OF RETAINING WALLS
Learning
g Outcomes:
After this present you will be able to do the
complete design and detailing of different types of
retaining walls
walls..
1
Cantilever Retaining wall
with shear key
Batter
Drainage Hole
Toe
2
Classification of
Retaining walls
Cantilever retaining wall-RCC
(Inverted T and L)
Counterfort retaining wall-RCC
Buttress wall
wall-RCC
RCC
3
Classification of Retaining
walls
Backfill Backfill
Tile
Gravity RW drain L-Shaped RW
T-Shaped RW
Backfill
Counterfort Buttress
Weep
hole
Counterfort RW Buttress RW
4
Earth Pressure (P)
Earth pressure is the pressure
exerted by the retaining material
on the retaining wall
wall. This GL
pressure tends to deflect the wall
outward.
8
Backfill with sloping surface
Where =Angle of
surcharge
Total pressure at bottom
=Pa= ka H2/2 9
Stability requirements of RW
It should
h ld nott overturn
t
It should not slide
10
Check against overturning
Factor of safety against
overturningg
= MR / MO 1.55 (=1.4/0.9)
Where,
MR =Stabilising
S bili i moment
or restoring moment
MO =overturning
overturning moment
11
Check against Sliding
= W/Pa 1.55
(=1.4/0.9)
Friction W
SLIDING OF WALL
12
Design of Shear key
In case the wall is
unsafe against
sliding
14
FOS= (R + W)/ PA 1.55
M i
Maximum pressure at the
h toe
W4 H
x1 W1
h
W
W2
x2 Pa
R
H/3
W3
T
e b/6
x b/2
b
Rankines
R ki fformula:
l
2
Df =
SBC 1 sin
1 + sin
Df
SBC 2
= ka
17
Preliminary Proportioning
(T shaped wall)
200
Stem: Top width 200 mm
to 400 mm
Base slab width b= 0.4H to
0.6H, 0.6H to 0.75H for
f H
surcharged wall
H/10
Base
B slab
l b thickness=
thi k H/10 tp= (1/3-1/4)b H/14
to H/14
Toe projection= (1/3-1/4)
(1/3 1/4) b 0.4H
b= 0 4H tto 0.6H
0 6H
Base width
18
Behaviour or structural action
Behaviour or
structural action
and design of
stem, heel and toe
slabs are same as
that of any
cantilever slab.
19
Dist
Dist.
from
h1 top Every
alternate
Ast/2 h2 bar cut
h1c
Ldt
Ast
h2
Ast/2 Ast
Provided
Ast
C
Cross section
ti C t il
Curtailment
t curve
20
Design of Heel and Toe
21
Design
g of stem
As(min)=14/fy bd
1.34As =
Development length (Stem
steel)
22
Check for shear
x x
23
W4 H
x1 W1
h
W
W2
x2 Pa
R
H/3
W3
T
e b/6
x b/2
b
Forces acting
0.75m 0.45m 1.8m
Pmin. on the wall
Pmax 30.16 and the
T/m2
120.6 24.1 pressure
T/m2 97.99
22.6 below the wall
P
Pressure below
b l th
the R
Retaining
t i i W Wallll
24
Design of heel
30.16
120.6 T/m2
T/m2
25
Design of toe slab-
slab-Contd.,
Ch
Checkk for
f shear:
h att d from
f junction
j ti
(at xx as wall is in compression)
x
d
x Ldt
26
Other deatails
Construction joint
Drainage
27
28
Design g of
g and Detailing
Counterfort Retaining
wall
ll
Counterfort Retaining
g wall
When H exceeds about 6m,
Stem and heel thickness is more
CF
More bending and more steel
Cantilever T type-Uneconomical
Cantilever-T type Uneconomical
Counterforts-Trapezoidal section
1.5m -3m c/c Stem
Base Slab
CRW
30
Parts of CRW
Same as that of Cantilever Retaining wall
Plus Counterfort
Stem Counterforts
Toe Heel
Base slab
C
Cross section
ti Pl
Plan
31
Design of Stem
The stem acts as a continuous slab
Soil pressure acts as the load on the
slab.
Earth pressure varies linearly over the BF
height
The slab deflects away from the earth
f
face between
b t the
th counterforts
t f t
The bending moment in the stem is
maximum at the base and reduces
towards top.
top
p=Kah
32
Maximum Bending moments for
stem
34
Design of Heel Slab
35
Design of Counterforts
The counterforts are subjected
j to
outward reaction from the stem.
This produces tension along the outer
sloping face of the counterforts.
The inner face supporting the stem is
in compression. Thus counterforts are
designed as a T-beam of varying
depth.
depth
The main steel provided along the C T
sloping face shall be anchored properly
at both ends.
ends
The depth of the counterfort is d
measured perpendicular to the sloping
side.
36
Behaviour of Counterfort
RW
-M
+M Important points
Loads on Wall
COUNTERFORT Deflected shape
STEM
Nature of BMs
Position of steel
-M
Counterfort
Counterfort details
HEEL SLAB
TOE +M
37
a. Proportioning
p g of Wall
Components
38
S
Spacing
i off counterforts
f
39
Details of wall
250 mm
CF: 3m
CF 3 c/c,
/
400 mm
h 78m
h=7.8
h1=7 m H=8.25 m
1.25m 1.2 m 4.05m
T b=5 5 m
b=5.5
40
b. Check Stability of Wall
Dist. off
Di Moment
M
Sr. Description of
Loads in kN e.g. from about
No. loads
T in m T in kN-m
Weight of stem 25x0.25x1x7.8 1.2 + 0.25/2
1 64.59
W1 = 48.75 =1.325
W
Total W = 679.25
=2210.71
41
250 mm
W1
W3
h1= 7000 H
8250
W
R
PA
PA
Df= 1250 1200 mm 4050 mm
A B C D H/3
450 W2
T kaH
X e b/2
b/3 Pressure distribution
Overturning moment = M0
= Ph x H/3 = 204.19 x 8.25/3 = 561.52
kN.m.
Factor of safety against overturning
= M / M0 = 2210.71/561.52 = 3.94 >
1 55
1.55
43
safe.
Check for sliding
44
Check for pressure distribution at base
Minimum
u ppressure
essu e at heel
ee
45
IIntensity
t it off pressure att junction
j ti off stem
t with
ith toe
t
i.e. under B
46
250 mm
H
8250
W
R
PA
1250 1200 mm C 4050 mm
A B D
450
T X e b/2
80.39
166.61
166 61 153.9
153 9 147.8
147 8 143.9
143 9 kN/ 2
kN/m
kN/m2
5500 mm
47
b) Design of Toe slab
Max. BMB = psf x (moment due to soil pressure -
moment due to wt. of slab TB]
48
Check for Shear
Critical section for shear: At distance d (=
(
390 mm) from the face of the toe
49
Counterfort RW -M
+M
COUNTERFORT
STEM
-M
HEEL SLAB
TOE +M
50
((c)) Design
g of Heel Slab
80.39
166.61 153.9 147.8 143.9 kN/m2
kN/m2
5500
mm
7.75
kN/m Forces on heel slab
71.26
kN/m
C D
51
R
1250 1200 C 4050
A B
mm mm
450
X e b/2
Area for
4050 stirrups
mm
C D
TOE 3000
2600 HEEL
x1
139
SFD
1
y1
71.28 Shear analysis and
7.75
kN/m kN/m Zone of shear steel
Net down force dia
dia.
52
(d) Design of Stem (Vertical
Slab).
C
Continuous
ti slab
l b spanning
i b
between
t th
the
counterforts and subjected to earth pressure.
The intensity of earth pressure
= ph = ka h
Area of steel on earth side near counterforts :
Maximum -ve ultimate moment,
Mu = ph l2//12
Required d
53
( ) Design
(e) D i off Counterfort
C t f t
At any section at any depth h below the top, the
total horizontal earth pressure acting on the
counterfort
= 1/2 kay h2x c/c distance between counterfort
Counterfort acts as a T-
T-beam.
54
The effective depth is taken at
right angle to the reinforcement.
h =7.8 m
d
4.05m
55
Design of Horizontal Ties
Th
The direct
di t pull
ll by
b the
th wallll on counterfort
t f t for
f 1m
height at base
= kah x c/c distance =1/3x18 x 7.8 7 8 x 3 = 140.4
140 4
kN
Area of steel required
q to resist the direct p
pull
= 140.4 x 103/(0.5fy) = 583 mm2 per m height.
Using 8 mm 2-legged stirrups, Ast = 100 mm2
spacing = 1000 x 100/583 = 170 mm c/c.
Since the horizontal pressure decreases with h,
th spacing
the i off stirrups
ti can beb increased
i d
56
Design of Vertical Ties
The maximum pull will be exerted at the end of
heel slab where the net downward force = 71.26
kN/m.
STEM COUNTERFORT
7000
12@200 8250 mm
12@200
8-22 1.77m
12@400
1250 1200 mm
450
Backfill B kfill
Backfill
0.3l
0.25 l
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