CONTENTS

Sl.No CHAPTER TITLE PAGE NO

1 INTRODUCTION 3

2 LITERATURE REVIEW
6
3 BLOCK DIAGRAM
11
4 WORKING PRINCIPLE
21
5 MANUFACTURING METHODS
26
6 ADVANTAGES & APPLICATION
30
7 BILL OF MATERIAL
32
8 CONCLUSION
34
9 SCOPE FURTHER WORK
36
10 BIBLIOGRAPHY
38
11 PHOTOGRAPHS 39
12 ENTERPRENEURSHIP MANAGEMENT
41

1
 INTRODUCTION

2
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

A bending machine is a forming machine tool (DIN 8586). Its purpose is to assemble a bend on a
workpiece. A bends is manufactured by using a bending tool during a linear or rotating move.
The detailed classification can be done with the help of the kinematics.
A universal bending machine of type MultiBend is capable of multiple bending processes. It can
bend tubes and profiles through press bending, roller bending or rotation bending.

All type MultiBend bending machines are equipped with a horizontal, level working platform
and a hydraulically controlled lifting sled. The precisely guided lifting sled serves to
accommodate a wide range of bending tools for pressing, straightening or folding.

The powerful roller drive serves as a second workstation.Profiles and tubes can be bent flexibly
and with various bending radii here, in the roller bending process.

A third workstation is the rotation drive. It is possible to attach bending plates, tube bending tools
and special tools here.

With the universal bending machine type MultiBend the hydraulic cylinder and all drives are
installed below the working level. Optimum machine accessibility is guaranteed, disruptive
attachments are avoided.

A MultiBend is the ideal machine for all metal-processing organisations that place high value on
versatility and flexibility.

It is possible to undertake almost all bending work required within the sphere of metalwork with
a single machine.

Low investment costs and spatial requirements together with high utilisation are just some of the
advantages of the universal bending machines of type MultiBend.

3
LITERATURE REVIEW

4
 CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW

CNC Bending

Recent CNC bending machines are developed for high flexibility and low setup times. Those
machines are able to bend single pieces as well as small batches with the same precision and
efficiency as series-produced parts in an economical way.

Universal Bending Machines Modular Construction

Universal Bending Machines consists of a basic machine that can be adjusted with little effort
and used for a variety of bends. A simple plug-in system supports quick and easy exchange of
tools. The basic machine consists of a CNC-operated side stop, a work bench, and software for
programming and operating. Its modular construction offers an affordable entry into the bending
technology, because after an initial investion the machine can be customized and extended later
on without any conversion. That mean the basic machine delivers a bending stroke, the tool
determines the kind of bending.

Bending Tools[edit]

Standard Bending Tools

In the case of bending tools they are classified by the kind of generated bends. They can be
constructed to adjust the bending angle by reference, stroke measurement or angle measurement.
CNC machines usually abstain from a reference part. They grant a high bending accuracy
starting with the first work piece.

5
Standard Bends

Standard Bending with a Universal Bending Machine

All bends without an extraordinary geometry belong to standard bends. The distance between a
bend and the material end is quite high providing an adequate bearing area. The same with one
bend to the next. Typical tools are a so-called bending former combined with a prisms with
electronic angular measurement or an ordinary prism.

U-Bending

For U-bends where tight and narrow bends are necessary, the bending former is replaced by a
bending mandrel. A bending mandrel has a narrow geometry.

Offset Bending

Offset bending tools are used to assemble two bends with a small distance between in one step.

Edgewise Bending

Edge bending tools are used, if the bending axis is placed parallel to the tight side of the work
piece. Tools for bending on edge may include electronic angular measurement allowing a high
bending accuracy.

6
Torsion Bending

Torsion tools are able to rotate the workpiece on the longitudinal axis. Alternatives are complex
assembly groups with standard bends.

Angular Measurement and Spring Back Compensation

For producing single pieces as well as small batches with the same precision and efficiency as
series-produced parts, a spring back compensation is helpful. A bending accuracy of +/- 0.2
starting from the first work piece is achieved due to calculated spring back compensation and the
use of electronic tools.

Operating Mode Angular Measurement

Bending prisms with electronic angular measurement technology are equipped with two flattened
bending bolds. That bold rotate while bending giving a signal to the angle measurement. The
measuring accuracy is about 0.1. The computer then calculates the required final stroke and
spring back of every bend is compensated regardless of material type. A high angle accuracy of
+/- 0.2 is achieved instantly with the first workpiece without adjustments. Compared to
adjustment by reference, material waste amounts are decreased, because even inconsistencies
within a single piece of material are automatically adjusted .

Operating Mode Stroke Measurement

Wherever Bending prisms with electronic angular measurement are not suitable, a small distance
between the bends might be a reason, bending prisms without electronic angle measurement are
applied. In that case the control unit can be switched from angular measurement to stroke
measurement. This method allows the pre-selection of the stroke of the bending ram in mm and
therefore the immersion depth of the punch into the prism. Setting accuracy is +/- 0.1 mm. A
final stroke is usually not required. Further development of the stroke system enables the user to
specify an angle from which the stroke is calculated by using stored stroke functions. Bending
accuracy in that case is dependent on material properties such as thickness, hardness, etc. which
may differ from one work piece to another.

7
8
BLOCK DIAGRAM

CHAPTER 3
BLOCK DIAGRAM

9
BLOCK DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION

A machine press, commonly shortened to press, is a machine tool that changes the shape of a
workpiece.

10
1 Types
1.1 Servomechanism
1.2 Forging press
1.3 Press brake
1.4 Punch press
1.5 Rolling press
1.6 Screw press
1.7 Stamping press

SERVO MECHANISM

A servomechanism press, also known as a servo press or an 'electro press, is a press driven by an
AC servo motor. The torque produced is converted to a linear force via a ball screw. Pressure and
position are controlled though a load cell and an encoder. The main advantage of a servo press is
its low energy consumption; its only 10-20% of other press machines. Another advantage is a
quiet and clean work environment.

FORGING PRESS
A forging press reforms the work piece into a three dimensional objectnot only changing its
visible shape but also the internal structure of the material. A stronger part results from this
process than if the object was machined.
Press brake

PRESS BRAKE
A press brake is a special type of machine press that bends sheet metal into shape. A good
example of the type of work a press brake can do is the back plate of a computer case. Other
examples include brackets, frame pieces and electronic enclosures just to name a few. Some
press brakes have CNC controls and can form parts with accuracy to a fraction of a millimeter.
Bending forces can exceed 4,000 kilonewtons (900,000 lbf).

PUNCH PRESS

11
A punch press is used to form holes.

ROLLING PRESS
A rolling press has a set of rollers used to thin sheet metal. The sheet metal is fed into the rollers,
which are turning, and the sheet is pulled through. The space between the rollers is smaller than
the starting sheet metal thickness, therefore the metal is made thinner and/or wider.
SCREW PRESS
A screw press is also known as a fly press.
STAMPING PRESS

Another kind of press is a set of plates with a relief, or depth-based design, in them. The metal is
placed between the plates, and the plates are pressed up against each other, deforming the metal
in the desired fashion. This may be coining or embossing or forming.

Capping presses form caps from rolls of aluminum foil at up to 660 per minute.

A Hydraulic cylinder (also called a linear hydraulic motor) is a mechanical actuator that is used
to give a linear force through a linear stroke. It has many applications, notably in engineering
vehicles. Contents

12
1 Operation
2 Parts of a hydraulic cylinder
2.1 Cylinder barrel
2.2 Cylinder Bottom or Cap
2.3 Cylinder Head
2.4 Piston
2.5 Piston Rod
2.6 Rod Gland
2.7 Other parts
3 Hydraulic Cylinder Designs
3.1 Tie Rod Cylinders
3.2 Welded Body Cylinders
4 Piston Rod constructions
4.1 Metallic coatings
4.2 Ceramic coatings
4.3 Lengths
5 Special hydraulic cylinders
5.1 Telescopic cylinder
5.2 Plunger cylinder
5.3 Differential cylinder
5.4 Rephasing cylinder

OPERATION OF HYDRAULIC CYLINDER

Hydraulic cylinders get their power from pressurized hydraulic fluid, which is typically oil. The
hydraulic cylinder consists of a cylinder barrel, in which a piston connected to a piston rod
moves back and forth. The barrel is closed on each end by the cylinder bottom (also called the
cap end) and by the cylinder head where the piston rod comes out of the cylinder. The piston has

13
sliding rings and seals. The piston divides the inside of the cylinder in two chambers, the bottom
chamber (cap end) and the piston rod side chamber (rod end). The hydraulic pressure acts on the
piston to do linear work and motion.

Flanges, trunnions, and/or clevises are mounted to the cylinder body. The piston rod also has
mounting attachments to connect the cylinder to the object or machine component that it is
pushing.

A hydraulic cylinder is the actuator or "motor" side of this system. The "generator" side of the
hydraulic system is the hydraulic pump which brings in a fixed or regulated flow of oil to the
bottom side of the hydraulic cylinder, to move the piston rod upwards. The piston pushes the oil
in the other chamber back to the reservoir. If we assume that the oil pressure in the piston rod
chamber is approximately zero, the force on the piston rod equals the pressure in the cylinder
times the piston area (F=PA).

The piston moves instead downwards if oil is pumped into the piston rod side chamber and the
oil from the piston area flows back to the reservoir without pressure. The pressure in the piston
rod area chamber is (Pull Force) / (piston area - piston rod area).

CUT SECRION OF THE HYDRAULIC CYLINDER

14
PARTS OF HYDRAULIC CYLINDER
A hydraulic cylinder consists of the following parts:

Cylinder barrel

The cylinder barrel is mostly a seamless thick walled forged pipe that must be machined
internally. The cylinder barrel is ground and/or honed internally.

Cylinder Bottom or Cap

In most hydraulic cylinders, the barrel and the bottom portion are welded together. This can
damage the inside of the barrel if done poorly. Therefore some cylinder designs have a screwed
or flanged connection from the cylinder end cap to the barrel. (See "Tie Rod Cylinders" below)
In this type the barrel can be disassembled and repaired in future.

Cylinder Head

15
The cylinder head is sometimes connected to the barrel with a sort of a simple lock (for simple
cylinders). In general however the connection is screwed or flanged. Flange connections are the
best, but also the most expensive. A flange has to be welded to the pipe before machining. The
advantage is that the connection is bolted and always simple to remove. For larger cylinder sizes,
the disconnection of a screw with a diameter of 300 to 600 mm is a huge problem as well as the
alignment during mounting.
Piston

The piston is a short, cylinder-shaped metal component that separates the two sides of the
cylinder barrel internally. The piston is usually machined with grooves to fit elastomeric or metal
seals. These seals are often O-rings, U-cups or cast iron rings. They prevent the pressurized
hydraulic oil from passing by the piston to the chamber on the opposite side. This difference in
pressure between the two sides of the piston causes the cylinder to extend and retract. Piston
seals vary in design and material according to the pressure and temperature requirements that the
cylinder will see in service. Generally speaking, elastomeric seals made from nitrile rubber or
other materials are best in lower temperature environments while seals made of Viton are better
for higher temperatures. The best seals for high temperature are cast iron piston rings.

Piston Rod

The piston rod is typically a hard chrome-plated piece of cold-rolled steel which attaches to the
piston and extends from the cylinder through the rod-end head. In double rod-end cylinders, the
actuator has a rod extending from both sides of the piston and out both ends of the barrel. The
piston rod connects the hydraulic actuator to the machine component doing the work. This
connection can be in the form of a machine thread or a mounting attachment such as a rod-clevis
or rod-eye. These mounting attachments can be threaded or welded to the piston rod or, in some
cases, they are a machined part of the rod-end.

Rod Gland

16
The cylinder head is fitted with seals to prevent the pressurized oil from leaking past the
interface between the rod and the head. This area is called the rod gland. It often has another seal
called a rod wiper which prevents contaminants from entering the cylinder when the extended
rod retracts back into the cylinder. The rod gland also has a rod bearing. This bearing supports
the weight of the piston rod and guides it as it passes back and forth through the rod gland. In
some cases, especially in small hydraulic cylinders, the rod gland and the rod bearing are made
from a single integral machined part.
Other parts
Cylinder bottom connection
Seals
Cushions

A hydraulic cylinder should be used for pushing and pulling only. No bending moments or side
loads should be transmitted to the piston rod or the cylinder. For this reason, the ideal connection
of a hydraulic cylinder is a single clevis with a spherical ball bearing. This allows the hydraulic
actuator to move and allow for any misalignment between the actuator and the load it is pushing.

SPECIAL HYDRAULIC CYLINDER

Telescopic cylinder

The length of a hydraulic cylinder is the total of the stroke, the thickness of the piston, the
thickness of bottom and head and the length of the connections. Often this length does not fit in
the machine. In that case the piston rod is also used as a piston barrel and a second piston rod is
used. These kind of cylinders are called telescopic cylinders. If we call a normal rod cylinder
single stage, telescopic cylinders are multi-stage units of two, three, four, five and even six
stages. In general telescopic cylinders are much more expensive than normal cylinders. Most
telescopic cylinders are single acting (push). Double acting telescopic cylinders must be
specially designed and manufactured.
Plunger cylinder

17
Plunger cylinder

A hydraulic cylinder without a piston or with a piston without seals is called a plunger cylinder.
A plunger cylinder can only be used as a pushing cylinder; the maximum force is piston rod area
multiplied by pressure. This means that a piston cylinder in general has a relatively thick piston
rod.

Differential cylinder

A differential cylinder acts like a normal cylinder when pulling. If the cylinder however has to
push, the oil from the piston rod side of the cylinder is not returned to the reservoir, but goes to
the bottom side of the cylinder. In such a way, the cylinder goes much faster, but the maximum
force the cylinder can give is like a plunger cylinder. A differential cylinder can be manufactured
like a normal cylinder, and only a special control is added.

18
WORKING PRINCIPLE

CHAPTER 4

19
 WORKING PRINCIPLE

The universal manual bending machine works with a simple mechanism.

In this model there are few holes to adjust the angle of bending the pipes. This

facility is to bend the pipes in different angles. A metal rod is allowed to bend by

inserting it between the two bending blocks. One is fixed with the mounted support

and the other is fixed with the handle. So when a rod is pressed with the help of the

handle. The force acts at three places in the rod. Among them one act as a bending

block and the other acts as a bending support. The middle support is for bending

the rod in different angles. The angle can be changed by changing the distance

between the bending blocks. When the handle is pressed the metal rod is bended to

the required angle. In this project we fabricate a model to bend a metal rod to

different angles. The machine used for this purpose is called bending machine. And

here this operation is done manually. So this model is named as manual bending

machine. It is the cheapest way of bending metal rods and also the easiest way too.

As the name indicates the universal manual bending machine is operated manually.

This model consists of bending block, handle, and holes for adjustment purpose.

PRINCIPLES AND TYPES OF THE HYDRAULIC PUMP

20
Hydraulic pumps are used in hydraulic drive systems and can be hydrostatic or
hydrodynamic.Hydrostatic pumps are positive displacement pumps while hydrodynamic pumps
can be fixed displacement pumps, in which the displacement (flow through the pump per rotation
of the pump) cannot be adjusted or variable displacement pumps, which have a more
complicated construction that allows the displacement to be adjusted.
1 Hydraulic pump types
1.1 Gear pumps
1.2 Gerotor pumps
1.3 Rotary vane pumps
1.4 Screw pumps
1.5 Bent axis pumps
1.6 Axial piston pumps swashplate principle
1.7 Radial piston pumps
1.8 Peristaltic pumps
3 Multi pump assembly
4 Hydraulic pumps, calculation formulas
4.1 Flow
4.2 Power

HYDRAULIC PUMP WORKING PRINCIPLES

Gear pumps

21
Gear pumps (with external teeth) (fixed displacement) are simple and economical pumps. The
swept volume or displacement of gear pumps for hydraulics will be between about 1 cm3 (0.001
litre) and 200 cm3 (0.2 litre). These pumps create pressure through the meshing of the gear teeth,
which forces fluid around the gears to pressurize the outlet side. Some gear pumps can be quite
noisy, compared to other types, but modern gear pumps are highly reliable and much quieter than
older models.

Gerotor pumps

Gerotor pumps (fixed displacement) are a variation of gear pumps, having internal teeth of
optimized design. The efficiency and noise level are very good for such a medium pressure
pump.
Rotary vane pumps
Rotary vane pumps (fixed and simple adjustable displacement) have higher efficiencies than gear
pumps, but are also used for mid pressures up to 180 bars in general. Some types of vane pumps

22
can change the centre of the vane body, so that a simple adjustable pump is obtained. These
adjustable vane pumps are in general constant pressure or constant power pumps: the
displacement is increased until the required pressure or power is reached and subsequently the
displacement or swept volume is decreased until equilibrium is reached.
Screw pumps
Screw pumps (fixed displacement) are a double Archimedes spiral, but closed. This means that
two screws are used in one body. The pumps are used for high flows and relatively low pressure
(max 100 bar). They were used on board ships where the constant pressure hydraulic system was
going through the whole ship, especially for the control of ball valves, but also for the steering
gear and help drive systems. The advantage of the screw pumps is the low sound level of these
pumps; the efficiency is not that high.
Bent axis pumps

Bent axis pumps, axial piston pumps and motors using the bent axis principle, fixed or adjustable
displacement, exists in two different basic designs. The Thoma-principle (engineer Hans Thoma,
Germany, patent 1935) with max 25 degrees angle and the Wahlmark-principle (Gunnar Axel
Wahlmark, patent 1960) with spherical shaped pistons in one piece with the piston rod, piston
rings, and maximum 40 degrees between the drivshaft centerline and pistons (Volvo Hydraulics
Co.). These have the best efficiency of all pumps. Although in general the largest displacements
are approximately one litre per revolution, if necessary a two liter swept volume pump can be
built. Often variable displacement pumps are used, so that the oil flow can be adjusted carefully.
These pumps can in general work with a working pressure of up to 350-420 bars in continous
work.]

Axial piston pumps swashplate principle

Axial piston pumps using the swashplate principle (fixed and adjustable displacement) have a
quality that is almost the same as the bent axis model. They have the advantage of being more
compact in design. The pumps are easier and more economical to manufacture; the disadvantage
is that they are more sensitive to oil contamination.

23
Radial piston pumps

Radial piston pumps (fixed displacement) are used especially for high pressure and relatively
small flows. Pressures of up to 650 bar are normal. In fact variable displacement is not possible,
but sometimes the pump is designed in such a way that the plungers can be switched off one by
one, so that a sort of variable displacement pump is obtained.
Peristaltic pumps

Peristaltic pumps are not generally used for high pressures.

Pumps for open and closed systems

Multi pump assembly

In a hydraulic installation, one pump can serve more cylinders and motors. The problem however
is that in that case a constant pressure system is required and the system always needs the full
power. It is more economic to give each cylinder and motor its own pump. In that case multi
pump assemblies can be used. Gearpumps can often be obtained as multi pumps. The different
chambers (sometimes of different size) are mounted in one body or built together. Also vane
pumps can often be obtained as a multi pump. Gerotor pumps are often supplied as multi pumps.
Screw pumps can be built together with a gear pump or a vane pump. Axial piston swashplate
pumps can be built together with a second pump of the same or smaller size, or can be built
together with one or more gear pumps or vane pumps (depending on the supplier). Axial plunger
pumps of the bent axis design can not be built together with other pumps.

24
MANUFACTURING METHODS

25
 CHAPTER 5
WELDING METHODS

Welding is a fabrication or sculptural process that joins materials,

usually metals or thermoplastics, by causing fusion, which is distinct from lower temperature
metal-joining techniques such as brazing and soldering, which do not melt the base metal. In
addition to melting the base metal, a filler material is typically added to the joint to form a pool
of molten material (the weld pool) that cools to form a joint that is usually stronger than the base
material. Pressure may also be used in conjunction with heat, or by itself, to produce a weld.

Although less common, there are also solid state welding processes such as friction
welding or shielded active gas welding in which metal does not melt.

Some of the best known welding methods include:

Oxy-Acetylene gas welding - one of the most common of the Oxy-Fuel welding process,
uses pressurized oxygen and acetylene to create a flame hot enough to melt and fuse metals.
Shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) also known as "stick welding or electric welding",
uses an electrode that has flux around it to protect the weld puddle. The electrode holder
holds the electrode as it slowly melts away. Slag protects the weld puddle from atmospheric
contamination.
Gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) also known as TIG (tungsten, inert gas), uses a non-
consumable tungsten electrode to produce the weld. The weld area is protected from
atmospheric contamination by an inert shielding gas such as argon or helium.
Gas metal arc welding (GMAW) commonly termed MIG (metal, inert gas), uses a wire
feeding gun that feeds wire at an adjustable speed and flows an argon-based shielding gas or
a mix of argon and carbon dioxide (CO2) over the weld puddle to protect it from atmospheric
contamination.
Flux-cored arc welding (FCAW) almost identical to MIG welding except it uses a
special tubular wire filled with flux; it can be used with or without shielding gas, depending
on the filler.

26
 Submerged arc welding (SAW) uses an automatically fed consumable electrode and a
blanket of granular fusible flux. The molten weld and the arc zone are protected from
atmospheric contamination by being "submerged" under the flux blanket.
Electroslag welding (ESW) a highly productive, single pass welding process for thicker
materials between 1 inch (25 mm) and 12 inches (300 mm) in a vertical or close to vertical
position.
Electric resistance welding (ERW) - a welding process that produces coalescence of
laying surfaces where heat to form the weld is generated by the electrical resistance of the
material. In general, an efficient method, but limited to relatively thin material.

Many different energy sources can be used for welding, including a gas flame, an electric arc,
a laser, an electron beam, friction, and ultrasound. While often an industrial process, welding
may be performed in many different environments, including in open air, under water, and
in outer space. Welding is a hazardous undertaking and precautions are required to
avoid burns, electric shock, vision damage, inhalation of poisonous gases and fumes, and
exposure to intense ultraviolet radiation.

Until the end of the 19th century, the only welding process was forge welding,
which blacksmiths had used for centuries to join iron and steel by heating and hammering. Arc
welding and oxyfuel welding were among the first processes to develop late in the century, and
electric resistance welding followed soon after. Welding technology advanced quickly during the
early 20th century as the world wars drove the demand for reliable and inexpensive joining
methods. Following the wars, several modern welding techniques were developed, including
manual methods like SMAW, now one of the most popular welding methods, as well as semi-
automatic and automatic processes such as GMAW, SAW, FCAW and ESW. Developments
continued with the invention of laser beam welding, electron beam welding, magnetic pulse
welding (MPW), and friction stir welding in the latter half of the century. Today, the science
continues to advance. Robot welding is commonplace in industrial settings, and researchers
continue to develop new welding methods and gain greater understanding of weld quality.

The main Types of welding used in industry and by home engineers are commonly referred to as
Mig welding, Arc welding, Gas welding and Tig welding.

27
GMAW or Gas Metal Arc Welding

More commonly called MIG welding this welding type is the most widely used and perhaps the
most easily mastered type of welding for industry and home use. The GMAW process is suitable
for fusing mild steel, stainless-steel as well as aluminium.

GTAW or Tungsten Inert Gas

TIG welding is comparable to oxy acetylene gas welding and needs a lot more expertise from the
operator. Employed for carrying out high-quality work when a superior standard of finish is
needed without making use of excessive clean up by sanding or grinding.

Arc Welding or SMAW

Generally known as stick or arc welding. Arc welding is the most basic of all welding types, is
easy to master in a home welding situation.
Stick welding can be used for manufacturing, construction and repairs, very much well suited for
heavy metal size 4 millimetres upwards. Thinner sheet metals and alloys are usually more suited
to the mig welding types.

Gas or Oxy Acetylene Welding And Cutting

Not used as widely for general welding of mild steel. Consists of mixing oxygen and acetylene
gas to greate a flame capable of melting steels. Mostly used today for maintenance work and gas
metal cutting. Also common for brazing softer metals such as copper and bronze. Can also be
used for welding delicate aluminium parts such as refrigeration pipes.

Gas Cutting equipment for metal construction and maintenance. The most accessible of thermal
cutting gear is by qxy-acetylene gas cutting and plasma cutting machines. Other methods include
the use of a thermal cutting electrode for use with the arc welder machine

28
MATERIALS USED

29
COST ESTIMATION

30
 CHAPTER 6

COST ESTIMATION

Material cost:

S.NO COMPONENT QUANTITY MATERIAL COST(RS)

USED
1 Base 1 M.S 2950
Material for
External structure
2 5.5 kg - 220
Mild steel

3 misc 1 - 220
TOTAL 3390

Machining cost:

Forging& welding =350

Over Head charges:

Material cost +Machining cost+over head charges=3390+350+390=4130

31
ADVANTAGE AND APPLICATIONS

32
 CHAPTER 7

ADVANTAGE AND APPLICATIONS

ADVANTAGE

1. It does not require special type rod.

2. No extra skill is required for operating this system.
3. Easier maintenance
4. Operation is very smooth and in this system we can get more output by applying less
effort.
5. Simple construction of additional accessories not needed.
6. Comparatively cheaper in cost then the other systems.

7. Quick response is achieved

8. Continuous operation is possible without stopping.

LIMITATION

1. Machining work is very complicated.

2.Very sturdy base needed.

APPLICATION
Bending applications
Various industrial application

33
CONCLUSION

34
 CHAPTER 8
CONCLUSION

This report details with design and fabrication angle forming machines with suitable
drawing. The project carried out by us made an impressing task . Through this type of changes in
hydraulic power press, we have increased the performance etc. Therefore , the result obtain from
the project is to reduces the time taken and efficiency over the other press.
The necessary requirements and fulfillment of the project details which we have given is
factual.

35
REFERENCES

36
 BIBLOGRAPHY

GUPTA J.K and KHURUMI R.S (1981) Text book of Machine Design, S.Chand &
comp and.

Parr. ANDREW (2003) Hydraulic & Pneumatics Butterworth Heimann Ltd

Dr.D.K.AGGARVAL & Dr.P.C SHARMA(2004) machine design, S.K.Kataria and sons

MAJUMDAR.S.R Pneumatic systems, Tata mcgraw-hills company ltd.

SRINIVASAN.R(2004) Hydraulic & pneumatic controls, vijay Nicole imprints private

ltd.

37
PHOTOGRAPHY OF THE KIT

38
ENTERPRENURESHIP MANAGEMENT

39
 ENTERPRENURESHIP MANAGEMENT

ENTREPRENUER: DEFINITION AND CONCEPT

The word Entrepreneur is derived from a French word: Entrepreneur which means to
to undertake. So the entrepreneur is a person who organises and manages an enterprise and
undertaking the risks for fulfilling some of his needs.
The word entrepreneur can be defined in number of ways. Entrepreneur is a person who
innovates, tends to promote new venture, rise to the occasion, assembles the other factors of
production and sets the business to start and keep in running. An entrepreneur is one who
organizes, manages and assumes the risk of enterprise. The people who work for themselves are
called Entrepreneurs.
An entrepreneur is one who visualizes a business, takes bold steps to establish
undertaking, co- ordinates the various factors of production and gives it a start. Entrepreneur is a
person with a high need of achievement and desire for responsibility and crate measure of
performance.
Entrepreneurs are the owners of the business who contribute the capital and bears the risk
of uncertainties in business life.
Entrepreneurship: Definition, meaning and Concept:
People call the word Entrepreneurship by various names such as adventurism, risk
taking, thrill seeking, innovating etc.
Definition: Entrepreneurship is the purposeful actively of an individual or a group of associated
individuals undertaken to initiate, maintain, or getting profit by production or distribution of
economic goods and services.
Entrepreneurship is a purposeful activity in promoting and maintaining economic
development for the production and distribution of wealth.
The simple definition of Entrepreneurship is doing new things or doing things that are
already being done, in a new way.
Meaning: Entrepreneurship is improving the yield of resources. Entrepreneurship is meant for
the function of seeking investment and production opportunity, organizing an enterprise, to take
new production process, raising capital, hiring labour, arranging the supply of raw materials,

40
finding site, introducing new techniques and commodities, discovering new sources of raw
materials and select atop managers for day to day operations of the enterprise.
Entrepreneurship is essentially a creative activity, the entrepreneur being an innovator
who introduces some thing new into the economy- a method of production not yet tested by
experience in the branch of manufacture concerned, a period with which consumers are not
familiar, a new source of raw material or of new market hitherto unexploited and other similar
innovations.
Concepts: The concept of entrepreneurship and its theory have been evolved over a period of
more than two centuries. There are different opinions on the emergence of entrepreneurship. The
opinions may be classified into three categories.
Types of Entrepreneurs
Dantr of has classified entrepreneurs in the following categories:
Innovating entrepreneurs: An innovating entrepreneur sees the opportunity for
introducing new technique or new product. Innovating entrepreneurs played the key role
in the rise of modern capitalism through their enterprising spirit, hope of money making,
ability to recognize and exploit opportunities.
o He rises money to start an enterprise, assemble various factors, choose top
executives and sets the organization.
o So, the innovating entrepreneurs are those who introduces new products, new
methods of productions, opens new markets and reorganises the enterprise.
Adoptive or imitative entrepreneurs: This kind iof entrepreneurs are ready to adopt
successful innovations created by innovating entrepreneurs,. Instead of innovating and
challenging themselves, they just imilate the technology and techniques innovated by
others.
Fabin entrepreneurs: Entrepreneurs of this type have neither the will to introduce new
changes nor the desire to adopt new methods innovated by innovating entrepreneurs.
They are not much interested in taking risk and try to follow the foot steps of their
predecessors.
o So, Fabin entrepreneurs are those who hesistates to adopt changes and who follow
their predecessors.

41
 Dorne Entrepreneurs: They are characterized by a refusal to adopt any changes in
production though they suffer with losses. They are conventional in the sence, that they
stick to conventional products, methods and ideas.
So, Dorne entrepreneurs are those who stick on to the old conventional methods and
resists any changes in methods and products.
The other categories of entrepreneurs are
Individual and institutional entrepreneur who is a sole proprietor.
Entrepreneur by inheritance who became entrepreneurs when they inherit from the
business family.
Technologist entrepreneurs are technically qualified persons who were entered in the
business.
Forced entrepreneurs who became entrepreneurs on account of circumstances.
Role of entrepreneur
He organizes the countrys production resources.
He produces a change in economic life.
He builds the national economy.
He employs himself and provides employment to other unemployed youth.
He envisages (thinks) new opportunities,new techniques, new lines to production and
new product.
He develops social atmosphere and rendering services to the people who need it.
He invests more capital to produce more goods and more jobs.
He i=undertake trhe venture with a spirit service to the society.
He fills the gap between demand and supply.
He prevents monopoly of business.
He inspire others to take the challenge of entrepreneurship.
He increases productivity.
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
Harmony between man and environment is the essence of healthy life and growth.
Therefore, maintenance of ecological balance has been of almost importance to the Union
Ministry of Power (MOP). NTPC being the leading organization under the ministry in the areas

42
of power generation has been taking various measures discussed below for mitigation of
environment pollution due to power generation.
Major responsibility lies with the engineer in-chare of an industry with respect to a public
health. He must take care of each and every event taking place in the industry. Public health
should also he considered by the engineer while running an industry. He must be aware of
pollution occurring from industry and start rectifying the cause for public health and
environmental management.
Environmental ethics
Environmental ethics is the discipline that studies the moral relationship of human beings
with the environment and its nonhuman contents. Environmental ethics is the part of
environmental philosophy which considers extending that traditional boundaries of ethics from
solely including being to the non-human world. It extents influence on a large of disciplines
including law, sociology, theology, ecology and geography.
The environment is polluted because of uncontrolled human population, rapid
industrialization, urbanization, deforestation, uncontrolled exploitation of nature, forest fires etc.
This pollution leads to most vulnerable diseases in living organism. In order to live a life without
diseases, it is necessary to control the pollution.
The environmental ethics forces all forms of life on earth for a long term survival and
happy co-existence. One form of species should not become extinct due to the ignorance of
unknowingly polluting the environment by other species. Natural ecosystem should be
preserved and one form of life should do no harm to other form of life.
Principal pollution sources include chemical plants, coal -fired power plants, oil
refineries, petrochemical plants, nuclear waste disposal activity, incinerators, large livestock
farms (dairy cows, pigs, poultry, etc.), PVC factories, automobiles metals production factories,
plastics factories, and other heavy industry. Agricultural air pollution comes from practices such
as felling and burning of natural vegetation, spraying of pesticides and herbicides.
There are a number of forms of industrial pollution. One of the most common is water
pollution, caused by dumping of industrial waste into waterways, or improper containment of
waste, which cause leakage into groundwater and waterways. Industrial pollution can also impact
air quality, and it can enter the soil, causing widespread environmental problems.

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 Following are the pollutions caused by chemical, textile, leather, automobile and cement
factory.
S.No Industry Type of
Pollution
1 Chemical Air, water &
2 Textile soil
3 Leather Air & Water
4 Automobile Water & Soil
5 Cement Air & noise
Air

The Main aim of environmental management is to provide healthy & safe life for all the
living organisms in the world. It is used to create awareness and sensitivity to the environment,
conserving natural resources, to solve environmental problems; educated people should take
initiation and create awareness to the people in protecting the environment.
Our living world is surrounded by air, water & soil. Without this life is not possible.
Therefore air, water & soil are necessary for continuation of human civilization. Addition of any
poisonous substance to air, water & soil will affect the health of people, creates environmental
pollution.
There are many ethical decisions that human beings should make with respect to the
environment.
Should we continue to cut trees for the sake of human consumption?
Should we continue to use gasoline powered vehicles?
What environmental obligations do we need to keep for future generations?
Is it right for human to knowingly cause the extinction of various species for the
convenience of humanity?
Pollution has been found to be present widely in the environment. There are a number of
effects due to this:
Sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides can cause Acid rain which lowers the pH value of
soil.

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 Nitrogen oxides are removed from the air by rain and fertilise land which can change the
species composition of ecosystems.
Soil can become infertile and unsuitable for plants. This will affect other organisms in the
food web.
Smog and haze can reduce the amount of sunlight received by plants to carry out
photosynthesis and leads to the production of tropospheric ozone which damages plants.
Biomagnification describes situations where toxins (such as heavy metals) may pass
through trophic levels, becoming exponentially more concentrated in the process.
Carbon dioxide emissions cause ocean acidification, the ongoing decrease in the pH of
the Earths oceans as CO2 becomes dissolved.
The emission of greenhouse gases leads to global warming which affects ecosystems in
many ways.
Pollution control means the control of emissions and effluents into air, water or soil.
Without the control, the waste products from consumption, heating, agriculture, mining,
manufacturing, transportation and other human activities, whether they accumulate or disperse,
will degrade the environment. In the hierarchy of controls, pollution prevention and waste
minimization are more desirable then pollution control.
Pollution control devices

Dust collection systems

o Cyclones
o Baghouses.
Scrubbers
o Baffle spray scrubber
o Cyclonic spray scrubber
o Ejector venturi scrubber
o Mechanically aided scrubber
o Spray tower
o Wet scrubber
Sewage treatment

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 API oil-water separators
Sedimentation (water treatment)
Dissolved air flotation (DAF)
Activated sludge bioreactors
Biofiters
Powdered activated carbon treatment
Vapor recovery system
Hazardous waste
A hazardous waste is one that poses substantial or potential hazard to human health or the
surrounding environment and exhibits one or more of the following characteristics:
Carcinogenic
Ignitable (i.e., flammable)
Oxidant
Reactive
Corrosive
Toxic
Radioactive
Explosive
These wastes are found in different physical forms such as gasses, liquids, further, a
hazardous waste is a special type of waste, because it cannot be disposed of by
common means. Depending on the physical state of the waste, treatment and
solidification processes might be available. In other cases, it is difficult to prevent
harmful effects.
NTPC being a proactive organization, the handing and disposal of hazardous wastes are
done as per the Hazardous Wastes (Management & Handing) Rules 1989 (as amended in 2003)
guidelines issued by Government of India for the treatment, storage and disposal of hazardous
wastes. Scientific study on management and handing of hazardous wastes was carried out at a
few NTPC stations to adopt the best practices so that there is a complete compliance with
statutory requirements. In NTPC station, the Hazardous Wastes (Recyclable) are sold /auctioned
to registered recyclers/refiners. The other hazardous wastes such as the activated carbon reasons,

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used drums (hazardouas) chromium (Cr-III electrolytes, used petro chemicals, asbestos
packings, used torch batteries, ribbon, toners/cartridges, mixed wastes (waste oil, water &
cotton) filters, earth contaminated with synthetic oil (FQF) glass used & sodium silicate, lamps
& tubes etc, fall under the category of Hazardous Wastes (non-recyclable). These wastes are
small in quantity and are stored properly at identified locations. As per the notification,
hazardous wastes (non-recyclable) are to be sent to State Pollution Control Board (SPCB)
approved common treatment storage and disposal facility (TSDF).
Industrial waste water usually contains specific and readily identified chemical
compounds. During the last fifty years, the number of industries in India has grown up rapidly.
But water pollution is concentrated within a few subsectors, mainly in the form of toxic wastes
and organic pollutants. Out of this a large portion can be traced to the processing of industrial
chemicals and to the food products industry. In fact, a number of large- and medium- sized
industries in the region covered by the Ganga Action Plan do not have adequate effluent
treatment facilities. Most of these defaulting industries are sugar mills, distilleries, leather
processing industries, and thermal power stations.

Industrial Waste Management

It is a planned process of effective control of the production, storage, collection,
transportation, processing and disposal of industrial wastes in acceptable and economic
way. These wastes play major role in creating environment problems.
The main sources of industrial wastes are chemical industries, metal, mineral
processing- industries, leather, sugar mills, petro chemicals, oil refinery, textile mills etc.

Wastes : It is also referred to as garbage, rubbish, trash and refuses

which is Unwanted material or unusable material.
Solid wastes are classified as follows:
Carbage : Decomposable waste from food.
Rubbish : Nondecomposable wastes, either combustible (such as paper,
wood, and cloth) or noncombustible (such as metal, glass, and
ceramics)

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Ashes : Residues of the combustion of solid fuels.
A waste container is meant for storing waste, which is usually made of metal or plastic.
Common terms are dustbin, rubbish bin, litter bin, container bin and rubbish barrel.
Other industries produce packing materials, rubbish organic wastes, acids, alkaline, scrap
metals, rubber, plastics, paper, glass, wood, oil, paints, dues etc., industrial solid wastes are the
soil characteristics and productively of soil. Toxic substance percolates into the ground and
contaminates the ground water. Burning of Industrial waste like plastics, a radio-active material
products fumes, toxins, which are harmful to human beings.
The important solution for industrial waste management is to:
a. reduce
b. reuse
c. recycle
Before destruction and safe storage of wastes. By this way the quantity of solid waste
generated in an industry could be reduced.
Objective treatment of solid waste before disposal is to reduce the toxicity found in the waste.
There are three different methods for disposal of wastes.
1. Landfill
2. Incineration
3. Composting

Landfill
Sanitary landfill is the cheapest satisfactory means of disposal, but only if suitable land is
within economic range of the source of the wastes are; typically the collection and transportation
account for 75 percent of the total cost of solid waste management. In a modern landfill, refuse is
spread in thin layers, each of which is compacted by a bulldozer before the next is spread. When
about 3m (about 19ft) of refuse has been laid down, it is covered by a thin layer of clean earth,
which also is compacted. Pollution of surface and groundwater is minimized by lining and
counting the fill, compacting and planting the cover, selecting proper soil, diverting upland
drainage and placing wastes in sites not subjected to flooding or high groundwater levels. Gasses
are generated in landfills through anaerobic decomposition of organic solid waste. If a significant

48
amount of methane is present, it may be placed on disposal of paints, electronics, and products
that may contain certain toxic of hazardous materials.
Incinerators
In incinerators of conventional design, refuse is burned on moving grates in refractory-
lined chambers; combustible gases and the solids they carry are burned in secondary chambers.
Combustion is 85 to 90 percent complete for the combustible materials. In addition to heat, the
products of incineration include the normal primary products of combustion- carbon dioxide and
water- as well as oxides of sulfur and nitrogen and other gaseous pollutants; nongaseous products
are fly ash and unburned solid residue. Emissions of fly ash and other particles are often
controlled by wet scrubbers, electrostatic precipitators and bag filters.
Composting
Composting operations of solid wastes include preparing refuse and degrading organic
matter by aerobic microorganisms. Refuse is presorted, to remove materials that might have
salvage value or cannot be composted, and is ground up to improve the efficiency of the
decomposition process. The refuse is placed in long piles on the ground or deposited in
mechanical systems, where it is degraded biologically to humus with a total nitrogen,
phosphorus, and potassium content of 1 to 3 percent, depending on the material being
composted. After about three weeks, the product is ready for curing, blending with additives,
bagging, and marketing.
Increasingly, municipalities and private refuse-collection organizations are requiring
those who generate solid waste to keep bottles, cans, newspapers, cardboards and other
recyclable items separated form other waste .special trucks pick up this waste and cart it to
transfer stations or directly to recycling facilities, thus listening the load at incinerators and
landfills. Some states have also passed laws requiring that electronic products containing toxic
metals and chemicals be recycled rather than disposed of as solid waste.
Environmental Waste Audi
Many businesses, industries, and institutions are unaware of the actual composition of
their waste stream. A waste audit puts a focused look on how materials are purchased, what is
brought into a facility and what goes out of a facility as waste, pinpointing just what and how
many materials are actually recyclable.

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 The landfill area should be located away from residential area. It requires hugs land.
Unused quarries, mining voids or borrow pits can be used for landfill. It must be designed
properly so that odour should not come. Design characteristics of a modern landfill include
methods to contain leachate such as clay or plastic lining material. Deposited waste is normally
compacted to increases its density and stability, and covered to prevent attracting vermin (such as
mice or rates). Many landfills also have landfill gas extraction systems installed to extract the
landfill gas. Gas is pumped out of the landfill using perforated pipes and flared off of burnt in a
gas to generate electricity.
Daily cover is the name given to the layer of compressed soil or earth which is laid on top
of a days deposition of waste on an operational landfill site. The cover helps prevent the
interaction between the waste and the air, reducing odours and enabling a firm base upon which
for vehicles to operate.
The methods of converting waste into energy are
i) Thermo chemical conversion
ii) Biochemical conversion
iii) Physico- chemical conversion.

DISASTER MANAGEMENT
Disaster
Disaster is a sudden event bringing great damage, loss and destruction to life and
property. The damage caused by disasters is immeasurable and varies with the geographical
location, climate and the type of the earth surface/degree of vulnerability. This influences the
mental, socio-economic, political and cultural state of the affected area.
Generally, disaster has the following effects in the concerned areas,
1. It completely brings disorder to normal day to day life
2. It negatively influences the emergency systems
3. Normal needs and processes like food, shelter, health etc., are affected and deteriorate
depending on the intensity and severity of the disaster.

50
Disaster management
Disaster management is also known as emergency management. It is the discipline which
deals with and avoiding risks. It is a discipline that involves preparing for disaster before it
occurs, disaster response (e.g. emergency evacuation, quarantine, mass decontamination, etc.,) as
well as supporting, and rebuilding society after natural or human-made disasters have occurred.
Different stages of disaster management are
a. Mitigation b. Preparedness
c. Response d. Recovery
Mitigation
Mitigation is mainly about knowing and avoiding unnecessary risks. The includes and
assessment of possible risks to person/ family health and to personal property.
One example of mitigation would be to avoid buying property that is exposed to hazards,
e.g. in a flood plain, in areas of subsidence or landslides.
Preparedness
It is aimed at preventing a disaster from occurring, personal preparedness focuses on
preparing equipment and procedures for use when a disaster occurs. Preparedness measures can
take many forms including the construction of shelters, installation of warning devices, creation
of back-up life-line services (e.g. power, water, sewage) and rehearsing evacuation plans.
Response
The response phase of an emergency may commence with search and rescue but in all
cases the focus will quickly turn to fulfilling the basic humanitarian needs of the affected
population.
Recovery
The recovery phase after the immediate threat to human life has subsided. During
reconstruction it is recommended to consider the location or construction material of the
property.
These four phase are the roles played by the engineer in the process of disaster
management.
Natural Disaster

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 A natural disaster is the effect of a natural hazard that effects the environment, and leads
to financial environmental and/or human losses. The resulting loss depends on the capacity of the
population to support or resist the disaster, and their resilience.
Some examples of natural disaster are
i . Flood
ii. Tornado and volcanic eruption
iii. Earthquake or Landslide
iv. Thunderstorms.
Man-made disaster
The man-made hazard is a threat having an element of human contribution, negligence,
or error, or involving a failure of a man-made system. Because their occurrence is unpredictable,
man-made disasters pose an especially challenging threat that must be dealt with through
vigilance, and proper preparedness and response.
Disaster Recovery
Disaster recovery is the process, policies and procedures related to preparing for
recovery on continuation of technology infrastructure critical to an organization after a natural of
human-induced disaster.
It is meant for all organization since disaster is unpredictable. Each and every industry
relies on their IT infrastructure and data. It is difficult to survive without datas and IT
infrastructure because it may lead to heavy losses to the organization. In order to recover from
that situation it is necessary for all the industries to have disaster recovery plan.
The factors to be considered while planning the rebuilding works after a major disaster
due to flood/cyclone/ earthquake.

The cause of major disaster

Detail examination and futuristic prediction of the cause

Understanding of the concepts and structures required
Reinforcement required for that situation
Possible protective activities to avoid the disaster.

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 Some of the emergency services available in the state which could be approached for help
during disaster are
SERVCICES PHONE NUMBERS
Police 100
Traffic Police 103
Police (outside city limits) 108
Fire control 101
Ambulance of fire service Dept 102
Child Line 1098
Women help Line 1091
Lions Blood Bank 1910
Earthquake
An earthquake (also known as a tremor or temblor) is the result of a sudden release of
energy in the Earths crust that creates waves. An earthquakes power can be measured in tow
ways: by intensity (strength) and magnitude (ground covered). While intensity of an earthquake
is usually described through peoples perceptions and the amount of property destroyed.
Magnitude is measured by seismometer also known as seismograph. They are represented Richer
scale of which 3 in the scale shows the smaller one and in the magnitude of 7 shows severe and
longer one causes serious damage.
Vulnerable Earthquake parts of India
The state of Kashmir, Punjab, the western and central Himalayas.

The North East Indian region and the Rann of Kutch.

The Indo-Gangetic basin and the capital of the country.

The Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

The states of Tamilnadu and Gujarat.
The cause for Tsunami 2004 which inflicted heavy loss to life and property along the
coast of Tamilnadu.
Tsunami

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 It is also referred as tidal waves. It is Japanese word and it means harbor wave. Tsunami
is a series of water wave that is caused by the displacement of large volume of a body of
water, e.g. ocean.
Causes
A tsunami can be generated when convergent of destructive plate boundaries abruptly
move and vertically displace the overlying water. It is very unlikely that they can form at
divergent (constructive) or conservative plate boundaries. This is because constructive of
conservative boundaries do not generally disturb the vertical displacement of the water column.
The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami killed over 300000 people with many bodies either being lost to
the sea or unidentified. Some unofficial estimates have claimed that approximately 1 million
people may have died directly or indirectly solely as a result of the tsunami.
Earthquake Hazard Zones in Tamilnadu
Most of the regions of Tamilnadu fall under low seismic hazard with the exception of
western border areas that lie in a low to moderate hazard zone.
1. Low hazard zone area
i. Salem
ii. Nagapattinam
iii. Madurai
2. Moderate hazard zone area
i. Chennai
ii. Coimbatore
iii. Udagamandalam
The following are the parts of India experiencing frequent natural calamities such as (a)
heavy rain fall (b) Huge losses to floods (c) Severe cyclones
Mumbai
Chennai
Cochin
Mangalore
Aizwal
Shilong

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Wind Speed
Wind speed is the speed of wind, the movement of air or other gases in an outside
environment. It is scalar quantity, the magnitude of the vector of motion.
The highest surface wind speed ever officially recorded is 372 km/h (231 mph) at the
Mount Washington (New Hampshire) observatory in the Us on 12 April 1934, using a heated
wire anemometer. The highest surface wind speed ever officially recorded in Asia was recorded
in Afghanistan on 4 August 2008:328 km/h (204mph) in Ab-Paran, Ghowr.
The minimum distance from the sea shore and minimum height above the mean sea level,
desirable for the location of buildings.
During very high velocity winds, the coastal areas suffer due to storm surge where huge.
Loss of property takes place. Site selection should avoid areas likely to be submerged.
It is desirable to locate the site such that it is
i. At least 500m from the shore and
ii. +5m above mean sea level.
The topography of the site plays a role in the disasters caused by floods and cyclones.
Topography is the study of Earths surface shape and features of those of planets, moons,
and asteroids. It is also the description of such surface shapes and features. Huge importance
must be given while constructing a site floods and cyclone affected zone. The site should be safe-
guarded during that situation. For that topography of the site is mandatory to avoid losses due to
disaster.
Types of warning systems that is available to alert the people in the case of predicted disasters,
such as floods, cyclone.
Before Cyclone
Disconnect all electrical applicances and turn off gas.
In the building starts crumbling, protect yourself with mattresses, rugs and blankets
under a strong table or bench of hold on to a solid fixture (e.g. a water pipe).
Listen to your transistor radio for updates and advice.
Beware of the calm eye. It the wind suddenly drops, dont assume the cyclone is
over, violent winds will soon resume form the opposite direction. Wait for the official
all clear.

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 If driving, stop-but well away from the sea and clear of trees, power lines and
watercourses. Stay in the vehicle.
After Cyclone
Do not go out side until officially advised it is safe.
Check for gas leaks. Do not use electric appliances, it wet.
Listen to local radio for official warnings and advice.
It you have to evacuate, or did so earlier, do not return until advised. Use a recommended
route for returning and do not rush.
Be careful of snake bites and carry a stick or bamboo.
Beware of fallen power lines, damaged bridges, buildings and trees, and do not enter the
floodwaters.
Heed all warnings and do not go sightseeing.

Floods
Before flooding occurs
All your family members should known the safe route to nearest shelter/raised pucca
house.
It your area is flood-prone consider alternative building materials. Mud walls are more
likely to be damaged during floods. You may consider making houses where the walls
are made of local bricks up to the highest known flood level with cement pointing.
Have an emergency kit on hand which includes a:
A portable radio, torch and spare batteries;
Stocks of fresh water, dry food (chura, mudi, gur, biscuits) kerosene, candle and
matchboxes;
Waterproof of polythene bags for clothing and valuables, an umbrella and bamboo stick
(to protect from snake), salt and sugar.
First aid kit, manual and strong ropes for tying things.

Drying floods
Drink boiled water.

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 Keep your food covered, dont take heavy meals.
Use raw tea, rice water, tender coconut- water etc., during diarrhea; contact your
AMM/AWWW for ORS and treatment.
Do not let children remain on empty stomach.
Use bleaching powder and lime to disinfect the surrounding.
Help the officials/ volunteers distributing relief materials.

Flood Preparedness
Flood, which are a natural hazard need not become a disaster, if we are prepared and are
aware of how to deal with them. This would reduce the losses of life and minimize human
suffering. This guide lists simple things one can do to stay safe and protect one from floods.
Before Flooding Occurs
Know the route to the nearest safe shelters that you area aware off.
Keep the first aid kit ready with extra medication for snake bite and diarrhea.
Strong ropes for tying things.
A radio, torch and spare batteries.
Stocks of fresh water, dry food, candles, matchbox, kerosene etc.
Umbrellas and bamboo sticks (to protect from snakes)
Higher ground where people and animals can take shelter.
When you hear a flood Warning
Tune to your radio or watch for warning and advice
Keep vigil of flood warning given by local authorities.
Keep dry food and drinking water and warm clothes ready
Check your emergency kit.
If you need to evacuate
Pack clothing, essential medication, valuables, personal papers etc in water proof bags to
be taken to the safe shelter.
Raise furniture, appliances on beds and tables.
Put sandbags in the toilet bowl and cover all drain holes to prevent sewage backflow.
Do not get into water of unknown depth and current.

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 Lock your house and take to recommended or known evacuation routes for you area of
safe shelter.
During Floods
Drink boiled water or use halogen tablet to purify water before drinking.
Keep your food covered.
Do not let children remain on empty stomach.
Use bleaching powder and lime to disinfest the surroundings.
Avoid entering flood waters. If you need to enter then wear proper foot wear.
Stay away form water over knee level.
After a flood
Stay tuned to local radio
Do not allow children to play in, or near flood waters.
Stay away from drains, culverts.
Do not use electrical appliances.
Do not eat food which has been in flood waters.
Boil tap water.
Use halogen tablets before drinking.
Be careful of snake bites, snakebites are common during floods.
Flood prepaedness Planning
Flood preparedness planning is about putting in place a set of appropriate arrangements
in advance for an effective response to floods. Some of the commonly identified flood
preparedness activities are:
Public awareness raising on flood preparedness, response and mitigation measures.
Stockpiling of emergency relief materials i.e. food, fodder for livestock, emergency
medicines, materials for temporary shelter etc.,
Installation of community- used early warning system for issuance of timely and effective
flood warnings.
Management of safe areas for temporary removal of people and property from a
threatened location.
Transportation to safe. Evacuation centre.

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 Ensuring access to health and sanitation facilities.
Conducting drills and rehearsals.
There should be alarms, sirens, loudspeakers in each and every department circular or news
has to conveyed through this manner for effective communication. We can alert the peoples in
the industry.

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