- Bourbon polity!
became more active after the Unigenitus bill
ceremonial, lots of grandeur and specific
dress codes, everything timed and
scheduled and perfectly managed!
- grace of healing!
king would touch subjects at his coronation
and supposedly heal them!
- third estate!
everyone not a religious or somewhat
wealthy-underneath the nobility!
- Estates General!
a sort of representative group of the Three
Estates, supposed to have some voice in
politics!
hadnt been called together in quite some
time before the Revolution, disbanded since
1614!
- Mazarin!
followed Richelieu !
helped Regent Queen Anne of Austria as
Louis XIV was too young to rule when his
father died; basically ruled alongside Louis
XIV even when he came of age, until M. died!
dealt with the Fronde with Anne!
- *Louis XIV--view of the state, military
activities of France!
centralize EVERYTHING!
began very militarily, wanted to expand, etc. !
by the end of his reign, I was too much at
war, wanted his heirs to be more peaceful!
- 1661!
M. died, leaving Louis XIV to rule by himself;
he chose not to have a cardinal/minister,
breaking with tradition !
- le Dsert!
- Regency!
Philipe dOrlans!
lots of experimentation with policy!
- Lully!
French opera-writer (born Italian)!
Baroque!
- *the Law system!
lower courts and upper courts (upper courts
only supervised by king)!
certain types of people could only be tried by
the upper courts, and corruption was
abundant !
- *Jansenism (pp. 99, etc.)!
against Luther/Calvin!
emphasized need for divine grace, not
simply human initiative!
predestination, a little bit!
ORIGINAL SIN!
banned them and other protestant-leaning
things!
- Colonies!
gained some areas in the west; parts of
Canada, Louisiana, and some of South
America!
- 1685--consequences of (pp. 56, 164)!
- St. Mdard!
part of a Jansenist sect !
- Pompadour!
official mistress to Louis XV!
played a part in politics!
- la gabelle!
indirect tax on agricultural and industrial
commodities !
- *pp. 148-149!
- great confinement of the poor (155)!
poor-houses/workshops for the poor to work
in inside the cities, capitalizing on their labor !
- *the Encyclopedia!
Diderot!
Enlightenment thought; secularization of
learning!
multiple authors/contributors!
- Points of light!
- Salons!
places of discussion for Enlightenment
thinkers (often run by a woman)!
- Book trade!
- Mandeville!
Fable of the Bees (Private Vices, Public
Benefits)!
economic prosperity and other social
benefits=going against certain Christian
values!
- Julie!
- Bon prtre!
- Damiens!
domestic servant attempted to assassinate
Louis XV and was the last person executed
by drawn and quartered method !
- Choiseul!
prime minister under Louis XV!
wanted state power!
- Dvots!
people who followed a Catholic policy of
opposing the Protestant peoples within
France!
opposed absolute monarchy !
- Philosophes!
French philosophers of the Enlightenment !
Voltaire, Rousseau, Diderot, etc. !
discussed ideas in salons!
- Du Monceau!
royal academy of scientists, inspector of the
Navy, opposed people writing the
Encyclopedia (because they were rude to
him?)!
- Siege of Calais!
France regained its last territory held by
England!
- Malesherbes!
- Maupeou!
tried to destroy the system of parlements
(regional courts)!
- Calas!
- Turgot!
finance minister before Necker!
ideas of progress!
- Marie Antoinette!
people liked her at first, but grew to accuse
her of being promiscuous and sympathizing
with enemies of France and wasting money
(people blamed her for the money crisis, she
did spend a lot and also opposed monetary
reforms from Becker and Turgot)!
as the Revolution wore on, opinion of her
grew less and less good, and eventually she
was convicted of treason and executed on
Oct. 16 1793!
- Necker!
finance minister for Louis XVI
(PROTESTANT)!
1st public record of finances (generating
public opinion around the matter >
REVOLUTION) though the numbers were
falsified to look good!
king wouldnt listen to his ideas for tax
reform and how to pay off debt (Antoinette
and other ministers didnt like him)!
summoned Estates-General, tried to speak
at the assembly-he was dismissed, which
among other things provoked the people into
the storming of the Bastille!
- France and America!
French and Indian War (allied with Native
Americans)!
supported American independence (Treaty
of Paris Sept. 3 1783 recognized America)!
Napoleon eventually sold the Louisiana area!
- Vergennes!
foreign minister through Louis XVI,
supportive of American independence !
- Beaumarachais and Figaro!
inventor/music teacher for Louis XV,
Marriage of Figaro a popular play!
supported both American and French
revolution !
- Reign of Louis XVI!
tried to align France with Enlightenment
ideals (religious tolerance, less taxation,
etc.)!
huge debt leftover from previous kings, plus
from American Revolution, led to angry
masses, culminating at the meeting of
Estates General in 1789> Bastille !
indecisive, conservative> less popular, a
symbol of the aristocracy and Ancien
Regime+tyrrany!
executed 21 Jan. 1792, only French king to
be executed, ending 1000 years of French
monarchy!
Citizen Capet!
- Calonne!
minister of finance after Necker!
- *Luxury!
Voltaire believed everyone should have a
little bit; it motivated one to be more
prosperous to afford more luxury (pocket
watches)!
the wealthy thought they should take all the
luxury and hide it away at Versailles to help
the peasants!
- Masonry!
Philipe dOrlans was grandmaster at one
point? !
- Hypnotism!
- Brienne!
- Parlement!
courts, appellate, in the provinces!
made up of noblesse de robe-they bought
their offices!
- What is the Third Estate?!
peasants and bourgeoisie who were not
clergy nor inherited nobility !
- Dolances!
list of grievances drawn up by the Three
Estates in 1789!
ordered into being by Louis XVI so that each
Estate could express their discontent !
used as a guide for what to discuss at the
Estates General !
- National Assembly Tennis Court!
Third Estate met at an indoor court when
they were locked out of a meeting of the
Estates General, called themselves the
National Assembly!
pledged a new constitution to be drafted
(feared an attack from the king was
imminent)!
 Louis forced the first two Estates to join the
Third so it looked like he was still in control !
their solidarity forced Louis to make various
concessions !
- Robespierre!
advocated democratic institutions !
argued for execution of the king!
played leading role in the Terror; Committee
of Public Safety !
deist; encouraged dechristianization of
France; Cult of the Supreme Being!
- Bastille!
state prison for important people !
storming of the Bastille on July 14
1789=beginning of Revolution !
representative of tyranny and despotism !
- Rights of Man!
influenced by Jefferson, introduced by
Lafayette !
natural right, universal rights!
Enlightenment ideals; individualism, social
contract (Rousseau), and the separation of
powers, popular sovereignty, freedom of
speech, etc.!
- Flight to Varennes!
royal family under cover fled to attempt a
counter revolution but never made it to their
destination, were stopped in Varennes when
they were recognized!
people saw it as a sign of mistrust of the
king, saw that he meant to fight against
them, provoked charges of treason against
him!
hatred of monarchy as institution and of the
individuals increased; felt he had betrayed
the ideals he had agreed to previously !
- migrs!
mostly noblemen, but Frenchmen who fled
the country during the Revolution, and many
often attempted to gain foreign aid in
restoring the monarchy; revolutionaries who
remained took their property and the former
noblemen were threatened with death if they
returned!
- Sans culottes!
lacking the noble dress code. They became
the driving force behind the Revolution;
wanted equality above all else!
late in the Revolution, Robespierre and the
Jacobins gained influence, driving the sans
culottes out!
- Louis Capet!
the citizen name of the king, stripping him of
his royal title!
- Terror!
mass execution of enemies of the
Revolution defined by two competing
groups, Girondins and Jacobins !
eventually a Thermidorian reaction; people
executed the executioners of the Terror
including Robespierre !
- Convention!
French government during the initial part of
the Revolution, declared the first French
Republic, originally created to create a
constitution after Louis XVI was suspended!
first to be elected by universal male suffrage !
- Pre Duschenes!
extreme radical newspaper during the
Revolution, pre supposed to represent a
man of the people, if the newspaper
declared you against the Revolution you
were guillotined!
represented the constitutional faction !
- CPS!
committee of public safety!
basically served as the executive
government !
Robespierre eventually took power here,
Terror was executed from here, though
eventually Robespierre was himself
executed!
- Republic of Virtue!
as Robespierre took power!
borrowed virtue ideas from Rousseau !
de-Christianization; selling churches; Cult of
Reason instead of Christianity (Robespierre
thought Reason was too abstract, he was a
deist not an atheist, created Cult of Supreme
Being)!
- A young Corsican!
military and political leader, rose to
prominence during Revolution and
Revolutionary Wars!
not an important noble by birth, actually
worked his way up the chain of command!
became First Council by means of a coup!
- The impact of Napoleon on France!
higher education, tax code, road and sewer
systems, Louisiana purchase, Legion of
Honor (civilian and military achievement
recognition, not just nobility anymore)!
Napoleonic Code: Code Civile, legal
system, clearly written, universal, accessible,
etc. !
many other modern ideas were promulgated
by Napoleon across Europe!
- Festive culture of the Revolution!