations of interconnected Ethernet ports

2. Working principles of Ethernet switches

4. Configurations of interconnected Ethernet ports

1.2 Physical Layer of Ethernet

1.3 Data Link Layer of an Ethernet

Robert M. Metcalfe Ph.D

100M fast Ethernet

Change from shared mode to LAN switches

Development and maturity of 10M Ethernet

1970s 1980s 1990s 1992 1996 2002

1.2 Physical Layer of Ethernet

1.3 Data Link Layer of an Ethernet

In the standard names, the 10/100/1000 at the beginning indicates the

Before transmitting data, a station monitors the shared line to check

Multiple access (MA)

The data from each station can be received by multiple stations

Collision detect (CD)

Half-duplex Data direction at t1

Data direction at all time

Ethernet switch Ethernet switch

Inserting 16 small pulses into each big pulse

Application layer Application layer

Presentation layer Presentation layer

Session layer Session layer

Transport payer HUB Transport layer

Network layer Network layer

Link layer Link layer

Physical layer Physical layer Physical layer Physical layer

Note: HUB is a device that is only connected at the physical layer.

All hubs work in half-duplex mode.

1.2 Physical Layer of Ethernet

1.3 Data Link Layer of an Ethernet

DMAC SMAC Length/T DATA/PAD FCS

Ethernet_II Length/T > 1500 Frame type

802.3 Length/T <= 1500 Frame length

2. Which of the following network equipment works in the network layer? ( )

2. Working principles of Ethernet switches

4. Configurations of interconnected Ethernet ports

MAC address table of the switch

MAC Address Located Port

MACD MACA ......

Destination MAC address

Queries the Floods the frame

Forwards the frame

As shown in the figure, PC1 and PC2 are connected to a

1. A switch forwards data frames based on its MAC address table.

2. A port on a switch may correspond to several MAC addresses. ( )

4. A switch forwards broadcast packets and multicast packets to all its

2. Working principles of Ethernet switches

4. Configurations of interconnected Ethernet ports

3.2 Basic Principles About VLAN

3.3 VLAN Communicate Principles