!
"#
$
#
% # &
# # "& #
#
# # #
# #
# " ' (
# )
" #
* &
&
+
& 560
, - .
#
#
/0
1 .* &
&
# #
2 .
& 3
#
4 .
&
'7 (
- '28 ( '48 ( '98 ( ! ':8 ( ';8 (
&
" " # #
$
&
%
&
$
&
& ' (
'7 (
- '28 ( '48 ( '98 ( ! ':8 ( ';8 (
< &
/
< &
$
/
< &
= 0
< &
$
=
/ #
=
) "
>
<
6 5 0 7 <
#
,
># 5 $ -
6,
560
=
=
' ,(
? #7"
' 1(
@
# # # #
/ 3
, " # # " #
'A ( +
1 # " # # # 'A (
+ #
% *+, - &+ (
-
# #
# & '1881( 0
3
, 0
1 ' #
2 . # B C
$ ,
# &#
# -
"
7" - ) "
$ #
#
&
&
-%
* ',;;9(
#
"
# " &
"
# #
' # & 1881D
& ,;;A(
$ 0 5
# "
# ) +
"
(
&
" " A8
560
#
,2< ,E
3
& 5 5
&
$ #
'
# (& )
$
8 2 *"$
#
F,1
# # & "#"
'1881( G #
$ . $
"
$
,
# #
7" = #
*
# #
# '1881(
*
"
# #
G #
A88
&
# A88
#
I
$ . /
+ 0 0
& 28 48
#
# # 'H =
1884& # 1881& 0
/
7 ,;E4( 48 0
# # & #
'1881( #
I
< " <
$
# ,A < -%
#
$ &
#
" $ / ' & 0 (
400 1 3 6 10 16 24 35 50 70
Single Lane
400 1 3 5 9 14 22 32 45 62
600 2 5 10 19 32 52 82 125 190
800 3 8 18 36 68 122 213 366
1000 4 13 32 71 149 304
1200 6 21 58 148 358
Flow
400 1 3 5 7 10 15 20 27 35
Single Lane
600 3 5 8 12 18 26 37 50 67
800 4 8 13 20 30 43 61 85 117
Flow
800 2 4 6 10 14 20 28 38 50
1000 3 5 8 12 17 24 32 43 57
1200 4 6 9 14 20 27 36 48 62
1400 5 8 12 16 22 30 40 52 67
1600 7 10 14 19 26 34 44 57 72
1800 10 13 18 23 31 39 50 63 78
2000 13 17 23 29 37 46 58 71 87
2200 18 23 29 37 45 56 68 83 101
2400 25 31 39 47 57 70 84 101 120
2600 35 43 52 63 75 90 107 127 151
2800 50 60 72 85 102 121 144 170 201
3000 71 85 102 122 147 175 209 248 295
3200 103 128 157 194 238 291 357 436
3400 171 235 323 442
200 1 2 3 4 5 7 9 11 14
More Than Two Lanes Interrupted Traffic Flow
400 2 3 5 7 10 13 17 23 29
600 3 4 6 9 13 19 25 33 43
800 4 5 8 12 17 23 31 41 54
1000 5 7 10 14 20 27 36 48 62
1200 6 8 12 17 23 31 40 53 68
1400 8 10 14 19 26 34 45 57 73
1600 10 13 17 23 30 39 49 62 78
1800 13 16 21 27 35 44 55 69 85
2000 17 21 26 33 41 51 63 77 94
2200 22 27 33 41 50 61 74 90 108
2400 29 36 43 52 63 76 90 108 128
2600 40 47 57 68 81 96 114 135 160
2800 54 65 77 92 109 129 152 180 211
3000 76 91 109 130 155 185 220 261 309
3200 110 136 167 205 251 308 376 459
3400 186 255 350 478
"
"
"
$ $
'
$ & (
#
FA 7"
-
= #
5
A),8 6 J @ ;A K48
= # #
,8),A 5
;A K98
=
= G
,A)18 0 5 # #
;A K:8
=
18)48 7 = G 5 # #
;A K:8
L48 < ! # #
;A K:8
* .
'
# 0 3
# &
&
# &
# $
"
# 3
# "
# #D ! # ,
D ' &6 5&0 (
+#
$ '
(& # #
#
#
. ) "
-
#
*
' ,)2( #
' 4(&
#
5
3
? # "
# # =
# 5 #
# #
#
3
? # "
=
5 # ' < # &
# " (
#
0 ># 5
% )# ' (
!
' (
& #
"
#
I
&
&
/
& #
#
+# 0
< #
$
#
# #
0 # &
># 5 ' ( '
" 1' 2
5
# 0
#
& " &
# +#
98
& +#
I /
& LA8
7" 7$
/ I
$ #
" # # ># 5
# G
#
+# &
#
&
0
'- #
+#
&
# #
0
# +# 0 #
-. - /
+# J
7$ 0
! 3
* & #
,1
$ & #
#
0 J %
+#
0 +#
&
!. #/ /
+#
&
# 5
!. F -. ,
@
I
# # /
0 >#
5 5
3" $ 4 . & 0 .(
400 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.8 1.1 1.4 1.8 2.2 2.6 3.1 3.6 4.2 4.9 5.7 7.6 10.3 14.2 20.4 32.1 61.2 266.2
450 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.9 1.2 1.6 1.9 2.4 2.8 3.4 4.0 4.7 5.5 6.4 8.8 12.2 17.8 28.3 54.9 257.7
500 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.3 1.7 2.1 2.6 3.1 3.7 4.4 5.2 6.2 7.3 10.3 15.1 23.9 45.5 181.4
550 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.4 1.8 2.3 2.8 3.4 4.1 4.9 5.9 7.0 8.4 12.3 19.4 35.7 111.8
600 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.6 2.0 2.5 3.1 3.8 4.6 5.5 6.7 8.1 9.8 15.3 27.0 68.7
650 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.7 2.2 2.8 3.4 4.2 5.1 6.2 7.7 9.5 11.8 20.1 43.6 721.1
700 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.9 2.4 3.0 3.8 4.7 5.8 7.2 9.0 11.4 14.7 28.7 109.3
750 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.5 2.1 2.7 3.4 4.2 5.3 6.6 8.4 10.7 14.1 19.4 49.3
800 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 2.3 2.9 3.8 4.8 6.0 7.7 10.0 13.3 18.5 27.8 164.7
850 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.5 3.3 4.2 5.4 7.0 9.1 12.3 17.2 26.3 48.4
900 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 2.0 2.1 2.8 3.7 4.8 6.2 8.2 11.2 15.8 24.3 45.0 172.5
950 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.2 2.3 3.1 4.1 5.5 7.3 10.0 14.2 21.8 40.2 144.2
1000 1.8 2.0 2.1 2.3 2.4 2.6 3.5 4.7 6.4 8.7 12.5 19.1 34.6 110.0
1050 2.1 2.2 2.4 2.5 2.7 2.9 4.0 5.5 7.5 10.8 16.5 29.0 80.3
1100 2.3 2.5 2.7 2.9 3.1 3.3 4.6 6.4 9.2 13.9 23.8 58.0
1150 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.3 3.5 3.7 5.3 7.7 11.6 19.3 42.1
1200 3.0 3.2 3.5 3.7 4.0 4.3 6.3 9.5 15.4 30.8 160.6
1250 3.4 3.7 4.0 4.3 4.7 5.1 7.6 12.2 22.7 72.3
1300 4.0 4.3 4.7 5.1 5.5 6.0 9.6 16.9 41.7
1350 4.7 5.1 5.6 6.1 6.7 7.4 12.6 26.8 214.8
1400 5.6 6.2 6.8 7.6 8.4 9.4 18.1 61.0
1450 6.9 7.7 8.6 9.7 11.0 12.6 31.2
1500 8.9 10.1 11.6 13.4 15.7 18.8 100.3
1550 12.1 14.2 17.0 20.8 26.3 35.1
% *+, -
#
#
&
# & H
A
# # #
'(
#
# 5
#
A '
# $
# " 9
G
7 =
# # &
# #
/
&
I
&
01
& " (2 0P V 1 2
# '
( # 0 M 2894,8)A
1 M 8184,
2 M 89A:4
P =
5 "
V =
$ 0
# " 5
99
2M N184&894
# #
:9
560 ' &
1884( 5
" (2# 2
'(2 # #
' 2&
#
& & G
#
( (2 2
"
(2 2 "
( +
#
&
#
&
# ! %5 . ' . "
3
& %5 .
& '
98P
= ,:P
& ! 4 #( # 5#6$7 8 ,
#
I /
#
# $
#
" & 5 5 # -
# " 5
&
0
# ' (&
# -% #
5 .
# G . M89 ' 3 # '1A8 2988( 'N,9 1E(
& # ';A14( ' (
#
4 #( # 5#6$7 O. 8 ,
# #
# #
I
# /
" 89
N,9 1E &
1A8 5 0
;A14
# 6 %5 . ' . "
# 3
+# & %5 .
'
+# ># 8:8
' "( .
7 .8
84A
+#
5 5 # -
5
"
* & # 0
$ 4 # ' +
-% #
@ <
.
5 .
. M89 '1A8 2988( 'N,9 1E( ';A14( ' (
5 "
># #
I /
$
4 1
+# # A
$ 4 /
I
1 A #
'
0
(
3
&
" &
+#
5 !9
!9 M84 '1A8 2988( 'N,9 1E( ';A14(
# ' (' (
&
# 4 #( # 5#6$7 O'. %!9 8 ,
& & I /
+# &
5 5
# &
#
)#
G ! # )
# &
& #
-
G "
,A8 188 & )# ' ) ! "
( #
# 5 :9
:9 M1 A '! - # '1A8( 'N,9 1E( ';A14(
0
# 4 #( # 5#6$7 O '. %:9 8 ,
', 1 (
I
/
6
# G
5 98P
5
<
# E8P
#
#
#
1A 2
% *+, - "
3 J
I 5 I
Q
Q
J
#
5 ) /
& :
# " I
,1
# G
<
& &
+# 5
$ & #
& )#
G & &
% *+,
J )
# 5
&
#
/
#
? 5
* & #
+# #
"
#
I
5 >#
#
5
# "
% *+,
&
#
? &
G
#
% *+, 9*
'- =(
3
560 #
#)
#
560 5
G &
#
3
&
& ? # "
# RA8
I ) '
7 .
7
/
#
&
I
#
L2A ? # "
$ < #
# # &
&
/ ) '
7 . 2 :
# '
560
.
# & .'
# # . . (
# "
2A $ + #
# &
> >
4 A 3
&
&
&
"
&
&
&
& #
" &
+# #
. '
2
APPENDIX
1 INTRODUCTION
* # #
/
> " 3
+# &
# &
#
& & # &
&
#
" / > #
& G & -
% 5
& # "
2 OVERAL PHOLOSOPHY
- #
3
, 5 & # "
#
< "
+# # # # #
* &
@
# # &
B C B
# C
#
# # "
# #
&
# 3
, &
1
&
2 &
#
% G "
# #
* + # #
% & S
# "
+ S $ * &
" & +
' # 1881 5 & ,;:1(
# #
3 Safety Literature
#
# ) & #
"
#
# G
# 3
& # & )#
&
& # +#
& &
$
" '@ & ,;;2(
#
& # $
&
+ # & # $ #
& & #
& ) &
3
, 5
( ? #7"
#( 5
1 0
( ># 5
#( ' (
(
( = )# 5
4 <
( !
#( % #
# #
# 3
# / > #
# / > & #
! ?
# / >
< &
# / >
" # #
/ > # '1884( &
& # # #)
/ A8
+ 560 * & #
& # #
# $
22 ; %5
@ ',;;2( 42 # " #
18 # " #
+# & 4:P
21P & E4P AAP
- 5
= / > # "
29P&
& &# - 5 =
" # &
#
) '
" ( # # "
18P 1AP & & #
* . < 5 5 . ' 3=
. ' , 7> 2
22 ) '
= # &
& "
& "
!
'> 1881D@ ,;:;(
* & ' " (
!
'@ & ,;;2(
11A &
# # "
/ > -
5 = - ,:P
# '- & ,;;4(&
# # " #
'21P( # "
& "
# ) ) & & #
& )# * &
& # & +
* . ' 5 . ' 6=
. ' , 7> 2
* . < 5 '
5 . ' = . ' , 7 >
2
22 $ - . "
#
# ) #
# $ & #
# #
" &
) # '1884(
# # & + #
G # # &
& G ' / /6( -
5 '5 ( 188, 1882 3
< 44P &
G 19 4P &
= G 9;1P
5 # S
G 7 = ' / > & 1881(
& G ' (& N184&888
# G "
& G # " ,8 /
$ #
a d a A
1
C
G 'N184&894(
#
" 9 S G 7
=
8 1A ,8P
;A14
( # A
&
' ( " #
# & # '1884(
( 0P V 1 2
0 M 2894,8)A
1 M 89A:4
2 M 8184,
P =
V =
'+ # ( #
#
+# &
& +#
& & &#
@ # &
# #
# '+ #
( 7 & # = % ',;9A(&
T # ',;9E(&
A8 &
5 & ! '* & ,;E1(
# 91 + # - '-
- & ,;:1( # #
'A8P(
+# & ' ( # - 2
< & 1 2 &
,9P & #
A8P G
#
& ## + '0 &
,;;,( +# )
& ' (# )
+# 84:
) 844 +#
#
& +#
#
# & 1888
',&888 ,&888 ( # # > '1881(
! /
> & )#
,8&888 0 ' ,89
( # '+ # ( * &
' L,8&888 0 (
'+ # ( & &
5 #
'1884( '+ # (
' ,8&888 0 (&
@ ',;;2( ,8: +#
# # ,AP 1;P&
% # & +# # G
& # +#
# 7 ' 8 & .
1' (: 8 : : ' ' . <
2' . : ' : 7. . .
< 0.: ' 7. . 1' . 7
. : . <2
22 %
5 &
&
+# 0" T ',;;:(
' (
< %
& '@ & ,;;2(
28 # E:P :2P
#
& # )
* . 5 . '
6 =. ' ' 2
22
= )# / >
!? 5 $ & !?
# # # / >
& 4A &
#
&
&
&
@ ',;;2( # )# )
# & #
)# * &5 ',;;;(
)# 4;P&
;8P &
@ ',;;4( "
* ',;;;( 6 ',;:E( )#
& #
5 # '1884(
2EP
#
# G
,A8 #
* . 9 < 5 .
' = . ' ' 2
. ' ' 2
22 $ - $
@ #
# $
) &
#
< & 0 #
4 References
# & T '1881( 5 @ B C 5 /
>
Campbell B.J., Zegeer, C.V., Huang, H.H and Cynecki, M.J., '1884( A Review of Pedestrian Safety
Research in the United States and Abroad FHWA-RD-03- 042 January 2004.
@ ',;:;( 3
$ ( ( - 1, 42A)444% # ,;:;
@ !# ',;;2( 7 <
6 & &/ &
T #&@ 0 U & 0 @ & ',;9E(& A Study of Pedestrian Risk in Crossing Busy Roads
in Four Towns& -# &5 & !?
- T - & = ',;:9( .
# :2& - ! &- 5 &
0 # ,;:9
- ',;;4( 6 # ? # =
- &/ > &0 # ,;;4
H = '1884( - @ - A
= H &! # 0
'188, ( = - A B
& &/
'188,#( 0 - A
B & &/
'1884( - ( = - 0 /
> ' # (
> 5J& &T &* & * *& - '1881(
<01 #
< * 0)8,)8EA ! 0 &J