Assignment

Name: Muhammad Arslan Ikram

Class: Chemical Engineering

Subject: Physical and Analytical chemistry

Topic: Biogas Manufacturing

Reg no# 2016-CH-448

Submitted To: Dr. Sajjad Sb

University of Engineering and Technology Lahore

(Faisalabad Campus)
 Biogas manufacturing

Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
What is biogas?
Kinetics
Method and Designs
Process
Flow Diagram
Composition of biogas
Advantages of biogas
Disadvantages of biogas
Results
Conclusions
Recent Developments
References

Abstract:
Biogas technology provides an alternate source of energy and is
hailed as an prototypical technology. Using local resources cattle waste and other
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organic wastes, energy and manure are desired. Biogas is produced from organic
waste by concerted action of various groups of anaerobic bacteria. An attempt has
been made in this project in understanding the microbial diversity in biogas
digesters, their interactions factors affecting biogas production, alternate feed
stokes, and uses of spent slurry. Bio gas production requires an-aerobic digestion.
In May 2007 a massive program Bio gas for better life: An African initiative,
integral bio gas and sanitation programs in Sub-Saharan African was
launched in Nairobi. The purpose of this initiative is to provide 2 million biogas
digesters to the household in sub-Saharan Africa over a period of 15 years.
According to this program 10,000-14,000 bio gas plants will be installed in
Ethiopia.

Introduction:
In order to introduce the need for the development of low
cost technology for the generation of biogas for the generation of biogas as a
renewable source of energy to address environment and health issues on long term
basis, it is necessary to understand the present practice of household energy
consumption and its deva sting impact on environment health of urban and rural
population.

Thus 77% of total energy consumption considered of firewood and charcoal while
another 19% consisted of agricultural residues: only roughly 4%was met by
modern energy sources such as Kerosene and electricity.

There is also difference between in the energy consumption pattern between rural
and urban population as indicated in then table

Energy type Composition% of rural Composition %of urban

Firewood 85 32
Charcoal 2 5

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 Biogas manufacturing

Kerosene 0.21 42
Electricity 0.05 6.5

Kitchen waste material is organic material having a high calorific value and native
value to microbes anaerobic digestion is controlled biological degradation process
which allows the efficient capturing and utilization of bio gas. Composition of
biogas depends upon feed type. Anaerobic digester also function as waste disposal
system.

What is biogas?
Biogas is a green source which helps recirculating
nutrients and carbon into agricultural soil. Biogas is a gas produced by anaerobic
waste materials of plant and animals origin. Biogas is a mixture of methane (60-
70) %, carbon dioxide (30-40)% and traces of other gases like the hydrogen
sulphide and hydrogen. Methane is bio gas produces a source of fuel without the
smoke . Anaerobic digestion (AD) is the process by which the plant and animal
material is converted into useful products by micro-organisms in the absence of the
air. Biomass is put inside a sealed tank and naturally occurring micro-organisms
digest it, releasing methane that can be used to provide heat and power. The
material left over at the end of the process known as bio slurry, is very rich in
nutrients so it can be used as fertilizer.

This means that the generation of the biogas is carried out by using waste
materials of the plants or animal origin which can be potential source of
environment pollution if disposal off without conversion. Most importantly, it
provides an alternate source of renewable energy and thus educes the burden on the
use of the bio mass as well as fossil fuels as the source of the energy. The biomass
slurry produce organic fertilizer which, unlike symmetric fiber and for the other
purposes.

Methods and Designs:

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The following methodology will be

adopted for the implementation of the low cost digester technology of biogas
generation using kitchen waste.

1. Market survey and purchase of suitable plastics tanks and other

accessories needed for the construction of digesters.
2. Digester construction.
3. Collection of kitchen food waste from student cafeteria in the form of
cooked waste and un cooked waste and other wastes of organic
origin.
4. Standardization of parameters for anaerobic digestion of collected
waste and estimation of biogas yield. Most important parameters will
be PH, temperature and initial time required for biogas generation
feeding of waste for continuous of biogas for daily use.
5. Analysis of difficulties faced and their solutions.
6. Installation of biogas digesters in their households to get the feedback
of their experiences and further improvement if any.
7. Report writing
8. Conducting workshop inviting the government and private agencies
and households for further dissimilation of technology.

Process:
For the preparation of bio gas we can used the anaerobic digestion
method. There are the some steps by which passing through these steps we can get
the biogas and these steps are the

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Hydrolysis
Acid genesis
Aceto genesis
Methanogens
Acidification

Hydrolysis:
Hydrolysis is the chemical process in which the breakdown of
water occurs to form the H + cations and OH- anions. Hydrolysis is often used to
break down larger polymers, often in the presence of an acidic catalyst.

Acid genesis:
Acid genesis microorganisms further break down the biomass
products after hydrolysis. These fermentative bacteria produce an acidic
environment in the digestive tank while creating ammonia, H2, CO2, H2S.

Acetogenesis:
Acetogenesis is the creation of acetate, a derivative of acetic
acid from carbon and energy sources by acetogens. Acetogense break the biomass

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to a point to which Methanogens can utilize much of the remaining material to

create Methane as a bio fuel.

Methanogenesis:
Methanogenesis constitutes the final stage of anaerobic
digestion in which methanogens create methane from the final products of
acetogenesis as well as from some of the intermediate products from hydrolysis
acidogenesis.

Acidification:
Acidogense converts the intermediates of fermenting bacteria
into acidic acid and carbon dioxide.

By performing these steps of the process we can get the biogas.

Flow Diagram:
The flow diagram of the bio gas is

Composition of the biogas:

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Composition of the biogas is

shown on the table

Compound Formula Percentage%

Methane CH4 50-75
Carbon Dioxide CO2 25-50
Nitrogen N2 0-10
Hydrogen H2 0-1
Hydrogen Sulfide H2S 0-3
Oxygen O2 0-0.5

Biogas is depends upon the Methane, Carbon Dioxide, Nitrogen, Hydrogen,

Hydrogen sulfide, Oxygen.

Advantages of Biogas:
There are many advantages of the biogas
but some of them are the

It can be used to produce electricity.

It can also be used for the purpose of heating as well.

Compressed natural gas (CNG) is a Biogas that has been compressed and
can be used as a fuel for vehicles.

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 Biogas manufacturing

The production of the biogas can be carried out by through many small
plants or one of the large plants.
Reduction of the greenhouse emissions.
Reduction in nutrient loss washout from the fields.
Efficient use of organic by-products.
Fewer pathogens.
Reduction of the odour emission.
Efficient energy conversion of wet biomasses
Reduces burden on forests and fossil fuels.
It is used for street lighting.

Advantages of the biogas as a fuel:

High calorific value.
Clean fuel.
No residue produced.
No smoke produced.
Nonpolluting.
Economical.
Biogas can be supplied through pipelines.
Burns readily-has a convenient ignition temperature.

Disadvantages of biogas:
The disadvantages of the biogas are
the

The product (biogas) value is rather low; this makes it an unattractive

commercial activity.
The biogas yields are lower due to the dilute nature of substrates.
The process is not very attractive economically (as compared to the other
biofuels) on a large industrial skill.
Recombinant DNA technology and even strain improvement techniques
cannot be used to enhance the efficiency of the process.

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The only improvement in the process, can be brought about by optimizing

the environmental conditions of the anaerobic digestion.
Biogas contains some gases as impurities, which are corrosive to the metal
paris of internal combustion engines.

Results:
The results of the biogas are the

Total process flow and sum individual effluents to be treated in activated

sludge.

a.Low concentration (<1000mgCOD/L)

b.Generally low anaerobic COD/TOC reduction (<20%)
c.Strong acid/base effluents
d.Ongoing research : to treat mixed concentrated bleach streams
prior UASB
However: positive results from ongoing research to treat mixed
concentrated bleach streams prior UASB/profitability?
Condensates, fibrous solids and bio solids are suitable for bio gas
production (CSTR)
Perform COD reduction in active sludge with aim for high bio solid
production. Then anaerobic digestion

Conclusions:
The use of the biogas digesters as replacement for single
resident septic systems is not economically viable due to high costs and low
benefit regardless, biogas digester technology has successfully been used on a
municipal agricultural and domestics scale throughout the world. Large scale
biogas generation through and anaerobic digestion is viable economically
producing enough biogas to lower energy cost and providing a valuable source
of fertilizer for agricultural. Small scale use is only viable in developing third
world countries, where fuel sources scarce and waste management systems are

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needed to prevent harm to human and environmental health. Besides cheap

alternative sources of energy, a need for more advance and proven commercial
biogas systems, and regulation barriers , the amount of waste generated by a
single house hold does not have a large enough nutrient potential to produce
enough biogas in a digester to be economically viable. Conventional septic
system, if installed and mentioned correctly, can successfully replace failing
system. Improved education, regulation, management, and funding for septic
system programs a needed to guaranteed system and thus preserved
environmental and human health. The governments can play an important role
by introducing different legal frameworks, education schemes and the
availability of technology simultaneously creating more awareness and
providing more subsides.

Recent Developments:
The recent developments of the biogas are the
With the many benefits of biogas, it is starting to become a
popular source of energy and is the starting to be used in the
United States more.
On 5 October 2010, biogas was the injected into the United
Kingdom gas grid for the first time. As of September 2013,
there is about 130 non-sewage biogas plant in United
Kingdom.
Germany is Europes biggest biogas is producer and the market
leader in biogas technology.
To create awareness and associates the people interested in
biogas. The Indian biogas association was formed. Indians
ministry of new and renewable energy offers some subsidy per
model constructed.

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References:
The references are

De Baaere, L, (1999) Anaerobic digestion of solid waste: state of the art,

water, science technology Vol.41,No 3, pp283-290.
Mclnerney, M. J. and Bryant, M.P. in fuel gas production from biomass
(ed.Wise, D.L.), chemical rubber Co. press Inc. West palm beach, Florida,
1981, p.26-40.
L.de Baere, Anaerobic digestion of solid waste: state of-the-art, water
Science. Technol, vol.41,p. 283-290,2000.
O.M.S. Rao and S.P.Singh,bio energy conversion studies of organic
fraction of MSW: kinetic studies and gas yield organic loading
relationships for process optimization, Bio resource Technol. Vol.95,p.173-
185,2004.
Levenspoil octaves. Chemical reaction engineering. Wile and sons ; eds
3,123-127,1999.
Shiralipour A, Smith PH. Conversion of biomass into methane gas,
biomass,6,85-92,1984.
Gunaseelan VN. Anaerobic digestion of biomass for methane production
review. Biomass Bio energy, 13,83-114,1997.
Sarawak R, Joseph R . studies on a factor nuancing methane production
from tomato-processing waste. Bio resources Technology,7,9-55,1995.

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