Fig. 1. Principal ethnic groups in Nigeria Fig. 2. Different Perceptions of the North Old Northern Region
Justice Babatunde Belgore (Kwara) Chief Judge of the Federal High Court
Muktar Mohammed Dodo Chief Registrar of the Supreme Court
Dr. A. Yadudu (Kano) Special Adviser to the Head of State on legal matters
Adamu Mohammed (Bauchi) Special Adviser on Drugs and Fraud Control
Babagana Kingibe (Borno) Minister of Internal Affairs
Ismaila Gwarzo (Kano) National Security Adviser
Zakar Ibrahim (Katsina) Director-General, National Intelligence Agency (NIA)
Air Vice-Marshal Idi Musa Director-General, Defence Intelligence Agency (DIA)
Brig. Gen. Ahmed Abdullahi (Kano) General Officer Commanding 1st Mechanized Division, Nigerian
Army, Kaduna
Col. M.B. Kwuembe (Benue) Principal Staff Officer to the Head of State
Col. A.M. Jibrin Aide de Camp (ADC) to the Head of State
Maj. Hamza M. Mustapha (Borno) Chief Security Officer to the Head of State
Dr. Sadiqque Wali Personal Physician to the Head of State
Maj. Gen. L.A. Onoja (Benue) General Officer Commanding 3rd Amoured Division
Brig. Gen. S.V.L. Malu General Officer Commanding 82 Division, Enugu (now
Commander of ECOMOG Forces in Liberia)
Col. Ibrahim Sabo Director of Military Intellegence
David Attah (Benue) Chief Press Secretary to the Head of State
Hajiya Maryam Abacha (Kano) Head of the Family Support Programme (FSP)
Nuhu Aliyu Deputy Inspector General of Police Operations
Umar Faruk Abdullahi Head of Corporate Affairs Commission
Gidado Idris (Kaduna) Secretary to the Government of the Federation
Dr. Hamza Zayyad (Katsina) Chief Executive, Bureau of Public Enterprises
Shaibu Kazaure Head of Public Service Commission
Lt. Gen. Mohammed Haladu (Kano) Minister of Industries
Hassan Adamu (Adamawa) President, Manufacturers Association of Nigeria (MAN)
Kabir Chafe Minister of State for Petroleum Resources
Dalhatu Bayero (Kano) Group Managing Director, Nigerian National Petroleum
Corporation (NNPC)
Kashim Hashim (Kano) Director-General, Ministry of Petroleum Resources
Yusuf Ali Managing Director, UNIPETROL (a petroleum company)
Abba Gana (Borno) Managing Director, African Petroleum (former British Petroleum)
Democratization in Africa, paper presented at the 8th General [23] Nnoli, 1978, op. cit; and Mafeje, A. (1995) Demographic and Ethnic
Assembly of CODESRIA, Dakar (June). Variations: A Source of Instability in Modern African States, paper
[4] Smock, A. (1969) NCNC and Ethnic Unions in Biafra, Journal of presented at the 8th General Assembly of CODESRIA, Dakar (June).
Modern African Studies, 7 (1) [24] Nnoli, 1978, op cit.
[5] Ojiako, J. (nd) 13 Years of Military Rule, 1966 - 79, Lagos: Daily [25] Nnoli, 1992, op cit; Egwu, 1995, op. cit.
T imes Publications, p. 20. [26] Parenti, 1967, op. cit.
[6] Huntington, S. (1991) The Third Wave of Democracy, Norman: [27] Nnoli, 1992, op. cit., pp. 7 - 18
University of Oklahoma Press [28] Egwu (1995, op. cit., pp. 12 - 13)
[7] Przeworski, A. (1991) Democracy and the Market: Political and [29] Modelski, 1992, op. cit.; Dahl, 1989, op. cit.; Schumpeter, 1987 op.
Economic Reform in Eastern Europe and Latin America NY: Cambridge cit.; and T ocqueville, 1969, op. cit.
University Press; Pastor, R. (ed) (1989) Democracy in the Americas: [30] Huntington, S.P. (1996) The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking
Stopping the Pendulum, NY: Holmes and Meter; Diamond, L., Linz, J. of World Order, NY: Simon and Schuster.
and Lipset, S. (eds) (1988) Democracy in Developing Countries, Vol. 2: [31] Nnoli 1995a, op. cit.
Africa, Boulder, Colorado: Lynne Reinner; O'Donnell, G. and Schmitter, [32] Wallerstein, I. (1964) Voluntary Associations, in J.S. Coleman and
P. (eds) (1986) Transitions from Authoritarian Rule, Baltimore: John C. Rosberg (eds) Political Parties and National Integration in Tropical
Hopkins University Press; and Vanhanen, T . (1990) The Process of Africa, Berkeley: University of California Press; and Gluckman, M.
Democratization, NY: Crane Russak. (1966) Tribalism in Modern British Central Africa, in I. Wallerstein
[8] Ake, C. (1991) Rethinking Democracy in Africa, Journal of (ed) Social Change: The Colonial Situation, NY: Wiley.
Democracy, Vol. 2 (Winter); Ake, C. (1992) Devaluing Democracy, [33] Coleman, 1958 op. cit.; Sklar, 1960, op. cit.; 1963; Nnoli, 1978, op.
Journal of Democracy, Vol. 3, No. 3; Ake, C. (1993) The Unique Case cit.
of African Democracy, International Affairs, Vol. 69, No. 2; Austin, D. [34] Hodgkin, T . (1956) Nationalism in Colonial Africa, London: Frederick
(1993) Reflections on African Politics: Prospero, Ariel and Caliban, Muller, p. 87.
International Affairs, Vol. 69, No. 2; and Egwu, S. (1995) A Critique of [35] Nnoli, 1992, op. cit., p. 15.
Ethnicity, paper presented at the Valedictory Conference in Honour of [36] Nnoli, 1978, op. cit., pp. 71 72.
Professor Okwudiba Nnoli, Nsukka, University of Nigeria (11 April). [37] Carmichael, S. and Hamilton, C. (1968) Black Power,
[9] Modelski, G. (1992) Democratization, in M. Hawkesworth and M. Hammondsworth, England: Penguin Books.
Kogan (eds) Encyclopedia of Government and Politics, Vol. 2, London: [38] Nnoli, 1978, op. cit., pp. 72; and Furnivall, J.S. (1942) Colonial Policy
Routledge; Schumpeter, J. (1987) Capitalism, Socialism and and Practice, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 452.
Democracy, London: Unwin; Dahl, R. (1989) Democracy and its [39] Nnoli, 1995b, op. cit., p. 40.
Critics, New Haven: Yale University Press and T ocqueville, A. (1969) [40] Melson and Wolpe, 1971, op. cit.; and Nnoli, 1978, op. cit., pp. 115
Democracy in America, ed. J.P. Meyer, NY: Anchor Books/Doubleday. 116.
[10] Anyang' Nyong'o, P. (ed) (1988) Popular Struggles for Democracy in [41] Coleman (1958) and Sklar (1963)
Africa, London: Zed. [42] Coleman, 1958, op. cit., pp. 319 - 352; Sklar, 1963, op. cit., pp. 88
[11] Nnoli, O. (1992) Reflections on Ethnicity and Multiparty Democracy 93.
in Africa, paper presented at the Bellagio Conference of Fellows of the [43] Nnoli, 1995b, op. cit., pp. 54 60.
Rockefeller Reflections Programme (21 - 26 September). [44] Ibeanu, O. (1993) The State and the Market: Reflections on Ake's
[12] Parenti, M. (1967) Ethnic politics and the persistence of ethnic Analysis of the State in the Periphery, Africa Development, XVIII (3).
identification, American Political Science Review, Vol. 60. [45] Coleman, 1958, op. cit.; Sklar, 1963, op. cit.; and Nnoli, 1995, op. cit.
[13] Coleman, 1958, op cit.; Okafor, 1981, op cit; and Nnoli, 1978, op cit. [46] Duverger, M. (1964) Political Parties, 3/e London: Methuen.
[14] Perham, M. (1937) Native Administration in Nigeria, London: Oxford [47] Cited in Gonidec, P. (1981) African Politics, T he Hague: Martinus
University Press; Green, M. M. (1948) Ibo Village Affairs, London: Nijhoff.
Sidgwick and Jackson; Smith, M. G. (1965) T he Hausa of Northern [48] Ibid, p. 187.
Nigeria, in J. L. Gibbs (ed) People of Africa, NY: Holt, Rinehart and [49] Ake, 1985a, op. cit.; 1985b, op. cit.
Winston; Smith, M. G. (1960) Government in Zazzau, London: Oxford [50] Ibeanu, 1993, op. cit., p. 129
University Press; Meek, C. K. (1937) Law and Authority in a Nigerian [51] Zolberg, A. (1985) T he Formation of New States as a Refugee-
Tribe, London: Oxford University Press; Lloyd, P.C. (1960) Sacred Generating Process, in E. Ferris (ed) Refugees and World Politics, NY:
Kingship and Government Among the Yoruba, Africa, Vol. 30; Lloyd, Preager; and Ibeanu, 1993, op. cit.
P.C. (1965) T he Yoruba of Nigeria, in J. L. Gibbs (ed) People of [52] Ibeanu, ibid.
Africa, NY: Holt, Rinehart and Winston; and Forde, D. and Jones, G. I. [53] Nnoli, 1995a, op. cit.
(1950) The Ibo and Ibibio-Speaking Peoples of Southeastern Nigeria, [54] Ibid.
London: International African Institute. [55] Nnoli, 1992, op. cit.; 1995a, op. cit.
[15] Perham, 1937, ibid [56] Sklar, 1963, op. cit., p. 65
[16] Lugard, F. (1929) The Dual Mandate in British Tropical Africa, 4th [57] Babangida, I. (1989) The Dawn of a New Socio-political Order: an
ed. London: William Blackwood. address to the nation on the occasion of the registration of two political
[17] Nnoli, O. (1995b) Ethnicity and Development in Nigeria, Aldershot, parties, Lagos: Federal Government Printer, p. 5.
England: UNRISD and Avebury, pp. 45 47. [58] Nnoli, op. cit., 1995.
[18] Awolowo, O. (1947) Path to Nigerian Freedom , London: Faber; [59] Daily T imes Newspaper, 28th April 1994.
LeVine, R. (1971) Dreams and Deeds: Achievement Motivation in [60] Nnoli, op. cit., 1995.
Nigeria, in R. Melson and H. Wolpe (eds) Nigeria: Modernization and [61] Sunday Star, Newspaper, 7th August 1994.
the Politics of Communalism , Michigan: Michigan State University; [62] Guardian Newspaper, 30th May 1994.
Coleman, 1958, op cit; and Sklar, 1960, op cit. [63] Newswatch Magazine 28th February 1994.
[19] Melson, R. and Wolpe, H. (1971) Modernization and the Politics of [64] City News, Magazine 10th December 1993.
Communalism, in R. Melson and H. Wolpe (eds) Nigeria: [65] National Concord Newspaper 15th February 1994.
Modernization and the Politics of Communalism , Michigan: Michigan [66] Nnoli, 1992, op. cit.
State University, p. 1. [67] Nnoli, 1995, op. cit., pp. 26 -27)
[20] Ibid, p. 5. [68] Nnoli, 1995, op. cit., pp. 28-29; Coleman, 1958, op. cit., p. 227.
[21] Smock, D. and Smock, A. (1975) The Politics of Pluralism: A [69] T he News Magazine 4th April 1994.
Comparative Study of Lebanon and Ghana , NY: Elsevier.
[22] Doornbos, M. (1982) Ugandan Society and Politics: A Background',
in G.N. Uzoigwe (ed) Uganda: The Dilemma of Nationhood, NY: NOK.