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New Constitutive Models in FLAC3D 6.0

Plastic-Hardening (PH) Model
The Plastic-Hardening (PH) model is a shear and volumetric hardening constitutive model for
the simulation of soil behavior. When subject to deviatoric loading, soils usually exhibit a decrease in
stiffness, accompanied by irreversible deformation. In most cases, the plot of deviatoric stress versus
axial strain obtained in a drained triaxial test may be approximated by a hyperbola. This feature was
discussed by Duncan and Chang (1970) in their well-known hyperbolic-soil model, which is
formulated as a nonlinear elastic model. The new PH model is formulated within the framework of
hardening plasticity (Schanz et al. 1999), allowing the removal of the main drawbacks of the original
nonlinear elastic model formulation (e.g., detection of loading/unloading pattern, nonphysical bulk
modulus). This constitutive model is also easy to calibrate using either lab tests or in-situ tests and
uses familiar properties, names, and conventions in civil engineering. For more information, please
review these papers.

Plastic hardening model I: Implementation in FLAC3D

Plastic hardening model II: Calibration and validation

Plastic hardening model III: Design application

When you pre-purchase FLAC3D 6.0 prior to its release, you will receive a temporary FLAC3D 5.0
license. So that you can start using the PH model right away, a plugin version (DLL) for use with
version 5.0 is available upon request.

Swell Model
The swell model is based on the Mohr-Coulomb constitutive model. The difference is that the wetting-
induced deformations are taken into account by means of coupling wetting strains with the model state

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prior to wetting. The wetting-induced strains are assumed following logarithmic or linear function of
normalized compressive stress in the user-defined principal swelling direction.

Ubiquitous-Anisotropic (CANISO) Model

This ubiquitous joint model with anisotropic (transversely isotropic) elasticity accounts for the presence
of an orientation of weakness (weak plane). The plane of weakness has the same orientation as the
plane of elastic isotropy. The criterion for failure on the plane, whose orientation is given, consists of a
Mohr-Coulomb envelope with tension cutoff. This model can be useful in simulation of the behavior of
layered (laminated) materials.

Mohr-Coulomb-Tension (MOHRT) Model

This model requires the same material parameters as the conventional Mohr-Coulomb model. It
assumes that a zone can have up to three mutually perpendicular cracks. Each crack completely cuts
throughout a zone. If the tensile strength (which is initially isotropic) is exceeded, a crack is formed
perpendicular to the principal tensile stress. The tensile strength (which becomes anisotropic)
perpendicular to the crack is set to zero, as a result of instantaneous softening. Cracking opening and
closing are tracked internally. After the crack closes, the model behaves as if the crack does not exist,
except that the tensile strength perpendicular to the crack is zero.

Cap-Yield (CYSOIL) Model, Updated

This model is a strain-hardening constitutive model for soil characterized by a frictional and cohesive
Mohr-Coulomb shear envelope and an elliptic volumetric cap, associated with a shape parameter. The
model features include: a cap hardening law, to capture the volumetric power law behavior observed in
isotropic compaction tests; a friction-hardening law, to reproduce the hyperbolic stress-strain law
behavior observed in drained triaxial tests; and a compaction/dilation law to model irrecoverable
volumetric strain taking place as a result of soil shearing.

Compared to the model implemented in FLAC3D 5.0, these features are all built into the
updated version. The updated model retains the capability to substitute, by means of tables,
alternative user-defined hardening/softening laws for the built-in laws. When a table is declared for a
specific model property of friction, dilation, cohesion, tensile strength, or cap-pressure, the associated
user-defined law takes precedence over the corresponding built-in law.

Power-Mohr-Ubiquitous Creep (CUPOW) Model

This creep model (requires the creep option for FLAC3D) combines power law creep, Mohr-Coulomb
failure, and ubiquitous joint effect. The model simulates the viscous-elastic-plastic mechanical
behavior of ubiquitous joint rock with power-type creep occurring in a rock matrix.

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C++User-Defined Material (UDM) Model

Creating C++ User Defined material models (UDM) is easier and faster using included Microsoft Visual
Studio templates.

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