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DESIGN AND DETAILING

OF RETAINING WALLS

Learning
g Outcomes:
After this present you will be able to do the
complete design and detailing of different types of
retaining walls
walls..

1
Cantilever Retaining wall
with shear key

Batter

Drainage Hole
Toe

2
Classification of
Retaining walls
Cantilever retaining wall-RCC
(Inverted T and L)
Counterfort retaining wall-RCC
Buttress wall
wall-RCC
RCC

3
Classification of Retaining
walls
Backfill Backfill

Tile
Gravity RW drain L-Shaped RW
T-Shaped RW

Backfill
Counterfort Buttress
Weep
hole

Counterfort RW Buttress RW
4
Earth Pressure (P)
Earth pressure is the pressure
exerted by the retaining material
on the retaining wall
wall. This GL
pressure tends to deflect the wall
outward.

Types of earth pressure : Pa

Active earth pressure or earth


pressure (Pa) and
Passive earth pressure (Pp). Variation of Earth pressure

Active earth pressure tends to


deflect the wall away from the 5
backfill.
Factors affecting earth
pressure
Earth pressure depends on type of
backfill the height of wall and the
backfill,
soil conditions

Soil conditions: The different soil


conditions are

Dry leveled back fill


Moist leveled backfill
Submerged leveled backfill
Leveled backfill with uniform
surcharge
Backfill with sloping surface 6
Analysis for dry back
fills

Maximum pressure at any height, p=kp kah GL


Total pressure at any height from top,
pa=1/2[kah]h = [kah2]/2 h
H
Bending moment at any height GL Pa
M=paxh/3= [kah3]/6
M
Total pressure, Pa= [kaH2]/2
Total Bending moment at bottom, kaH
M = [kaH3]/6 H=stem height
7
Where, ka= Coefficient of active earth pressure
= (1-sin)/(1+sin)=tan
(1 sin)/(1+sin)=tan2
= 1/kp, coefficient of passive earth
pressure
= Angle of internal friction
=Unit weigh
g or density y of backfill

If = 30, ka=1/3 and kp=3. Thus ka is 9 times kp

8
Backfill with sloping surface

pa= ka H at the bottom


GL
and is parallel to inclined
surface of backfill

cos cos 2 cos 2


ka= cos
cos + cos cos
2 2

Where =Angle of
surcharge
Total pressure at bottom
=Pa= ka H2/2 9
Stability requirements of RW

Following conditions must be


satisfied
f d for
f stability
bl off wall
ll

It should
h ld nott overturn
t
It should not slide

i.e Max. pressure at the toe should


not exceed the safe bearing
capacity of the soil under working
condition

10
Check against overturning
Factor of safety against
overturningg
= MR / MO 1.55 (=1.4/0.9)
Where,
MR =Stabilising
S bili i moment
or restoring moment
MO =overturning
overturning moment

11
Check against Sliding

FOS against sliding


= Resisting force to
g/
sliding/Horizontal force
causing sliding

= W/Pa 1.55
(=1.4/0.9)

Friction W
SLIDING OF WALL
12
Design of Shear key
In case the wall is
unsafe against
sliding

pp= p tan2 (45


H
+/2)
= p kp
H+a where pp= Unit
PA passive pressure
on soil
il above
b
shearing plane AB
C
A R pp p= Earth pressure
a at BC

B W ka(H+a)
=45 + /2 R=Total passive
resistance=ppxa
13
Design of Shear key-
key-
Contd.,,
If W= Total vertical force acting at the key
base
= shearing angle of passive resistance
R=
R Total
T t l passive
i fforce = pp x a
PA=Active horizontal pressure at key base for
H+a
W=Total frictional force under flat base

For equilibrium, R + W =FOS x PA

14
FOS= (R + W)/ PA 1.55
M i
Maximum pressure at the
h toe

W4 H
x1 W1
h
W
W2
x2 Pa

R
H/3
W3
T
e b/6
x b/2
b

Pmin. Pressure below the


Pmax Retaining Wall
15
Let the resultant R due to W and Pa
lie
e at a distance
d sta ce x from
o the
t e toe.
toe
X = M/W,
M = sum of all moments about toe.

Eccentricity of the load = e = (b/2-x) < b/6


W 6e
Minimum pressure at heel= Pmin = 1 b
>Zero. b

For zero pressure, e=b/6, resultant should cut


the base within the middle third.
third
Maximum pressure at toe= < SBC of soil.
W 6e
Pmax = 1+
b b 16
Depth of foundation

Rankines
R ki fformula:
l
2
Df =
SBC 1 sin
1 + sin
Df
SBC 2
= ka

17
Preliminary Proportioning
(T shaped wall)
200
Stem: Top width 200 mm
to 400 mm
Base slab width b= 0.4H to
0.6H, 0.6H to 0.75H for
f H
surcharged wall
H/10
Base
B slab
l b thickness=
thi k H/10 tp= (1/3-1/4)b H/14
to H/14
Toe projection= (1/3-1/4)
(1/3 1/4) b 0.4H
b= 0 4H tto 0.6H
0 6H
Base width

18
Behaviour or structural action

Behaviour or
structural action
and design of
stem, heel and toe
slabs are same as
that of any
cantilever slab.

19
Dist
Dist.
from
h1 top Every
alternate
Ast/2 h2 bar cut
h1c
Ldt
Ast
h2
Ast/2 Ast
Provided
Ast
C
Cross section
ti C t il
Curtailment
t curve
20
Design of Heel and Toe

1 Heel slab and toe slab should also be


1.
designed as cantilever. and determine
the maximum bending moments at the
junction.
2 Determine
2. D t i the
th reinforcement.
i f t
3. Also check for shear at the junction.
4. Provide enough development length.

21
Design
g of stem

As(min)=14/fy bd
1.34As =
Development length (Stem
steel)

22
Check for shear

x x

23
W4 H
x1 W1
h
W
W2
x2 Pa
R
H/3
W3
T
e b/6
x b/2
b
Forces acting
0.75m 0.45m 1.8m
Pmin. on the wall
Pmax 30.16 and the
T/m2
120.6 24.1 pressure
T/m2 97.99
22.6 below the wall
P
Pressure below
b l th
the R
Retaining
t i i W Wallll
24
Design of heel

30.16
120.6 T/m2
T/m2

25
Design of toe slab-
slab-Contd.,
Ch
Checkk for
f shear:
h att d from
f junction
j ti
(at xx as wall is in compression)

x
d
x Ldt

26
Other deatails
Construction joint
Drainage

27
28
Design g of
g and Detailing
Counterfort Retaining
wall
ll
Counterfort Retaining
g wall
When H exceeds about 6m,
Stem and heel thickness is more
CF
More bending and more steel
Cantilever T type-Uneconomical
Cantilever-T type Uneconomical
Counterforts-Trapezoidal section
1.5m -3m c/c Stem

Base Slab

CRW

30
Parts of CRW
Same as that of Cantilever Retaining wall
Plus Counterfort

Stem Counterforts

Toe Heel
Base slab
C
Cross section
ti Pl
Plan
31
Design of Stem
The stem acts as a continuous slab
Soil pressure acts as the load on the
slab.
Earth pressure varies linearly over the BF
height
The slab deflects away from the earth
f
face between
b t the
th counterforts
t f t
The bending moment in the stem is
maximum at the base and reduces
towards top.
top

p=Kah

32
Maximum Bending moments for
stem

Maximum + B.M= pl2/16


(occurring mid-way between
counterforts)
and l
Maximum - B.M= pl2/12
-
(occurring at inner face of
counterforts)
f )
+ p
Where l
l is the clear distance
between the counterforts
and p is the intensity of soil
pressure
33
Design of Toe Slab
The base width=b =0.6 H to 0.7 H
The projection=1/3 to 1/4 of base
width.
The toe slab is subjected to an upward
soil reaction and is designed as a H
cantilever slab fixed at the front face of
the stem.
stem
Reinforcement is provided on earth
face along the length of the toe slab.
In case the toe slab projection is large
i.e. > b/3, front counterforts are
provided above the toe slab and the
slab is designed as a continuous b
horizontal slab spanning between the
front counterforts.

34
Design of Heel Slab

The heel slab is designed as a continuous


slab spanning over the counterforts and is
subjected to downward forces due to weight of
soil plus self weight of slab and an upward force
due to soil reaction.

Maximum +ve B.M= pl2/16


(mid-way between counterforts) BF
And
Maximum -ve B.M= pl2/12
(occurring at counterforts)

35
Design of Counterforts
The counterforts are subjected
j to
outward reaction from the stem.
This produces tension along the outer
sloping face of the counterforts.
The inner face supporting the stem is
in compression. Thus counterforts are
designed as a T-beam of varying
depth.
depth
The main steel provided along the C T
sloping face shall be anchored properly
at both ends.
ends
The depth of the counterfort is d
measured perpendicular to the sloping
side.

36
Behaviour of Counterfort
RW
-M

+M Important points
Loads on Wall
COUNTERFORT Deflected shape
STEM
Nature of BMs
Position of steel
-M
Counterfort
Counterfort details
HEEL SLAB
TOE +M

37
a. Proportioning
p g of Wall
Components

Coefficient of active pressure = ka = 1/3


Coefficient of passive pressure
pressure= kp = 3
The height of the wall above the base
= H = 7 + 1.25 = 8.25 m. h1= H
7m
Base width = 0.6 H to 0.7 H
(4.95 m to 5.78 m), Say b = 5.5 m
1 25 m
1.25
Toe projection = b/4 = 5.5/4 = say 1 .2 m
Assume thickness of vertical wall = 250 mm
Thickness of base slab = 450 mm b=5.5 m

38
S
Spacing
i off counterforts
f

l = 3.5 (H/)0.25 = 3.5 (8.25


25//18
18))0.25 =
2.88 m l
c/c spacing = 2.88 + 0.40 = 3.28 m
say 3 m

Provide counterforts at 3 m c/c.


Assume width of counterfort = 400 mm
clear spacing provided = l = 3 - 0.4 =
2.6 m

39
Details of wall
250 mm

CF: 3m
CF 3 c/c,
/
400 mm

h 78m
h=7.8
h1=7 m H=8.25 m


1.25m 1.2 m 4.05m

T b=5 5 m
b=5.5
40
b. Check Stability of Wall
Dist. off
Di Moment
M
Sr. Description of
Loads in kN e.g. from about
No. loads
T in m T in kN-m
Weight of stem 25x0.25x1x7.8 1.2 + 0.25/2
1 64.59
W1 = 48.75 =1.325

Weight of base 25x5.5x1x0.45


2 5.5/2 =2.75 170.17
slab W2 = 61.88

Weight of earth 18x4.05x1x7.8 1.45 +4.05/2


3 1975.95
over heel slab W3 = 568.62 = 3.475

W
Total W = 679.25
=2210.71

41
250 mm

W1
W3
h1= 7000 H
8250
W
R
PA
PA
Df= 1250 1200 mm 4050 mm
A B C D H/3
450 W2
T kaH
X e b/2
b/3 Pressure distribution

Cross section of wall-Stability


wall Stability analysis
42
Stability of
walls
Horizontal earth pressure on full height
off wall
ll
= Ph = kaH2 /2 =18 x 8.252/(3 x 2) =
204 19 kN
204.19

Overturning moment = M0
= Ph x H/3 = 204.19 x 8.25/3 = 561.52
kN.m.
Factor of safety against overturning
= M / M0 = 2210.71/561.52 = 3.94 >
1 55
1.55
43
safe.
Check for sliding

Total horizontal force tending to slide the


wall
= Ph = 204
204..19 kN
Resisting force =
..W = 0.58 x 679
679..25
= 393
393..97 kN
Factor of safety against sliding
=
..W / Ph = 393
393..97
97//204
204..19
= 1.93 > 1.55 ... safe.
safe.

44
Check for pressure distribution at base

Let x be the distance of R from toe (T),


x =M/W
Eccentricity=e = b/
b/22 - x < b/
b/66
Whole base is under compression.
compression.

Maximum pressure at toe


= pA = W / b ( 1+6e/b) =

Minimum
u ppressure
essu e at heel
ee

45
IIntensity
t it off pressure att junction
j ti off stem
t with
ith toe
t
i.e. under B

Intensity of pressure at junction of stem with heel


i.e. under C

46
250 mm

H
8250
W
R

PA
1250 1200 mm C 4050 mm
A B D
450
T X e b/2

80.39
166.61
166 61 153.9
153 9 147.8
147 8 143.9
143 9 kN/ 2
kN/m
kN/m2

5500 mm
47
b) Design of Toe slab
Max. BMB = psf x (moment due to soil pressure -
moment due to wt. of slab TB]

48
Check for Shear
Critical section for shear: At distance d (=
(
390 mm) from the face of the toe

49
Counterfort RW -M
+M

COUNTERFORT
STEM

-M

HEEL SLAB
TOE +M

50
((c)) Design
g of Heel Slab

80.39
166.61 153.9 147.8 143.9 kN/m2
kN/m2

5500
mm

7.75
kN/m Forces on heel slab
71.26
kN/m
C D

51
R
1250 1200 C 4050
A B
mm mm
450
X e b/2
Area for
4050 stirrups
mm
C D
TOE 3000
2600 HEEL

x1
139
SFD
1
y1
71.28 Shear analysis and
7.75
kN/m kN/m Zone of shear steel
Net down force dia
dia.
52
(d) Design of Stem (Vertical
Slab).
C
Continuous
ti slab
l b spanning
i b
between
t th
the
counterforts and subjected to earth pressure.
The intensity of earth pressure
= ph = ka h
Area of steel on earth side near counterforts :
Maximum -ve ultimate moment,
Mu = ph l2//12

Required d

53
( ) Design
(e) D i off Counterfort
C t f t
At any section at any depth h below the top, the
total horizontal earth pressure acting on the
counterfort
= 1/2 kay h2x c/c distance between counterfort

Counterfort acts as a T-
T-beam.

Even assuming rectangular section,

54
The effective depth is taken at
right angle to the reinforcement.

h =7.8 m

d
4.05m

55
Design of Horizontal Ties
Th
The direct
di t pull
ll by
b the
th wallll on counterfort
t f t for
f 1m
height at base
= kah x c/c distance =1/3x18 x 7.8 7 8 x 3 = 140.4
140 4
kN
Area of steel required
q to resist the direct p
pull
= 140.4 x 103/(0.5fy) = 583 mm2 per m height.
Using 8 mm 2-legged stirrups, Ast = 100 mm2
spacing = 1000 x 100/583 = 170 mm c/c.
Since the horizontal pressure decreases with h,
th spacing
the i off stirrups
ti can beb increased
i d

56
Design of Vertical Ties
The maximum pull will be exerted at the end of
heel slab where the net downward force = 71.26
kN/m.

Total downward force at D


= 71.26 x c/c distance.
Required Ast = 1.5 x 213.78 x 103/(0.87 x 415) =
888 mm2
Using 8 mm 2-legged stirrups , Ast = 100 mm2
spacing
p g = 1000 x 100/888
/ = 110 mm c/c.
/

Increase the spacing of vertical stirrups towards


the end C
57
250 mm 0-200mm

STEM COUNTERFORT

7000

12@200 8250 mm

12@200

1250 1200 mm 4050 mm


450
TOE HEEL
16@120 12@200 12@200

Cross section between counterforts


58
250 mm

8-22 1.77m
12@400

#12@200 #8@110-450, VS 8250


#12@
@ 8 - # 22
110-300
#8@170-450, HS

1250 1200 mm
450

#16@120 #12@200 #12@200

Cross section through counterforts


59
STRAIGHT
BARS STEM

Backfill B kfill
Backfill
0.3l

0.25 l

With straight bars


With cranked
bars
Section through stem at the junction of Base slab
slab.
60
Lateral pressure against retaining wall
d
due tto surcharge
h loads
l d

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