The Tony Hawk Learning Project

Lauren Silberman and Elizabeth (Betty) Hayes (Mentor),

Curriculum & Instruction

Technical vocabulary:

Icons: A symbol or graphic representation on a screen of a program,

option, or window, especially one of several for selection.

Deliberate: Done consciously and intentionally

What is the research about?

- A video game can incorporate many types of learning.

How did they conduct the research? (What method did the researchers
use?)

- The aspects explored are the skills and techniques required

to be successful in the game, the environment that skaters skate
in, the personal vs. group identity that is shown through the
general appearance of the skater, and the values and icons that
the game teaches players.

What are the results of the research?

- They did not told us about the result of the project.

What do researchers hope to find?

- We hope to find how one learns about oneself as a learner

from playing.

What can the findings of the research do?

- It help player to do better in the real life.

Plasma Triglyceride Level is a Risk Factor for Cardiovascular Disease

Independent of High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Level: A
 Metaanalysis of Population-Based Prospective Studies

Objectives Despite nearly 40 years of research, the role of plasma

triglyceride as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease remains elusive.
The objectives of the present study were to quantify the magnitude of
the association between triglyceride and cardiovascular disease in the
general population, and to determine whether this relationship is
independent of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, using the
semi-quantitative techniques of metaanalysis.

Methods and design Seventeen studies were selected for the analysis
based on published reports of population-based, prospective studies,
including 46413 men and 10864 women. To insure comparability, only
studies reporting the association between fasting triglyceride levels and
incident cardiovascular endpoints were included. Using standard meta-
analysis calculations, relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals
(CI) were calculated and standardized with respect to a 1 mmol/l
increase in triglyceride. Multivariable-adjusted RRs were determined for
the six studies in men and two studies in women that reported
adjustments for HDL cholesterol.

Results For men and women, the univariate RRs for triglyceride were
1.32 (95% CI 1.261.39) and 1.76 (95% CI 1.502.07), respectively,
indicating an approximately 30% increased risk in men and a 75%
increase in women. Adjustment of HDL cholesterol and other risk factors
attenuated these RRs to 1.14 (95% CI 1.051.28) and 1.37 (95% CI
1.131.66), respectively, which were still statistically significant values.

Conclusion Based on combined data from prospective studies,

triglyceride is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease for both men and
women in the general population, independent of HDL cholesterol.
These finding demonstrate the necessity for clinical trials to evaluate
whether lowering plasma triglyceride decreases the risk of
cardiovascular disease.

Technical vocabulary:
Attenuated: Is a proposed mechanism of control in some bacterial
operons which results in premature termination of transcription and is
based on the fact that, in bacteria, transcription and translation proceed
simultaneously.

Lipoprotein: Any of a group of soluble proteins that combine with and

transport fat or other lipids in the blood plasma.

What is the research about?

- Plasma triglyceride a risk factor for cardiovascular disease.

How did they conduct the research? (What method did the researchers
use?)

- Seventeen studies were selected for the analysis based on

published reports of population-based, prospective studies,
including 46413 men and 10864 women. To insure comparability,
only studies reporting the association between fasting triglyceride
levels and incident cardiovascular endpoints were included. Using
standard meta-analysis calculations, relative risks (RR) and 95%
confidence intervals (CI) were calculated and standardized with
respect to a 1 mmol/l increase in triglyceride.Multivariable-adjusted
RRs were determined for the six studies in men and two studies in
women that reported adjustments for HDL cholesterol.

What are the results of the research?

- Triglyceride is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease for

both men and women in the general population, independent of
HDL cholesterol.

What do researchers hope to find?

- Does Plasma triglyceride is a risk factor for cardiovascular

disease.

What can the findings of the research do?

- These finding demonstrate the necessity for clinical trials to

evaluate whether lowering plasma triglyceride decreases the risk
of cardiovascular disease.