Multicasting

Master of Engineering in
Internetworking
Lab #3
IP MULTICASTING
INWK 6115
Section 1
Group 4
Name
Kaushalkumar Shah (B00610490)
Shahrukh Khan (B00615585)
E.Ram Mohan Rao (B00639567)
QUESTIONS
Q1 What is RPF Check? Why is it used in multicast?
Ans:
Definition:
Reverse path forwarding (RPF) is a technique used in modern routers for the purposes of
ensuring loop-free forwarding of multicast packets in multicast routing and to help prevent
IP address spoofing in unicast routing.
The underlying assumptions of RPF check are that:
The unicast routing table must be correct and converged.

The path used from a sender to a router and the reverse path from the router back to the
sender are symmetric.
If the first assumption is not true, the RPF check will fail because it depends upon the
router's unicast routing table as a fallback. If the second assumption is not true, the RPF
check would reject multicast traffic on all but the shortest path from the sender to the
router and would eventually lead to non-optimal multicast tree.
In cases where the links are unidirectional, the reverse path approach can fail altogether.
Multicast RPF, typically denoted simply as RPF, is used in conjunction with a multicast
routing protocol such as MSDP, PIM-SM and PIM-DM to ensure loop-free forwarding of
multicast packets. In multicast routing, the decision to forward traffic is based upon source
address and not on destination address as in unicast routing. It does this by utilizing either
a dedicated multicast routing table or alternatively the router's unicast routing table.
When a multicast packet enters a router's interface, it will look up the list of networks that
are reachable via that interface i.e., it checks the reverse path of the packet. If the router
finds a matching routing entry for the source IP address of the multicast packet, the RPF
check passes and the packet is forwarded to all other interfaces that are participating in
multicast for that multicast group. If the RPF check fails, the packet will be dropped. As a
result, the forwarding of the packet is decided based upon the reverse path of the packet
rather than the forward path. RPF routers only forward packets that come into the
interface that also holds the routing entry for the source of the packet, thus breaking any
loop
Q2 Attach running configuration and all show commands in your report?
Ans
Router R4:
4R4#show run
Building configuration...
Current configuration : 1992 bytes
! Last configuration change at 16:12:03 UTC Thu Nov 13 2014
! NVRAM config last updated at 16:34:16 UTC Thu Nov 13 2014
version 15.1
service timestamps debug datetime msec
service timestamps log datetime msec
no service password-encryption
hostname 4R4
interface Loopback0
ip address 4.4.4.4 255.255.255.255

ip pim sparse-dense-mode
interface Embedded-Service-Engine0/0
no ip address
shutdown
interface GigabitEthernet0/0
no ip address
duplex auto
speed auto
ip address 169.1.42.4 255.255.255.0
duplex auto
speed auto
no ip address
duplex auto
speed auto
interface Serial0/0/0
ip address 169.1.24.4 255.255.255.0
no ip address
shutdown
clock rate 2000000
router ospf 1
router-id 4.4.4.4
network 4.4.4.4 0.0.0.0 area 1
network 169.1.24.4 0.0.0.0 area 1
network 169.1.42.4 0.0.0.0 area 1
ip forward-protocol nd
ip pim rp-address 1.1.1.1
no ip http server
no ip http secure-server
end
4R4# show ip pim rp mapping
PIM Group-to-RP Mappings
Group(s): 224.0.0.0/4, Static
RP: 1.1.1.1 (?)
4R4#show ip rpf 7.7.7.7
RPF information for ? (7.7.7.7)
RPF interface: GigabitEthernet0/1

RPF neighbor: ? (169.1.42.2)
RPF route/mask: 7.7.7.7/32
RPF type: unicast (ospf 1)
Doing distance-preferred lookups across tables
RPF topology: ipv4 multicast base, originated from ipv4 unicast base
4R4#
Nov 13 22:23:39.877: IPMCAST-RPF RIB_RWATCH: (default:ipv4 multicast:base) T

Initialised table
7.7.7.7/32 EVENT Track start
Nov 13 22:23:39.877: IPMCAST-RPF RIB_RWATCH: (default:ipv4 multicast:base) N

7.7.7.7/32 Adding track

7.7.7.7/32 QP Schedule query

7.7.7.7/32 EVENT Query found route

7.7.7.7/32 Adding route
Nov 13 22:23:39.877: IPMCAST-RPF RIB_RWATCH: (default:ipv4 multicast:base) R

7.7.7.7/32 d=0 p=0 -> Updating
Nov 13 22:23:39.877: IPMCAST-RPF RIB_RWATCH: (default:ipv4:base) T Initialised table

7.7.7.7/32 d=110 p=1 -> Gi0/1 169.1.42.2 68 Notifying
Nov 13 22:23:39.877: IPMCAST-RPF RIB_RWATCH: Adding to client notification queue
Nov 13 22:23:39.877: IPMCAST-RPF : Received notification from Route Watch, Sending

message to process: PIM Process
Nov 13 22:23:39.877: IPMCAST-RPF : Processing Route Watch notification
Nov 13 22:23:39.877: IPMCAST-RPF RIB_RWATCH: (default:ipv4 multicast:base) W

7.7.7.7/32 c=0x141A7D08 Client notified reachable

7.7.7.7/32 c=0x141A7D08 EVENT Track stop

7.7.7.7/32 c=0x141A7D08 Removing

7.7.7.7/32 d=110 p=1 -> Gi0/1 169.1.42.2 68 Scheduled to check for deletion

7.7.7.7/32 d=110 p=1 -> Gi0/1 169.1.42.2 68 Deleting
4R4#show ip pim interface
Address Interface Ver/ Nbr Query DR DR
Mode Count Intvl Prior
169.1.42.4 GigabitEthernet0/1 v2/SD 1 30 1 169.1.42.4
169.1.24.4 Serial0/0/0 v2/SD 1 30 1 0.0.0.0
4.4.4.4 Loopback0 v2/SD 0 30 1 4.4.4.4
4R4#ping 224.1.1.1
Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 1, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 224.1.1.1, timeout is 2 seconds:
Reply to request 0 from 169.1.37.7, 12 ms
SWITCH 2: (CLIENT)
4S2#show run
version 12.2
no service pad
hostname 4S2
no aaa new-model
ip subnet-zero
ip routing
no ip domain-lookup
ip multicast-routing
vtp domain inwk
vtp mode transparent
interface Loopback0
ip address 7.7.7.7 255.255.255.255
interface FastEthernet0/9
no switchport
ip address 169.1.37.7 255.255.255.0
ip igmp join-group 224.1.1.1
router ospf 1
router-id 7.7.7.7
log-adjacency-changes
network 7.7.7.7 0.0.0.0 area 4
network 169.1.37.7 0.0.0.0 area 4
!
!
control-plane
line con 0
line vty 5 15
End
4S2#show ip pim ne
PIM Neighbor Table
Mode: B - Bidir Capable, DR - Designated Router, N - Default DR Priority,
P - Proxy Capable, S - State Refresh Capable
Neighbor Interface Uptime/Expires Ver DR
Address Prio/Mode
169.1.37.3 FastEthernet0/9 08:53:36/00:01:42 v2 1 / S P
4S2#show ip pim in
169.1.37.7 FastEthernet0/9 v2/SD 1 30 1 169.1.37.7
7.7.7.7 Loopback0 v2/SD 0 30 1 7.7.7.7
4S2#show ip pim rp mapping
PIM Group-to-RP Mappings

Group(s): 224.0.0.0/4, Static
RP: 1.1.1.1 (?)
ROUTER R3 (Server Emulation)
4R3#show run
Building configuration..
version 15.1
service config
hostname 4R3
ip multicast-routing
no ip domain lookup
interface Loopback0
ip address 3.3.3.3 255.255.255.255
!
no ip address
shutdown
ip address 169.1.13.3 255.255.255.0
duplex auto
speed auto
ip address 169.1.33.3 255.255.255.0
duplex auto
speed auto
ip address 169.1.37.3 255.255.255.0
duplex auto
speed auto
ip address 192.168.40.1 255.255.255.252
!
no ip address
shutdown
router ospf 1
router-id 3.3.3.3
area 2 virtual-link 1.1.1.1
network 3.3.3.3 0.0.0.0 area 2
network 169.1.13.3 0.0.0.0 area 2
network 169.1.33.3 0.0.0.0 area 3
network 169.1.37.3 0.0.0.0 area 4
scheduler allocate 20000 1000
end
4R3#show ip pim rp
Group: 224.1.1.1, RP: 1.1.1.1, v2, uptime 08:02:08, expires never
4R3#show ip pim ne
PIM Neighbor Table
P - Proxy Capable, S - State Refresh Capable, G - GenID Capable

Address Prio/Mode
169.1.13.1 GigabitEthernet0/0 09:13:14/00:01:33 v2 1 / S P G
169.1.37.7 GigabitEthernet0/2 09:04:15/00:01:40 v2 1 / DR S P G
4R3#show ip mroute
IP Multicast Routing Table
Flags: D - Dense, S - Sparse, B - Bidir Group, s - SSM Group, C - Connected,
L - Local, P - Pruned, R - RP-bit set, F - Register flag,
T - SPT-bit set, J - Join SPT, M - MSDP created entry, E - Extranet,
X - Proxy Join Timer Running, A - Candidate for MSDP Advertisement,
U - URD, I - Received Source Specific Host Report,
Z - Multicast Tunnel, z - MDT-data group sender,
Y - Joined MDT-data group, y - Sending to MDT-data group,
V - RD & Vector, v - Vector
Outgoing interface flags: H - Hardware switched, A - Assert winner
Timers: Uptime/Expires
Interface state: Interface, Next-Hop or VCD, State/Mode
(*, 224.1.1.1), 08:03:16/00:03:28, RP 1.1.1.1, flags: SJC
Incoming interface: GigabitEthernet0/0, RPF nbr 169.1.13.1
Outgoing interface list:
GigabitEthernet0/2, Forward/Sparse-Dense, 07:01:04/00:03:28
(*, 224.0.1.40), 09:14:01/00:02:39, RP 1.1.1.1, flags: SJCL
Incoming interface: GigabitEthernet0/0, RPF nbr 169.1.13.1

4R3#show ip igmp interface
GigabitEthernet0/0 is up, line protocol is up
Internet address is 169.1.13.3/24
IGMP is enabled on interface
Current IGMP host version is 2
Current IGMP router version is 2
IGMP query interval is 60 seconds
IGMP configured query interval is 60 seconds
IGMP querier timeout is 120 seconds
IGMP configured querier timeout is 120 seconds
IGMP max query response time is 10 seconds
Last member query count is 2
Last member query response interval is 1000 ms
Inbound IGMP access group is not set
IGMP activity: 1 joins, 0 leaves
Multicast routing is enabled on interface
Multicast TTL threshold is 0

Multicast designated router (DR) is 169.1.13.3 (this system)
IGMP querying router is 169.1.13.1
Multicast groups joined by this system (number of users):
224.0.1.40(1)

IGMP querying router is 169.1.33.3 (this system)
No multicast groups joined by this system
R3#show ip igmp groups
IGMP Connected Group Membership
Group Address Interface Uptime Expires Last Reporter Group Accounted

224.1.1.1 GigabitEthernet0/2 08:04:13 00:02:39 169.1.37.7
4R3#ping 224.1.1.1
ROUTER R1 (RP)
4R1#show run

!
version 15.3
hostname 4R1
!
interface Loopback0
ip address 1.1.1.1 255.255.255.255
no ip address
shutdown
ip address 169.1.13.1 255.255.255.0
duplex auto
speed auto
ip address 169.1.21.1 255.255.255.0
no ip address
shutdown
clock rate 2000000
!
router ospf 1
router-id 1.1.1.1
area 2 virtual-link 3.3.3.3
network 1.1.1.1 0.0.0.0 area 0
network 169.1.13.1 0.0.0.0 area 2
network 169.1.21.1 0.0.0.0 area 0
End
4R1#show ip pim rp
Group: 224.1.1.1, RP: 1.1.1.1, next RP-reachable in 00:01:29
Group: 224.0.1.40, RP: 1.1.1.1, next RP-reachable in 00:00:06
4R1#show ip pim ne
PIM Neighbor Table
Address Prio/Mode
169.1.13.3 GigabitEthernet0/0 09:19:37/00:01:42 v2 1 / DR S P G
169.1.21.2 Serial0/0/0 09:16:35/00:01:36 v2 1 / S P G

4R1#show ip mroute
G - Received BGP C-Mroute, g - Sent BGP C-Mroute,
Q - Received BGP S-A Route, q - Sent BGP S-A Route,
(*, 224.1.1.1), 07:12:44/00:03:17, RP 1.1.1.1, flags: S
Incoming interface: Null, RPF nbr 0.0.0.0
(*, 224.0.1.40), 09:20:50/00:03:01, RP 1.1.1.1, flags: SJCL
Incoming interface: Null, RPF nbr 0.0.0.0
Serial0/0/0, Forward/Sparse-Dense, 06:42:33/00:03:01

4R1#show ip igmp in
Multicast designated router (DR) is 169.1.13.3

224.0.1.40(1)
Serial0/0/0 is up, line protocol is up

Loopback0 is up, line protocol is up

4R1#show ip pim in
169.1.21.1 Serial0/0/0 v2/SD 1 30 1 0.0.0.0
1.1.1.1 Loopback0 v2/SD 0 30 1 1.1.1.1
4R1#ping 224.1.1.1

ROUTER R2:
4R2#show run
version 15.1
hostname 4R2
interface Loopback0
ip address 2.2.2.2 255.255.255.255
interface Loopback200
no ip address
shutdown
no ip address
shutdown
no ip address
shutdown
duplex auto
speed auto
no ip address
shutdown
duplex auto
speed auto
ip address 169.1.22.2 255.255.255.0
duplex auto
speed auto
!
ip address 169.1.21.2 255.255.255.0
clock rate 2000000
no ip address
shutdown
clock rate 2000000
ip address 169.1.24.2 255.255.255.0
clock rate 2000000
no ip address
shutdown
clock rate 2000000
interface GigabitEthernet0/2/0
ip address 169.1.42.2 255.255.255.0
duplex auto
speed auto
!
!
router ospf 1
router-id 2.2.2.2
network 2.2.2.2 0.0.0.0 area 0
network 169.1.21.2 0.0.0.0 area 0
network 169.1.22.2 0.0.0.0 area 5
network 169.1.24.2 0.0.0.0 area 1
network 169.1.42.2 0.0.0.0 area 1
end
4R2#show ip pim ne
PIM Neighbor Table
Address Prio/Mode
169.1.21.1 Serial0/0/0 09:21:49/00:01:22 v2 1 / S P G
169.1.42.4 GigabitEthernet0/2/0 06:50:43/00:01:17 v2 1 / DR S P G
169.1.24.4 Serial0/1/0 06:43:33/00:01:30 v2 1 / S P G

4R2#show ip pim in
169.1.21.2 Serial0/0/0 v2/SD 1 30 1 0.0.0.0
169.1.42.2 GigabitEthernet0/2/0 v2/SD 1 30 1 169.1.42.4
2.2.2.2 Loopback0 v2/SD 0 30 1 2.2.2.2
169.1.24.2 Serial0/1/0 v2/SD 1 30 1 0.0.0.0
4R2#show ip pim rp
4R2#show ip mroute


(*, 224.1.1.1), 00:03:03/00:02:56, RP 1.1.1.1, flags: SP
Incoming interface: Serial0/0/0, RPF nbr 169.1.21.1
Outgoing interface list: Null
(*, 224.0.1.40), 08:25:26/00:02:59, RP 1.1.1.1, flags: SJCL
Incoming interface: Serial0/0/0, RPF nbr 169.1.21.1
4R2#show ip igmp in

224.0.1.40(1)
GigabitEthernet0/2/0 is up, line protocol is up

Multicast designated router (DR) is 169.1.42.4
Loopback0 is up, line protocol is up


4R2#ping 224.1.1.1
END

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Q1 What is RPF Check? Why is it used in multicast?

The underlying assumptions of RPF check are that:

The unicast routing table must be correct and converged.

Current configuration : 1992 bytes

! Last configuration change at 16:12:03 UTC Thu Nov 13 2014

! NVRAM config last updated at 16:34:16 UTC Thu Nov 13 2014

! NVRAM config last updated at 16:34:16 UTC Thu Nov 13 2014

service timestamps debug datetime msec

service timestamps log datetime msec

ip address 4.4.4.4 255.255.255.255

ip address 169.1.42.4 255.255.255.0

ip address 169.1.24.4 255.255.255.0

clock rate 2000000

network 169.1.42.4 0.0.0.0 area 1

ip pim rp-address 1.1.1.1

4R4# show ip pim rp mapping

PIM Group-to-RP Mappings

Group(s): 224.0.0.0/4, Static

RP: 1.1.1.1 (?)

4R4#show ip rpf 7.7.7.7

RPF information for ? (7.7.7.7)

RPF interface: GigabitEthernet0/1

RPF route/mask: 7.7.7.7/32

RPF type: unicast (ospf 1)

Doing distance-preferred lookups across tables

Nov 13 22:23:39.877: IPMCAST-RPF RIB_RWATCH: (default:ipv4 multicast:base) T

Nov 13 22:23:39.877: IPMCAST-RPF RIB_RWATCH: (default:ipv4 multicast:base) N

Nov 13 22:23:39.877: IPMCAST-RPF RIB_RWATCH: (default:ipv4 multicast:base) N

Nov 13 22:23:39.877: IPMCAST-RPF RIB_RWATCH: (default:ipv4 multicast:base) T

Nov 13 22:23:39.877: IPMCAST-RPF RIB_RWATCH: (default:ipv4 multicast:base) N

Nov 13 22:23:39.877: IPMCAST-RPF RIB_RWATCH: (default:ipv4 multicast:base) R

Nov 13 22:23:39.877: IPMCAST-RPF RIB_RWATCH: (default:ipv4:base) T Initialised table

Nov 13 22:23:39.877: IPMCAST-RPF RIB_RWATCH: (default:ipv4 multicast:base) R

Nov 13 22:23:39.877: IPMCAST-RPF RIB_RWATCH: Adding to client notification queue

Nov 13 22:23:39.877: IPMCAST-RPF : Received notification from Route Watch, Sending

Nov 13 22:23:39.877: IPMCAST-RPF : Processing Route Watch notification

Nov 13 22:23:39.877: IPMCAST-RPF RIB_RWATCH: (default:ipv4 multicast:base) W

Nov 13 22:23:39.877: IPMCAST-RPF RIB_RWATCH: (default:ipv4 multicast:base) W

Nov 13 22:23:39.877: IPMCAST-RPF RIB_RWATCH: (default:ipv4 multicast:base) W

Nov 13 22:23:39.877: IPMCAST-RPF RIB_RWATCH: (default:ipv4 multicast:base) R

Nov 13 22:23:39.877: IPMCAST-RPF RIB_RWATCH: (default:ipv4 multicast:base) R

Address Interface Ver/ Nbr Query DR DR

Mode Count Intvl Prior

169.1.42.4 GigabitEthernet0/1 v2/SD 1 30 1 169.1.42.4

169.1.24.4 Serial0/0/0 v2/SD 1 30 1 0.0.0.0

4.4.4.4 Loopback0 v2/SD 0 30 1 4.4.4.4

Type escape sequence to abort.

Sending 1, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 224.1.1.1, timeout is 2 seconds:

Reply to request 0 from 169.1.37.7, 12 ms

Current configuration : 2793 bytes

service timestamps log datetime msec

vtp domain inwk

vtp mode transparent

ip address 7.7.7.7 255.255.255.255

ip address 169.1.37.7 255.255.255.0

ip igmp join-group 224.1.1.1

network 7.7.7.7 0.0.0.0 area 4

network 169.1.37.7 0.0.0.0 area 4

PIM Neighbor Table

Mode: B - Bidir Capable, DR - Designated Router, N - Default DR Priority,

P - Proxy Capable, S - State Refresh Capable

Neighbor Interface Uptime/Expires Ver DR

169.1.37.3 FastEthernet0/9 08:53:36/00:01:42 v2 1 / S P