Professor Maralice de Souza Neves

e-mail: msneves@ufmg.br
Office #: 4020
 Establishing rapport
Rapport definition- noun [singular/uncountable] British
English pronunciation: rapport /rp(r)/

a relationship in which people like,

understand, and respect each other. Eg: Many
doctors develop an excellent rapport with
their patients.

Source: Macmillan Online Dictionary

Needs analysis
 Tentative Programme
Main aim: discussing theoretical issues about
oral skills as well as developing these skills
regarding oral production and comprehension.
 Tentative
Tentative programme
Programme
Linguistic Aspects of Oral Language.
Discourse Aspects Oral Genres.
Conversational Structure.
Sociolinguistic Aspects of Oral Interaction.
Speaking in academic grounds: classes,
lectures, panels, seminars, debates
 Assessment
1. Seminars Readings with examples (groups of 4 or 5) 20
2. Excerpt Transcript 20 / 10 each
3. Listening test 15 (individual)
4. Speaking test 15 (in groups)
5. Panel 20 (groups of 4 + 1 moderator)
6. Participation 10 (Individual. Only your presence is not
participation. Talk and express your viewpoint!)
Total: 100 marks
 Talk to a partner and answer the
questions below:

What is verbal interaction?

What is context?

What are the objectives of interaction?

(Verbal) Interactions
(Verbal) Interactions
Are conversations simple things?
Is the knowledge of grammar and lexis enough
to take part in conversations?
What do you think it is necessary to
participate in conversations?
A conversation demands a high coordination of actions that goes
beyond the linguistic ability of the speakers. Such coordination
involves negotiation, cooperation and comprehension which
characterise the nature of activities in a conversation and
pressuposes interaction.
(MARCUSCHI, 2007)
(Verbal) Interactions
Talk practice involves:

a) Allocution addressee different from the

speaker.
b) Interlocution circulation and exchanging of
turns.
c) Interaction net of mutual influence
participants exert over each other.
At first glance, whats the most apparent
characteristic of a conversation?
Construindo turnos-de-fala-em-interao

Whats a turn-at-talk?

O turno pode ser tido como aquilo que um falante faz ou

diz enquanto tem a palavra, incluindo a a possibilidade
de silncio (MARCHUSCHI, 2007, p.18).

Unidades mnimas (ou pores) sobre as quais opera [o sistema], sendo

tais unidades as unidades a partir das quais os turnos da conversa so
construdos. [...] Estas unidades, neste modelo, so determinadas por vrios
traos de estrutura lingustica superficial: so unidades sintticas
(sentenas, oraes, sintagmas nominas, etc.) identificadas como unidades
de turno em parte por meios prosdicos e, especialmente, por meios
entonacionais (LEVINSON,2007, p.177).
(Verbal) Interactions
It is not enough two speakers speaking alternately, as
Kerbrat-Orecchioni (2006) points out, it is crucial that they
talk to each other, they be engaged in the conversation and
give signs of such engagement by using several
interlocutory validation procedures.

Some examples of interlocutory validation can be seen in

English, for instance: right?, You know, uhum, yeah.
(Verbal) Interactions
language use is really a form of joint action. A joint action is one that
is carried out by an ensemble of people acting in coordination with
each other.
(CLARK, 1996 apud KERBRAT-ORECCHIONI, 2009, p. 15)

Eg: People Waltzing.

Doing things with language is likewise different from the sum of a

speaker speaking and a listener listening. It is the joint action that
emerges when speakers and listeners or writers and readers
perform their individual actions in coordination, as ensembles.
(idem)
(Verbal) Interactions
Verbal interaction is a cooperative activity which requires an
active coordination of the acts of two or more participants and
() everything that is carried out, interpreted and every piece of
information that is reached is not inherent to verbal or non-
verbal signs as such, but it must emerge from those interactive
exchanges sequentially organised.

(COOK-GUMPERZ; GUMPERZ, 1984 apud MARCUSCHI, 1998, p.18)

Interactional Components
1. Situation of communication
Vion (2000) given situation.
Dell Hymes SPEAKING model.

The cognitive representation individuals have of the situation

influences on the way they speak and behave. External factors may
exist at the moment of interaction, but the situation will be negotiated
by the participants, according to their representations of it.
Corroborating with this idea, Germain (1973 apud VION, 2000)
proposes that situation is the amount of facts known by the speaker
and the listener at the moment the speech act takes place.

(GERMAIN, 1973 apud VION, 2000, p. 102).

Interactional Components
2. Participants
Number of individuals; personal characteristics; mutual
relationship.

Goffman (2009) roles.

Traverso (1999); Vion (2000) Institutionalised roles; semi-
institutionalised roles; casual roles.
Interactional Components
3. Objective of interaction
The reason why people get together (TRAVERSO, 1999).

The objective is in a certain way integrated with the site, since

every site is associated to an intrinsic purpose.
(KERBRAT-ORECCHIONI, 1998, p. 79 )

Traverso (1999 Global and Specific objectives.

They are related to external They are linked to each speech
factors towards the participants act which takes place at the
relationship. moment of a verbal interaction.
Interactional Components
4. Participation framework
Goffman (1981), according to Kerbrat-Orecchioni (1998), substitutes
the previous dialogue model so that the number of participants and
their participative status (the role) can be accounted for:

Every time a word is uttered, whoever is in the range of the event [in
perceptual ranks of the event] has, in relation to the event, a certain
participation status. The codification of these various positions and the
normative specialisation of what is an appropriate conduct of each
participant constitute an essential background for the interaction
analysis in our society as (I suppose) in any other.
(GOFFMAN, 1981 apud KERBRAT-ORECCHIONI, 1998, p. 82)
Interactional Components
4. Participation framework
Types of participants:

a) Ratified participants: addressed ones and non-addressed

ones.

b) Bystanders: overhearers or eavesdroppers.

Interactional Components
5. Interpersonal relationship
1. Affective relationship discursive attitudes.

2. Horizontal relationship closeness or distance between

participants.

3. Vertical relationship - hierarchy/dominance system.

 Spoken language
What are some features of spoken language?

Is it similar to written language?

Is there a grammar for this language

modality?
1- Print and read the texts below available on Moodle:
Spoken versus written language (NUNAN, 1983)
The spoken language (BROWN; YULE, 1994)

Also in Pasta- Expresso Oral- Gladys

 References
KERBRAT-ORECCHIONI, C. Les discours en interaction. Paris,
2009.
___________________. Anlise da conversao: princpios e
mtodos. So Paulo: Parbola Editoral, 2006.
KOCH, I. G. V. A inter-ao pela linguagem. 10 ed. So Paulo:
Editora Contexto, 2010.
SILVA, E. S. C. A interao e a (im)polidez nos fruns da
comunidade orkuteana. Belm. Dissertao de Mestrado.
Universidade Federal do Par, Instituto de Letras e
Comunicao, Programa de Ps-Graduao em Letras, Belm,
2011.
TRAVERSO, V. Lanalyse des conversations. Paris, 1999.