Vinakkota Capitulo 11 Vigas y Columnas PDF

Steel Structures by S.
Vinnakota Chapter 11 page 11-1
CHAPTER 11
P11.1. A W1240 of A992 steel is used as a 13-ft column in a braced frame to carry an axial factored load of 160
kips. Will it be adequate to carry moments about the strong axis of 100 ft-kips at each end, bending the
member in single curvature? For buckling about the minor axis consider the column to be pinned at both
ends and provided with a brace at mid height.
Solution
Factored axial load on the column, Pu = 160 kips
Length of column, L = 13.0 ft
Column part of braced frame. Member pinned at both ends, with a brace at mid height.
L x = 13.0 ft; L y = 6.50 ft
K x L x = 1.0 13.0 = 13.0 ft; K y L y = 1.0 6.50 = 6.50 ft
W1240 of A992 steel.
From LRFDM Table 4-2, for a W1240. So,
Also from this table, for a W1240 with KL = 6.50 ft, Pd = 442 kips and Pex (KL)2 = 8790 10 4.
Axial load ratio, . Use LRFDS Eq. H1-1a.
Bending is about major axis only 6 M u y* = 0

Structure is braced in yy plane
Column is subjected to symmetric single curvature bending moments of 100 ft-kips.
Unbraced length, L b = 6.5 ft.

From beam selection tables (LRFDM Table 5-3), corresponding to a W1240, L p = 6.85 ft > L b ,
and
The LHS of the interaction equation gives
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Steel Structures by S. Vinnakota Chapter 11 page 11-2
So, the W1240 of A992 steel is adequate. (Ans.)
P11.2. A W1461 is used as a 15 ft long column in a braced frame to carry an axial factored load of 200 kips.
Determine the maximum moment that may be applied about the strong axis on the upper end when the lower
end is hinged.
Solution
Factored axial load, Pu = 200 kips.
Length of column, L = 15 ft. W1461 of A992 steel.
Column part of braced frame. Lower end hinged. Assume (conservatively), K x = 1.0 and K y = 1.0.
K x L x = 1.0 15.0 = 15.0 ft; K y L y = 1.0 15.0 = 15.0 ft
From LRFDM Table 4-2, corresponding to W1461 and KL = K y L y = 15.0 ft, Pd = 513 kips.
Also, for this section, Pex (KL)2 = 18300 10 4.
Axial load ratio, . So, use LRFDS Eq. H1.1a.
There are no minor axis moments, and the structure is braced in yy plane. So,
As, from Table 10.4.1.
From beam selection plots (LRFDM Table 5-5), corresponding to a W1461 with L b = 15 ft,
Also, Nb M px = 383 ft-kips for this shape. So, the design bending strength
of the member,
We have
So, the maximum moment that may be applied about the strong axis on the upper end = 263 ft-kips.
(Ans.)
P11.3. Figure 11-3 shows a 15-ft long W1296 column with pinned ends. Two girders and a beam bring in 200
kips of axial load. A column from above delivers 90 kips at an eccentricity of 18-in. through a bracket
connected to the web of the column. The structure is braced in both xx and yy planes. The loads are
factored loads. Is the column adequate?
See Fig. P11.3 of the text book.
Solution
Length of column, L = 15 ft
Column part of braced frame in both xx and yy planes. So, K x # 1.0 and K y # 1.0
Pinned ends. So, K x = 1.0 and K y = 1.0.
K x L x = 1.0 15.0 = 15.0 ft; K y L y = 1.0 15.0 = 15.0 ft
From LRFDM Table 4-2, corresponding to W1296 and KL = K y L y = 15.0 ft, Pd = 935 kips.
Also, for this section, Pey (KL)2 = 7730 10 4.
Factored axial load, Pu = 200 + 90 = 290 kips.
Axial load ratio, . So, use LRFDS Eq. H1.1a.
Structure is braced in xx and yy planes. So M lty and M ltx moments are zero. The 90 kips eccentric
load produces moment about minor axis only. So
Eccentricity, e = 18 in.
M nty = M 2y = 135 ft-kips
From LRFDM Table 5-3 for a W1296, Nb M py = 250 ft-kips

We have
So, W1296 of A992 steel is adequate. (Ans.)
P11.4. An interior column of a building structure has floor girders framing into it at top and bottom with moment
resisting connections. It must carry a factored axial load of 800 kips, including the girder and beam
reactions, and the self-weight of the column. Live load imbalance in checkerboard loading causes a potential
maximum moment at the top and bottom of 180 ft-kips, as shown in Figure P11-4. K for the weak axis is
1.0, and K for the strong axis is estimated as 0.9. The column is 12 ft 6 in. long. Is a W12106 of A992
steel adequate to carry the load?
Solution
Factored axial load on the column, Pu = 800 kips
Length of column, L = 12.5 ft
K x = 0.9; K y = 1.0
K x L x = 0.9 12.5 = 11.3 ft; K y L y = 1.0 12.5 = 12.5 ft.
W12106 of A992 steel.
From LRFDM Table 4-2, corresponding to KL = K y L y = 12.5 ft and a W12106, Pd = 1115 kips.
Also, P ex (KL)2 = 26700 10 4
Axial load ratio, . Use LRFDS Eq. H1-1a.
Structure is braced in xx and yy planes

Bending is about major axis only 6 M nty = 0
Column is subjected to symmetric single curvature bending moments of 180 ft-kips.
Unbraced length, L b = 12.5 ft.

From beam selection plots (LRFDM Table 5-4), corresponding to a W12106, L b = 12.5 ft, and C b
= 1.0,
The LHS of the interaction equation gives
P11.5. A W1422 tension member of A572 Grade 42 steel is subjected to a factored tensile load T u = 60 kips and
factored bending moments M ux of 28 ft-kips and M uy of 6 ft-kips. Is the member satisfactory if L b = 8.0 ft
and C b = 1.67?
Solution
From LRFDM Table 1-1, for a W1422, we obtain:
A = 6.49 in 2; Z y = 4.39 in 3; S y = 2.80 in.3
Z x = 33.2 in.3; S x = 29.0 in.3; ry = 1.04 in.
X 1 = 1600 ksi; X 2 = 0.0278 (1/ksi) 2
For a W1422 of A572 Grade 42 steel:

Fy = 42 ksi; F L = Fy - Fr = 42 - 10 = 32 ksi
M dy = min [Nb M py ; 1.5 Nb M yy] = min [13.8 ; 1.5 8.82] = 13.2 ft-kips
BF = ( Nb M px - Nb M rx ) / (L r - L p) = (105 - 69.6) /(11.0 - 4.01) = 5.06 kips
As (L p = 4.01 ft) < (L b = 8 ft) < (L r = 11.0 ft)
Design tensile strength of the member, corresponding to the limit state of yield on gross area
T d = T d1 = Nt A g Fy = 0.9 6.49 42 = 245 kips
. So, use Eq. 11.9.11a (LRFDS Eq. H1-1a)
= 0.24 + 0.64 = 0.88 < 1.0 safe

So, the W1422 of A572 Grade 42 is adequate. (Ans.)
Note that, for convenience, we have assumed that tension yielding (T d1) controls over tension
rupture (T d2). If this is not the case, the design tensile strength should be based upon the tension
rupture design strength.
P11.6. A W1068 of A992 steel is used as an exterior column of a building structure braced in both directions (see
Fig. 5.2.5c for a plan view). It must carry 310 kips from the girders connected to the web, plus a 100-kip
reaction from the floor beam that frames into the column flange with an eccentricity of 8 in. The column is
15-ft long and is assumed to be pinned about both axes as both ends. The structure is braced in both xx and
yy planes of the column. Is the member adequate?
See Fig. 5.2.5c of the text book.
Solution
Column part of a braced frame in both xx and yy planes 6
In the absence of rational analysis assume (LRFDS Section C2.1),
Unbraced length, L b = 15 ft.
Factored axial load, Pu = 310 + 100 = 410 kips. Eccentricity of 100 kip load, e x = 8 in.
Factored major axis moment,
As the structure is braced in both xx and yy planes, there are no M lt moments. Also, as there are no
bending moments about minor axis,
From LRFDM Table 4-2, for a W1068 with KL = K y L y = 15.0 ft, Pd = 597 kips, and Pex
(KL)2 = 11300 10 4
Axial load ratio, . Use Eq. 11.9.11a (LRFDS Eq. H1-1a).
From Table 10.4.1, corresponding to a linear variation of moments over the unbraced length and r M
= 0, C b = 1.67. From beam selection plots (LRFDM Table 5-5), corresponding to a W1068
with L b = 15 ft, Also, Nb M px = 320 ft-kips for this shape. So, the design
bending strength of the member,
P11.7. Figure P11.7 shows a 15-ft-long hinged base column pinned at both ends. It must carry a factored axial load
of 400 kips and a uniformly applied wind load of 1.5 klf that causes bending about the major axis. The
structure is braced in both xx and yy planes. Check if a W1060 of A992 steel will be adequate.
Solution
Structure braced in both xx and yy planes of the column 6 K x # 1.0 ; K y # 1.0
No intermediate bracing. Column pinned at both ends. So, K x L x = 15 ft, K y L y = 15 ft.
Section W1060 of A992 steel

From LFRDM Table 4-2, for a W1060 with KL = 15 ft, Pd = 523 kips
Also, P ex (KL)2 = 9760 10 4.
Axial load ratio, . So, Eq. 11.9.11a (LRFDS Eq. H1-1a) governs.
Uniformly distributed load, q u = 1.5 klf
Maximum first-order moment,
Unbraced length, L b = L y = 15.0 ft.

From beam selection plots (LRFDM Table 5-5), for a W1060 with L b = 15 ft,
From Fig. 10.4.3a, for a simple beam with uniformly distributed transverse load and braced at the
ends only, C b = 1.14. We have
From LRFDC Table C.C2.1, for a beam-column with pinned ends and uniformly distributed
transverse load, C m = 1.0.
Substituting in the interaction equation, we get:
The W1060 of A992 steel selected is adequate. (Ans.)
P11.8. A 18-ft-long hinged base column carries a factored axial load of 160 kips as shown in Fig. P11.8. The
column has its weak axis braced at third-points by channel girts. The wind load on the wall is picked up by
the girts and transferred to the column as point loads (8 kips each, under factored wind). The structure is
braced in both xx and yy planes. Check if a W1033 of A992 is adequate.
Solution
L x = 18 ft; L y1 = L y2 = L y3 = L y = 6 ft
Structure braced in both xx and yy planes of the column section. Member pinned at both ends.
So, K x L x = 18 ft; K y L y = 6 ft. Unbraced length, L b = 6 ft.
Column section: W1033 of A992 steel.

From LRFDM Table 4-2, for a W1033. So,
Also from LRFDM Table 4-2, for a W1033 with KL = 8.33 ft,
Pd = 340 kips, and Pex (KL)2 = 4890 10 4
Axial load ratio,
The pin ended member under two equal concentrated loads at third points is subjected to uniform
moment over the middle bay.
From LRFDM Table 5-3, for a W1033, L p = 6.85 ft and Nb M px = 146 ft-kips
As L b < L p, M dx = Nb M px = 146 ft-kips
The column is part of a braced structure in both xx and yy planes 6 M ltx = 0.0, M lty = 0.0
We have
As per LRFDS Section C1.2, for compression members subject to transverse loading between their
supports, C m = 1.00 when member ends are unrestrained.
The interaction equation gives
So, the W1033 of A992 steel provided is adequate. (Ans.)
P11.9. Investigate the adequacy of a W824 beam-column used with its web vertical, as the top chord member of a
truss. Under factored loads of a load combination, the member is subjected to an axial force of 110 kips and
a uniformly distributed lateral load of 0.32 klf. The member is 12 ft long and could be assumed to be pinned
about both axes at both ends. There is no intermediate bracing present. Assume A242 steel. Neglect self-
weight.
Solution
a. Data
From LRFDM Table 1-1, we have for a W824:
A = 7.08 in.2; S y = 5.63in.3
Z y = 8.57 in.3; Iy = 18.3 in.4; ry = 1.61 in.
From LRFDM Tables 2-4 and 2-1, we observe that the W824, a Group 1 shape, is available in
A242 steel in Grade 50 only. That is, Fy = 50 ksi.
Required axial compressive strength, Pu = 110 kips
Column length, L = 12 ft; K x = K y = 1.0
b. Design axial strength
From LRFDS Table 3-50, for KL /r = 89.4, Nc F cr = 23.7 ksi, resulting in:
Pd = 23.7 7.08 = 168 kips
Therefore, Eq. 11.9.11a (LRFDS Eq. H1-1a) governs.
c. Design bending strength

As the bending is about the minor axis, there is no concern for lateral-torsional buckling.
We have:
d. Required bending strength

There is no bending about the major axis. Hence, M *ux = 0
As the member is part of a truss, there is no relative translation of the ends; i.e., M lt moments are
zero. Hence,
Maximum factored, first-order, no-translation moment,
From Table 11.13.1, for
As the beam-column is pinned at the ends, and subjected to a uniformly distributed lateral load, C m
= 1.0 from LRFDC Table C-C1.1. So,
The factored, second-order bending moment,
e. Check interaction
So, the W824 of A242 Grade 50 steel is O.K. (Ans.)
P11.10. A W1250 of A992 steel is used as the bottom chord member of a welded roof truss. The 12-ft long
member, between panel points, is subjected to an axial tensile force of 200 kips under factored loads.
Determine the maximum factored concentrated load that could be suspended at midspan. Assume that the
load causes bending about the major axis and that lateral supports are provided at the panel points only.
Solution
Truss bottom chord member.
Section: W1250 of A992 steel
Member length, L = 12 ft; unbraced length, L b = 12 ft
Axial tension under factored loads, T u = 200 kips
Factored concentrated load acting at midspan, Q u
Transverse load causes bending about major axis. Assume pinned ends (neglect restraint provided
by the end connections). Maximum bending moment occurs at midspan. We have:
M ux = ( Q u L) 4 = 3Q u ft-kips
From LRFDM Table 1-1, for a W1250, we obtain, A = 14.6 in.2

From beam selection tables for W-Shapes (LRFDM Table 5-3, for example), for a W1250 shape
of Fy = 50 ksi steel, we have:
L p = 6.92 ft; Nb M px = 270 ft-kips
L r = 21.5 ft; BF = 5.30 kips
From Fig. 10.4.3e, a simply supported beam under a concentrated load at midspan and laterally
braced at the ends only has a C b vallue of 1.32.
As, (L p = 6.92 ft) < (L b = 12 ft) < (L r = 21.5 ft),
Alternatively, the value of 243 ft-kips for M dxo could be read from LRFDM Table 5-5.
Design tensile strength of the member, corresponding to the limit state of yield on gross area
T d = T d1 = Nt A g Fy = 0.90 14.6 50.0 = 657 kips
Axial load ratio,
So, use Eq. 11.9.11a (LRFDS Eq. H1-1a)
So, the maximum factored concentrated load that could be suspended at midspan is 70.5 kips.
(Ans.)
Note:
For lack of information about the end connection details, we have assumed that tension yielding
(T d1) controls over tension rupture (T d2). If this is not the case, the design tensile strength should be
based upon the tension rupture design strength.
P11.11. A W1482 is used as a column in an unbraced portal frame. It is 13 ft long and pinned at the base. Under
factored loads of a load combination, it is subjected to an axial load of 191 kips, M nt = 156 ft-kips and M lt =
104 ft-kips at the top. Assume K x= 1.7 and K y = 1.0. Check the adequacy of the member.
Solution
a. Data
Column length, L = 13 ft
K x = 1.7; K y = 1.0 6 K x L x = 22.1 ft; K y L y = 13.0 ft
Factored axial load, Pu = 191 kips

Major axis moments at the top: M nt = 156 ft-kips; M lt = 104 ft-kips
Major axis moments at the base: 0.0 (pinned base)
There are no minor axis moments. 6 M uy* = 0.0
A 992 steel: Fy = 50 ksi
W1482 section:
Ix = 881 in.4 ; A = 24.0 in.2
rx = 6.05 in.; r y = 2.48 in.
b. Design axial strength
From LRFDS Table 3-50, design axial compressive stress, Nc F cr = 31.8 ksi
Axial strength of the column, Pd = Nc F cr A = 31.8 24.0 = 763 kips
Axial load ratio,
So, we have to use Eq. 11.9.11a (or, LRFDS Eq. H1-1a) for verification of member strength.
c. Design flexural strength

For major axis bending, the laterally unbraced length, L b is 13.0 ft
From LRFDM Table 5-3, for a W1482 section of Fy = 50 ksi steel, read
From beam selection plots for W-Shapes (LRFDM Table 5-5), for a W1482 of Fy = 50 ksi steel,
C b = 1.0, and L b = 13 ft, M odx = 490 ft-kips.
From Table 10.4.1, a beam segment that has a linear distribution of bending moment over its
unbraced length, with a zero value at one end, has a C b value of 1.67. As the unbraced length, L b, is
greater than L p, the design major axis bending strength of the member is:
M dx = min[ C b M odx ; Nb M px ] = min[ 1.67 490 ; 521] = 521 ft-kips
d. Second-order moments
For bending about the major axis, the maximum 1 st order moment,
The linear variation of major axis moment over the height of the column, with a zero value at the
base, results in C mx = 0.60 (see Table 10.4.1).
M ux* = B 1x M ntx + B 2x M ltx = 1.00 156 + 1.06 104 = 266 ft-kips
e. Check interaction formula
Thus, the W1482 of A992 steel is acceptable as a beam-column, to carry the given factored loads,
according to LRFDS. (Ans.)
P11.12. An unbraced frame contains a 14-ft column which is subjected to an axial load of 428 kips, a no-translation
moment M nt = 205 ft-kips, and a translation-permitted moment M lt = 123 ft-kips, at the top-end with half of
these moments at the bottom-end causing reverse curvature. The forces given are under factored loads of a
load combination, and the bending is about the major axis. Check if a W1296 will be able to carry this
loading. Assume that the effective length factor in the plane is K x = 1.8 and K y = 1.0.
Solution
a. Data
Length of the column, L = 14 ft

No bending moments about the y-axis. 6 M uy* = 0.0
Maximum 1 st order moments about the x-axis
Top: no-translation moment, M ntx = 205 ft-kips
translation moment, M ltx = 123 ft-kips
Bottom: no-translation moment = - 103 ft-kips

translation moment = - 61.5 ft-kips
b. Check the section

Enter column selection table for W12-shapes (LRFDM Table 4-2) with KL = K y L y = 14 ft; Fy =
50 ksi, to find that for a W1296, Pd y = 966 kips, and Ix = 833 in.4
indicating that major axis buckling will control. Reenter the table with KL = 14.3 ft and get Pd =
Pd x = 957 kips.
So, use interaction Eq. 11.9.11a.
The laterally unbraced length L b is 14 ft.

From beam selection plots for W-Shapes (LRFDM Table 5-5), we have for a W1296 of Fy = 50
ksi steel Nb M px = 551 ft-kips, L p = 10.9 ft and, for L b = 14 ft and C b = 1.0, M odx = 534 ft-kips.
The ratio of (total) end-moments
So, from Table 10.4.1, C b = 2.17.
As L b > L p, we have :
M dx = min [C bM odx; Nb M px] = min [2.17{534}; 551] = 551 ft-kips
Next B 1x and B 2x are calculated. We have:
Substituting in the interaction Eq. 11.9.11a:
Close. Accept.
Hence the W1296 of A992 steel is acceptable. (Ans.)
P11.13. Check the adequacy of a W1448 as a 12-ft column in an unbraced frame. The member is subjected to a
factored axial load of 200 kips, a no-translation moment M nt = 100 ft-kips, and a translation-permitted
moment M lt = 108 ft-kips at the top of the member. One-half of these moments are applied at the other end
of the member, bending in single-curvature. All moments are applied about the strong axis. Assume K x =
1.6 and K y = 0.9.
Solution
a. Data

No bending moments about the y-axis. 6 M uy* = 0.0
Maximum 1 st order moments about the x-axis
Top: no-translation moment, M ntx = 100 ft-kips
translation moment, M ltx = 108 ft-kips
Bottom: no-translation moment = 50.0 ft-kips
translation moment = 54.0 ft-kips
b. Check the section

Enter column selection table for W14-shapes (LRFDM Table 4-2) with KL = K y L y = 10.8 ft; Fy =
50 ksi, to find that for a W1448, Pd y = 428 kips, and Ix = 484 in.4.
indicating that minor axis buckling will control. So, P d = P d y = 428 kips

ksi steel Nb M px = 294 ft-kips, L p = 6.75 ft and, for L b = 12 ft and C b = 1.0, M odx = 258 ft-kips.
So, from Table 10.4.1, C b = 1.25.
As L b > L p, we have :
M dx = min [C bM odx; Nb M px] = min [1.25{258}; 294] = 294 ft-kips
Next B 1x and B 2x are calculated. We have:
Substituting in the interaction Eq. 11.9.11a:
Hence the W1448 of A992 steel is not adequate. (Ans.)
P11.15. Select a W12-shape for a pin-ended column with a length of 16 ft to carry a factored load of 360 kips and
end moments of 480 ft-kips producing symmetric single curvature bending about the major axis. The
member is part of a braced frame in its xx and yy planes.
Solution
a. Data
For a column in braced frame, K = 1.0 for design (LFRDS Section C2.1)
K x L x = K y L y = 1.0 16 ft = 16.0 ft
There are no minor axis moments.
Because the column is part of a braced frame, M ltx = 0, and Eq. 11.9.3 (LRFDS Eq. C1-2) reduces
to
Maximum 1 st order major axis moment, M ntx = 480 ft-kips
b. Preliminary selection
Assume B 1x = 1.05 6
Method 1:
As bending is about major axis only, we select a trail shape using,
From Table 11.14.1, for a W12 with KL = 16 ft, m = 1.5, which when substituted in the above
relation results in:
Entering the column load table for W12-shapes (LRFDM Table 4-2) with KL = 16 ft and Preq =
1120 kips, we observe that a W12120 has a design strength Pd = 1140 kips. Also, Ix = 1070 in.4
Check the W12120.
c. Column effect
For the W12120 section selected, axial load ratio,
So, use the interaction equation 11.9.11a ( LRFDS Eq. H1-1a), which for M uy = 0 reduces to
d. Beam effect
The laterally unbraced length, L b = L y = 16 ft.
For a beam segment under uniform moment C b = 1.0 .
From LRFDM Table 5-5, for a W12120, Lp = 11.1 ft. Also, for L b = 16 ft > L p and C b = 1.0, we
have,
The moment magnification factor is calculated next using Eq. 11.9.4. For a pin-ended member
under uniform moment C m = 1.0 .
e. Check the interaction formula
O.K.
So, the W12120 of A992 steel selected is O.K. (Ans.)
P11.16. Select a W14-shape for a pin-ended column with a length of 24 ft to carry a factored load of 640 kips and
end moments of 240 ft-kips producing symmetric single curvature bending about the major axis. The
member is part of a braced frame in its xx and yy planes.
Solution
a. Data
K x L x = K y L y = 1.0 24 ft = 24.0 ft
There are no minor axis moments.
Because the column is part of a braced frame, M ltx = 0, and Eq. 11.9.3 (LRFDS Eq. C1-2) reduces
to
Method 1:
As bending is about major axis only, we select a trail shape using,
From Table 11.14.1, for a W12 with KL = 24 ft, m = 1.2, which when substituted in the above
relation results in:
Entering the column load table for W12-shapes (LRFDM Table 4-2) with KL = 24 ft and Preq = 971
kips, we observe that a W14120 has a design strength P d = 972 kips. Also, I x = 1380 in.4 and L p
= 13.2 ft.
Check the W14120.
c. Column effect
For the W14120 section selected, axial load ratio,
d. Beam effect
The laterally unbraced length, L b = L y = 16 ft.
For a beam segment under uniform moment C b = 1.0 .
From LRFDM Table 5-5, for a W14120, for L b = 24 ft > L p and C b = 1.0, we have,
P11.17. Repeat Problem P11.16, if the member is provided with a brace at mid-length.
[P11.16. Select a W14-shape for a pin-ended column with a length of 24 ft to carry a factored load of 640
kips and end moments of 240 ft-kips producing symmetric single curvature bending about the major axis.
The member is part of a braced frame in its xx and yy planes. ]
Solution
Column length, L = 24 ft
Pinned at both ends; brace at mid-height. Column part of braced frame in both planes.
K x L x = 24.0 ft; K y L y = 12.0 ft; L b = 12.0 ft
End moments produce, symmetric single curvature bending about x-axis. M ux = 240 ft-kips
a. Select a preliminary section

Assume r x /r y . 1.66 6 (K x L x)y = 24.0 1.66 . 14 ft. From Table 11.14.1, read m = 1.4.
Assume B 1 x = 1.2 6 M ux* = B 1 x M ux = 1.2 240 = 288 ft-kips
From Eq. 11.14.5a, Pu eq = Pu + m M ux* = 640 + 1.4 288 = 1040 kips
Enter LRFDM Table 4-2 for W14-shapes, with KL = 14 ft and P req = 1040 kips, and select a
W1499 with Pd = 1060 kips.
b. Check the selected section

From LRFDM Table 4-2, for a W1499:
rx /ry = 1.66 6 (K x L x)y = 24.0 1.66 = 14.5 ft > K y L y = 12.0 ft
For KL = 14.5 ft, Pd = 1050 kips 6 Pu /Pd = 0.610 > 0.2 6 Use Eq. 11.9.11a
For symmetric, single curvature no translation moments, C mx = 1.0

From LRFDM Table 4-2, for a W1499: Pex (KL)2 = 31,800 10 - 4. As, (KL)ntx = 24.0 ft,
We obtain, M ux* = B 1x M ntx = 1.20 240 = 288 ft-kips

From LRFDM Table 5-3, for a W1499 and Fy = 50 ksi: Nb M px = 646 ft-kips; L p = 13.5 ft
As L b = 12.0 ft < L p = 13.5 ft, M dx = NbM px = 646 ft-kips
We therefore have:
So, select a W1499 of A992 steel. (Ans.)
P11.18. Select a W14 section of A992 steel for a 14-ft-long beam-column in a framed structure braced in both
directions. Factored axial load, Pu = 840 kips. The first order, symmetric, single curvature end-moments
are: M ntx = 280 ft-kips and M nty = 40 ft-kips. Assume K x = K y = 1.0.
See Fig. 11.18 of the text book.
Solution
a. Data
A572 Gr 50 steel
L = 14 ft; K x = K y = 1.0; K x L x = K y L y = 1.0 14.0 = 14.0 ft
Pu = 840 kips; M ntx = 280 ft-kips; M nty = 40.0 ft-kips
Braced frame, so M ltx = M lty = 0 and M ux* = B 1x M ntx; M uy* = B 1yM nty
Assume B 1x = 1.05; B 1y = 1.20
M ux* = 1.05 280.0 = 294.0 ft-kips; M uy* = 1.20 40.0 = 48.0 ft-kips
Method 2:
Since the axial load is relatively large, we get the median value of m from LRFDM Table 6-1. For
W14-shapes with L b = 14 ft, we obtain m = 0.82610 -3. Also, the median value of n for W14-
shapes is 1.6410 -3. Equation 11.14.10 a therefore yields:
From LRFDM Table 6-2, a W14120 with KL = 14 ft has b = 0.773 10 -3 < 0.808 10 -3. Also,
m = 1.1310 -3 for a member with L b = 14 ft. Additionally, n = 2.3410 -3. Substituting these
values of b, m, and n in Eq. 11.14.10a, we obtain:
By repeating the calculations for the next heavier section, namely, W14132, we obtain LHS =
0.991 < 1.0. O.K.
Select W14132.
c. Check W14132 for strength
As use Eq. 11.9.11a (LRFDS Eq. H1-1a).
A = 38.8 in.2; Ix = 1530 in.4; Iy = 548 in.4
For symmetric, single curvature moments given, C mx = C my = 1.0.
M ux* = 1.06 280 = 297 ft-kips

M uy* = 1.18 40 = 47.2 ft-kips
From beam selection plots for W-Shapes (LRFDM Table 5-5), for a W14132 of Fy = 50 ksi steel,
L b = 14 ft, and uniform bending (C b = 1.0), M dx = 872 ft-kips.
Also, from LRFDM Table 5-3, NbM py = 419 ft-kips, for this shape.
M dy = Nb M py = 419 ft-kips
Using Eq. 11.13.11a (or, LRFDS Eq. H1-1a):
6 0.990 < 1.0 O.K.
P11.19. A pin-ended column in a braced frame must carry a factored axial load of 222 kips along with a factored
uniformly distributed transverse load of 1.2 klf. The column is 14-ft long and is braced at mid length. The
transverse load is applied to put bending about the strong axis. Select the lightest W10-shape of A992 steel.
P11.20. Solve Example 11.15.1, if the solution is limited to W12-shapes.
[EXAMPLE 11.15.1: Select a W14-shape. for a column to support, under factored loads, an axial load of
1600 kips and a major axis moment at the top and bottom of 210 ft-kips as determined by a first-order
analysis of the structure. The moments are in the opposite direction resulting in single curvature. The
interior column considered is part of a braced frame in both directions. Use A992 steel.]
See Fig. X11.15.1 of the text book.
Solution
a. Data
K x L x = K y L y = 1.0 11 ft = 11 ft
There are no minor axis moments. 6 M uy* = 0
Column is part of a braced frame 6 M ltx = 0 6
Assume B 1x = 1.1 6
Method 1:
As bending is about major axis only, we select a trail shape using
For a W12 with KL = 11 ft, m = 1.65 from Table 11.14.1. So,
1980 kips, we observe that a W12190 has a design strength Pd = 2100 kips.
Check the W12190.
c. Column effect
For the W12190 section selected, with Pd = 2100 kips,
Axial load ratio,
d. Beam effect
The laterally unbraced length, L b = L y = 11 ft
From LRFDM Table 5-3, L p = 11.5 ft, Nb M px = 1170 ft-kips and I x = 1890 in.4 , for a W12190.
As L b < L p, we have,
O.K.
P11.21. Solve Example 11.15.1, if the member is 16-ft long.
[EXAMPLE 11.15.1: Select a W14-shape. for a column to support, under factored loads, an axial load of
1600 kips and a major axis moment at the top and bottom of 210 ft-kips as determined by a first-order
analysis of the structure. The moments are in the opposite direction resulting in single curvature. The
interior column considered is part of a braced frame in both directions. Use A992 steel.]
Solution
a. Data
K x L x = K y L y = 1.0 11 ft = 11 ft
There are no minor axis moments. 6 M uy * = 0
Column is part of a braced frame 6 M ltx = 0 6
Method 1:
As bending is about major axis only, we select a trail shape using
For a W14 with KL = 11 ft, m = 1.3 from Table 11.14.1. So,
1915 kips, we observe that a W14193 has a design strength Pd = 2050 kips.
Check the W14193.
c. Column effect
For the W14193 section selected, with P d = 2050 kips,
Axial load ratio,
d. Beam effect
W14193 of A992 steel. From LRFDM Table 5-3:
Lp = 14.3 ft;
L r = 70.1 ft
Nb M px = 1330 ft-kips;BF = 7.19 kips
With uniform moment over the unbraced length, C b = 1.0
As L p = 14.3 ft < L b = 16.0 ft < L r = 70.1 ft
M dx = M odx = Nb M px - BF (L b - L p)
O.K.
[EXAMPLE 11.15.2: Select the lightest W12 section of A992 steel for an interior column in a framed
structure braced in both xx and yy directions. The column is 14 ft long. Under factored gravity loads the
column is subjected to an axial load of 600 kips and the major and minor axis moments shown in Fig.
X11.15.2. Assume K x = K y = 1.0 and no lateral bracing between the floor levels.]
Solution
a. Data
Column length, L = 14 ft; K x L x = 14 ft; K y L y = 14 ft
Braced frame: M ltx = 0.0; M lty = 0.0
M x2 = 240 ft-kips; M x1 = 120 ft-kips;

From Table 10.4.1, corresponding to r M = - 0.5, C b = 1.25; C m = 0.8
M y2 = 6 C my = 1.0
b. Selection of trial section

Assume: B 1x = 1.0; B 1y = 1.1
So,
For a W14 column (Fy = 50 ksi steel) KL = 14 ft, m = 1.4 from Table 11.14.1. Assume u = 2.0.
So:
From column selection tables (LRFDM Table 4-2), for KL = K y L y = 14 ft select:

W14109 with Pd = 1,270 kips > Preq = 1,120 kips
So, the W14109 is a potential trial shape. From Table 11.14.2, it is seen that this shape has a u
value of 1.97 resulting in a revised value:
Reentering the column selection tables, it is seen that the W14109 with an axial load capacity of
1270 kips appears to be an acceptable shape. So, let us try W14109-shape.
c. Design strengths
From Table 1-1 of the LRFDM, for a W14109-shape:
A = 32.0 in.2; Ix = 1240 in.4; Iy = 447 in.4

Also, from column load tables, P d = 1,270 kips.
Axial load ratio, . Therefore, use Eq. 11.9.11a.
Unbraced length, L b = L = 14 ft
From beam selection plots for W-shapes (LRFDM Table 5-5), for a W14109-shape of Fy = 50 ksi
steel, L b = 14 ft and C b = 1.0, M odx = 715 ft-kips
As L p < L b < L r we have

M dx = min [ C bM odx; NbM px] = min [l.25{715}; 720 ] = 720 ft-kips
M dy = NbM py = 344 ft-kips
d. Second-order moments
The magnification factors B 1x and B 2x are calculated from Eq. 11.9.4.
The second-order moments are therefore

= B 1xM ntx = 1.00 240 = 240 ft-kips
= B 1yM nty = 1.15 60.0 = 69.0 ft-kips
The LHS of the interaction equation 11.9.11a ( LRFDS Eq. H1-1a) is:
P11.23. Solve Problem P11.18, if the solution is limited to W12-shapes.
[P11.18. Select a W14 section of A992 steel for a 14-ft-long beam-column in a framed structure braced in
both directions. Factored axial load, Pu = 840 kips. The first order, symmetric, single curvature end-
moments are: M ntx = 280 ft-kips and M nty = 40 ft-kips. Assume K x = K y = 1.0.]
See Fig. 11.18 of the text book.
Solution
a. Data
L = 14 ft; K x = K y = 1.0; K x L x = K y L y = 1.0 14.0 = 14.0 ft
Braced frame, so M ltx = M lty = 0 and M ux* = B 1x M ntx; M uy* = B 1yM nty
Assume B 1x = 1.05; B 1y = 1.20
M ux* = 1.05 280 = 294 ft-kips; M uy* = 1.20 40.0 = 48.0 ft-kips
For a W12 column (Fy = 50 ksi steel) KL = 14 ft, m = 1.5 from Table 11.14.1. Assume u = 2.0.
So:
From column selection tables (LRFDM Table 4-2), for KL = K y L y = 14 ft select:

W12152 with Pd = 1,550 kips > Preq = 1,425 kips
So, the W12152 is a potential trial shape. From Table 11.14.2, it is seen that this shape has a u
value of 2.11 resulting in a revised value:
So, the W12152 with an axial load capacity of 1550 kips appears to be an acceptable shape. For
the W12152-shape: Ix = 1430 in.4; Iy = 454 in.4
c. Check W12152 for strength
As use Eq. 11.9.11a (LRFDS Eq. H1-1a).
For symmetric, single curvature moments given, C mx = C my = 1.0.
M ux* = 1.06 280 = 297 ft-kips

M uy* = 1.22 40 = 48.8 ft-kips

W12152 of A992 steel. From LRFDM Table 5-3:
Lp = 11.3 ft; L r = 62.1 ft
Nb M px = 911 ft-kips; BF = 5.59 kips
With uniform moment over the unbraced length, C b = 1.0
As L p = 11.3 ft < L b = 14.0 ft < L r = 62.1 ft
M dx = M odx = Nb M px - BF (L b - L p)
Also, from LRFDM Table 5-3, NbM py = 410 ft-kips, for this shape.
So, M dy = NbM py = 410 ft-kips
Using Eq. 11.9.11a (or, LRFDS Eq. H1-1a):
[EXAMPLE 11.15.4: A 30 ft long chord member of a truss is subjected, under factored loads, to an axial
compressive force of 690 kips and a uniformly distributed factored load of 0.3 klf causing bending about its
weak axis. Use A992 steel and select the appropriate W14 section. Include the influence of the self weight
of the member which causes bending about the major axis.]
Solution
a. Data
Pu = 690 kips
Assume self-weight of the beam = 190 plf

The factored distributed load due to self weight, . The
maximum major-axis bending moment at the center of the beam,
Factored uniformly distributed transverse load, q ux = 0.30 klf

The maximum, minor-axis bending moment at the center of the beam is:
As the member is quite flexible, we will assume B 1x = 1.2 and B 1y = 2.5, resulting in
M *ux = B lx M ntx = 1.20 25.7 = 30.8 ft-kips
M *uy = B ly M nty = 2.50 33.8 = 84.5 ft-kips
For the biaxially bent beam-column:
For a W12 with KL = 30 ft and Fy = 50 ksi, m = 1.2 from Table 11.14.1. Also, for W12-sections
heavier than a W12152, u . 2.11 from Table 11.14.2. Hence, we have
In the column load tables for W-Shapes (LRFDM Table 4-2) for Fy = 50 ksi and KL = 30 ft, P d =
967 kips ( > = 941 kips) for a W12190 selected. So, try a W12190.
c. Check the section

Axial strength of the column, P d = 967 kips
The axial load ratio, . So, use Eq. 11.9.11a.
Major axis bending

From LRFDM Table 5-3, for a W12190 and Fy = 50 ksi:
Nb M px = 1170 ft-kips; Ix = 1890 in.4; Iy = 589 in.4
Nb M py = 523 ft-kips L p = 11.5 ft; L r = 76.6 ft; BF = 5.79
As L p = 11.5 ft < L b = 14.0 ft < L r = 76.6 ft

M odx = Nb M px - BF (L b - L p)
A simply supported beam under uniformly distributed load and laterally braced at the ends only, has
a C b value of 1.14 from Table 5-1 of the LRFDM. As the unbraced length, L b, is between L p and L r,
the design major axis bending strength of the member is:
For a beam-column simply supported at the ends and subjected to uniformly distributed lateral load,
C m = 1.0. Also,
M *ux = B lx M ntx = 1.20 25.7 = 30.8 ft-kips
Minor axis bending

For a beam-column with uniformly distributed transverse load, C m = 1.0. We have:
d. Check for limit state of strength
The W12190 of A992 steel is therefore acceptable. (Ans.)
[EXAMPLE 11.15.5: A W10-shape. is used as a continuous top chord member of the 128 ft long roof truss
of an industrial building. The eight-panel Pratt truss is 12 ft deep at the center and 8 ft deep at the
supporting columns. The top chord supports purlins at the panel points and midway between the panel
points. Under factored gravity loads, each purlin transmits a load of 35 kips (end purlin 17.5 kips). These
loads include provision for the dead weight of the truss too. Use A992 steel and select the lightest section,
in the center panel.]
Solution
a. General
From Example 11.15.5, member U 4U 5 is the critical element of the truss top-chord. It acts as a
beam-column and is to be designed for:
As there is no relative translation of the ends of a truss member, K = 1.0. We assume that lateral
support is provided for the top-chord member at its ends (panel points) and at the center by the
purlins. Thus,
b. Trial section
We will assume a KL value of 10 ft (as major axis buckling may control).
For a W12-shape of A992 steel, KL = 10 ft, we read a m value of 1.7 from Table 11.14.1. Assume
B 1x = 1.1.
Entering column selection table for W12 series (LRFDM Table 4-2) with KL = K y L y = 8 ft,
6 W1279 has P dy = 917 kips > 878 kips required; r x /r y = 1.75
As the design strength about both axes is greater than the required value of 878 kips, we will
consider the W1279-shape.
c. Axial and bending strengths

W1279: A = 23.2 in.2 ; r x = 5.34 in. ; r y = 3.05 in.
From LRFDS Table 3-50, for
So, use Eq. 11.9.11a.
From beam selection tables for W-Shapes (LRFDM Table 5-3, for example), for a W1279,
As L b = 8 ft < L p = 10.8 ft,
d. Second-order moment,
For bending about the x-axis, we have from Table 11.9.1, for:
From Table C-C1.1 of the LRFDC, we have for a fixed ended beam with a central transverse load:
e. Check for limit state of strength

For the beam-column under major axis bending, we have:
O.K.
[EXAMPLE 11.15.6: A W14 column, 14 ft long, is part of an unbraced frame in the plane of the web and
part of a braced frame in the perpendicular direction such that K x = 1.5 and K y = 1.0. First-order
factored load analysis gives an axial load of 650 kips under (1.2D + 0.5L + 1.6W), the non-sway gravity
moments M nt under (1.2D + 0.5L) and the sway moments M Rt under 1.6W, as shown in Fig. X11.15.6. For
the story under consideration, 3Pu = 20,000 kips. The allowable story drift index is 0.002 due to total
horizontal (unfactored) wind forces 3H = 500 kips. Select the lightest section using A992 steel.]
Solution
a. Data
Maximum 1 st order no-translation moment, M ntx = 100 ft-kips

Maximum 1 st order translation moment, M ltx = 200 ft-kips
Story drift index, )o /h = 0.002
Assume B 1x = 1.0, and B 2x = 1.1, giving
For a W12 section of Grade 50 steel and KL = K y L y = 14 ft, value of m is 1.5 from Table 11.14.1.
Hence
Enter column selection table for W12-shapes (LRFDM Table 4-2) with Preq = 1130 kips; KL = 14
ft; Fy = 50 ksi, to find that for a W12120,
Pd y = 1220 kips > Preq = 1130 kips and
indicating that major axis buckling will not control, and Pd = Pdy = 1,220 kips
c. Check the section

For a W12120 section, A = 35.3 in.2 ; Ix = 1070 in.4

ksi steel, Nb M px = 698 ft-kips and, for L b = 14 ft and C b = 1.0, M odx = 692 ft-kips.
So, from Table 10.4.1, C b = 2.16. As L b > L p, we have :

M dx = min [C bM odx; Nb M px] = min [2.16{692}; 698 ] = 698 ft-kips
Next B 1x is calculated from Eq. 11.9.4. We have:
Factored, second-order moment is
Substituting in the interaction Eq. 11.9.11a :
OK
Hence adopt a W12120 of A572 Grade 50 steel. (Ans.)
[EXAMPLE 11.15.7: Select a W14 section of A992 steel for a 14 ft long beam-column, part of an
unbraced frame in y-plane and part of a braced frame in the x-plane. K x = 1.4 and K y = 1.0. Factored
axial load on column Pu is 840 kips. First order, single curvature moments under gravity loads are: M ntx =
280 ft-kips, M nty = 40 ft-kips. The first order reverse-curvature moments under factored wind loads are
M Rtx1 = 200 ft-kips and M Rtx2 = 50 ft-kips. The drift index is 1/400 under EH = 100 kips. Total factored
gravity load above this story is 6,800 kips.]
Solution
a. Data
W12-shape. of A992 steel
L = 14.0 ft; K x = 1.4; K y = 1.0
K x L x = 1.414 = 19.6 ft; K y L y = 1.014.0 = 14.0 ft = L b
M ltx1 = 200 ft-kips; M ltx2 = 50.0 ft-kips; M ltx = 200 ft-kips
M lty = 0 (column part of braced frame in xx plane)
)o /h = 1/400; EH = 100 kips; EPu = 6,800 kips
Assume B 1x = 1.05; B 1y = B 2x = 1.2
M *uy = B 1y M nty = 1.2 40.0 = 48.0 ft-kips
From Table 11.14.1, for a W12-shape with KL = 14 ft, get m = 1.. Assume u = 2.0.
= 840 + 1.6 534 + 1.6 2.0 48.0 = 1850 kips
From LRFDM Table 4-2, for a W12190 and KL = K y L y = 14 ft, Pdy = 1950 kips > 1850 kips.
Also rx /ry = 1.79 for this section, resulting in (K x L x)y = 19.6 /1.79 = 11.0 < K y L y = 14 ft.
So, K y L y controls the design. For the W12190 section, u = 2.11 from Table 11.14.2, resulting in
a revised value,
Pu eq = 840 + 1.6 534.0 + 1.6 2.11 48.0 = 1856 kips
The W12190 is still valid.
c. Check the selected section

For the W12190 of A992 steel column with (K x L x)y = 11.0 ft and K y L y = 14 ft, Pd = 1,950 kips.
so use Eq. 11.9.11a.
For symmetric, single curvature no translation moments, C mx = C my = 1.0.

From LRFDM Table 4-2, for a W12190:
Pex (KL)2 = 54,100 10 - 4; Pey (KL)2 = 16,900 10 - 4
Conservatively take (KL)ntx = (KL)nty = 1.0 14 = 14.0 ft. Then,
Also,
We obtain
M uy* = B 1y M nty = 1.16 40.0 = 46.4 ft-kips
From LRFDM Table 5-3, for a W12190 and Fy = 50 ksi:

Nb M px = 1170 ft-kips; L p = 11.5 ft
Nb M py = 523 ft-kips L r = 76.6 ft; BF = 5.79
As L p = 11.5 ft < L b = 14.0 ft < L r = 76.6 ft

So, from Table 10.4.1, C b = 1.27. As L b > L p, the design major axis bending strength of the
member is:
Also,
We therefore have:
[EXAMPLE 11.15.8: Select a W12 section of A992 steel for a 16 ft long beam-column. The member is
part of a symmetric unbraced frame about both axes. Under factored loads, P u = 600 kips, M ntx = M nty =
0, M Rtx = 240 ft-kips and M Rty = 100 ft-kips. Also K x = 1.5 and K y = 1.3. For all columns in the story
under consideration, EPui = 10,800 kips, EPe2x = 120,000 kips and EPe2y = 82,000 kips.]
Solution
a. Data
L = 16.0 ft; Lb = 16.0 ft
Kx = 1.5; K x Lx = 1.5 16.0 = 24.0 ft
Ky = 1.3; K y Ly = 1.3 16.0 = 20.8 ft
Pu = 600 kips; M ntx = M nty = 0
M ltx = 240 ft-kips; M lty = 100 ft-kips
EPui = 10,800 kips; EPe2x = 120,000 kips; EP e2y = 82,000 kips
From Eq. 11.9.9 ( LRFDS Eq. C1-5) :
M ux* = B 1x M ntx + B 2x M ltx = 0 + 1.10 240 = 264 ft-kips
M uy* = B 1y M nty + B 2y M lty = 0 + 1.15 100 = 115 ft-kips
Entering Table 11.14.1 with KL = K y L y = 20.8 ft, Fy = 50 ksi and W14-shapes we obtain m =
1.2. Assume u = 2.0. We obtain
= 600 + 1.2 264 + 1.2 2.0 115 = 1193 kips
From LRFDM Table 4-2 for W-Shapes, for KL = K yL y = 20.8 ft and Fy = 50 ksi, a W14132 has
Pdy = 1192 kips . 1193 kips. Also, u = 1.99 from Table 11.14.2, resulting in:
= 600 + 1.2 264 + 1.2 1.99 115 = 1191 kips
So, try a W14132.
c. Check the selected section

From LRFDM Table 5-3, for a W14132 of A992 steel:
Lp = 13.3 ft; L r = 49.7 ft
Nb M px = 878 ft-kips; BF = 6.88 kips; Nb M py = 419 ft-kips
With equal, reverse-curvature moments at the ends C b = 2.27

As L p = 13.3 ft < L b = 16.0 ft < L r = 49.7 ft
M dx = min [ ] = min [2.27 859; 878] = 878 ft-kips
The axial load ratio, so use Eq. 11.9.11a (LRFDS Eq.H1-1a).
LHS
So, the W14132 of A992 steel selected is acceptable. (Ans.)
[EXAMPLE 11.15.9: Select a W14 section of A992 steel for a beam-column in an unbraced frame with
factored loads: Pu = 400 kips; symmetric single curvature moments, M ntx = 150 ft-kips, M nty = 50 ft-kips,
reverse curvature moments M Rtx = 116 ft-kips and M Rty = 72 ft-kips. There are no transverse loads along
the span. Story height is 15 ft. K x = 1.4 and K y = 1.2. The allowable story drift index is 1/500, due to
unfactored horizontal wind forces in the yy plane of 120 kips (causing bending about xx axis) and 82 kips in
x-x direction (causing bending about yy axis). Total factored gravity load above this level is EP u = 7,200
kips.]
Solution
a. Data
L = 15 ft; Lb = L = 15.0 ft
Kx = 1.4; K x Lx = 1.4 15 = 21.0 ft
Ky = 1.2; K y Ly = 1.2 15 = 18.0 ft
Pu = 400 kips
M ntx = 150 ft-kips; M nty = 50.0 ft-kips; symmetric single curvature
M ltx = 116 ft-kips; M lty = 72.0 ft-kips; reverse curvature
EP u = 7,200 kips
Drift index, , corresponding to:
a horizontal force H = 120 kips for bending about x-axis of the column, and
a horizontal force H = 82 kips for bending about y-axis.
Assume B 1x = 1.05; B 1y = 1.10. From LRFDS Eq. C1-1:
M *ux = B 1x M ntx + B 2x M ltx = 1.05 150 + 1.14 116 = 290 ft-kips
M *uy = B 1y M nty + B 2y M lty = 1.10 50.0 + 1.21 72.0 = 142 ft-kips
From Table 11.14.1, for a W12 column of Fy = 50 ksi steel and KL = K y L y = 18 ft, the coefficient
m = 1.4. Assume u = 2.0.
Pueq = 400 + 1.4 290 + 1.4 2.0 142 = 1200 kips
By interpolation in the KRFDM Table 4-2, corresponding to KL = K y L y = 18 ft and Fy = 50 ksi,

we observe that a W12136 has Pd = 1210 kips ( > Preq = 1200 kips). This selection has r x /r y =
1.77, resulting in:
indicating that x-axis buckling will not control the design. Also, u = 2.09 for a W12136, from
Table 11.14.2. The revised value of
Pueq = 400 + 1.4290 + 1.42.09142 = 1220 kips
Still try a W12136.
c. Check selected section

From LRFDM Table 4-2, for a W12136 column with Fy = 50 ksi, KL = K y L y = 18 ft,
Pd = 1210 kips; Pex (KL)2 /10 4 = 35,500; P ey (KL)2 /10 4 = 11,400
The magnification factors B 1x and B 1y are determined, using conservatively, (KL)ntx = L = 15 ft and
(KL)nty = L = 15 ft. Thus
For the symmetric, single-curvature, first-order, no-translational moments given, C mx = 1.0 and C my
= 1.0. Thus
The second-order factored moments are

M *ux = 1.04 150 + 1.14 116 = 288 kips
M *uy = 1.13 50.0 + 1.21 72.0 = 144 kips
From LRFDM Table 5-3, for a W12136 of A992 steel:

Lp = 11.2 ft; L r = 55.7 ft
Nb M px = 803 ft-kips; BF = 5.49 kips; Nb M py = 361 ft-kips
We will conservatively assume that C b = 1.0.
As L p = 11.2 ft < L b = 15.0 ft < L r = 55.7 ft and C b = 1.0
M dx = Nb M px - BF (L b - L p)
As the axial load ratio, , we use Eq. 11.9.11a.
Substituting the various terms in the interaction formula , we obtain:
Select a W12136 of A992 steel. (Ans.)
[EXAMPLE 11.15.10: It is required to design an interior crane column for a mill building. The column of
A992 steel and 28 ft high carries two crane girders in addition to the roof load. The crane runway on each
side of the column is to be supported by means of a bracket welded to the flange of the column at a distance
12 ft below the top. The roof covering including decking, insulation, joists, truss, and piping is 30 psf of
the roof surface and the snow load is assumed to be 30 psf. The contributory area for the column under
consideration is 1800 sq. ft. Maximum vertical load from wheels, including impact of wheels is given as 40
kips. The horizontal load from the crane wheels is 6 kips. The weight of the crane girder and rails is 3.2
kips and the weight of each bracket is estimated as 1.8 kips. The eccentricity of the crane loads is 16 in.
Select a suitable W12-shape.. Assume the column is pinned at both ends about both axes and laterally
supported at bracket level by the crane girders.]
Solution
a. Factored loads
The column will be designed for an axial load Pu of 228 kips and a bending moment, M ltx = 114.0
ft-kips (for details see Example 11.15.10).
Also, we have
b. Preliminary member selection

The equivalent axial load on the beam-column is:
Assume minor axis buckling controls the design axial strength. For a W14 column with KL = Ky
L y = 16 ft, m = 1.3 from Table 11.14.1. Assume B 1x = 1.2. So
Using the column load table for W-Shapes, select a W14613, which for KL = 16 ft has P d = 486
kips ( > = 406 kips) and . We have:
as assumed. So, try W1461
c. Column action
Axial load ratio,
So, the interaction formula to be checked is Eq. 11.9.11a.
d. Beam action
From LRFDM Table 5-3, for a W1461 beam of A992 steel
L p = 8.65 ft; Nb M px = 383 ft-kips; BF = 6.50 kips
L r = 25.0 ft; Ix = 640 in.4
The lower segment which is longer, subjected to heavier axial load, and higher maximum bending
moment, is more critical. As L p < L b = 16 ft < L r
The variation of bending moment over the the segment is linear, and as
from Table 10.4.1, and
M *ux = B 1x M ntx
with
The moment reduction factor C mx is conservatively obtained from LRFDC Table C-C1.1
corresponding to a pin ended column with a central concentrated load. As the bending is about the
major axis
e. Limit state of strength
Note: The next lighter W14 (a W1453) will not work (LHS = 1.04).
P11.31. Solve Example 11.15.11, if the portal frame is fixed at the base. Limit the selection of columns to W14-
shapes.
[EXAMPLE 11.15.11: Design the members of the hinged-base, rigid jointed portal frame ABCD shown in
Fig. 5.1.2, studied in Example 5.3.1. The beam BC is subjected to a uniformly distributed service load of
2.5 k Rf (1 k Rf D + 1.5 k Rf S). In addition, the frame is subjected to a concentrated dead load of 30 kips at
the column tops B and C. The wind load on the frame consists of a 15 kip horizontal force acting at the
joint B. The dead loads given include provision for self weight of members. Use A992 W-shapes with their
webs in the plane of the frame. The columns are braced at the top and bottom against y-axis displacement
and at mid-height against y-axis buckling. Lateral bracing for the beam is provided at the ends B and C,
and at the quarter points F, E, and G. Limit the drift to h/250 and the live load deflection to L/360.]
P11.32. A 24-ft long W2193 of A992 steel is used as a simply supported beam with regard to both principal axes.
Lateral braces are provided only at the supports. The beam is subjected to a single concentrated load Q at
midspan. The load passes through the shear center of the cross section, and is inclined at an angle of 15 o
with the vertical axis (web axis). Neglect the self-weight of the bam and determine the maximum factored
load Q u as per LRFDS.
P11.33. Redesign the crane runway beam of Example 10.4.10, if it has to carry a lateral force of 3 kips in addition to
the loads given there. The lateral force acts perpendicular to the beam, at each wheel, 4 in. above the top
flange.
[EXAMPLE 10.4.10: A 18 ft long, crane runway beam carries the two end wheels of a crane. The wheels
are spaced 12 ft on centers and each transfers a maximum vertical live load of 24 kips to the beam.
Neglect the lateral force and longitudinal force on the member. The crane beam is without lateral support
except at the columns. The specified impact is 25% of the live load. Design the beam, using A242 Grade
50 steel. The maximum service live load deflection is to be limited to L/500.]
Solution
Span, L = 18 ft; Unbraced length, L b = 18 ft
Wheel load, Q = 24 kips; Wheel spacing, a = 12 ft
Impact factor, I = 25%
a. Required strengths
Equivalent statically applied concentrated wheel load, Q yL = 1.2524.0 = 30.0 kips
The maximum live load moment will occur at midspan, with one of the crane wheels at the center of
the span (Fig. X10.4.11b).
Assume a 90-lb rail, weighing 90 lb/yard or 30 lb/ft. Also, assume the weight of the crane beam to
be 90 lb/ft.
Bending moment due to dead load,
Bending moment due to live load,
Required bending strength about major axis, M ux = 1.2M D + 1.6M L = 1.2(4.86) + 1.6(135)
= 222 ft-kips
Horizontal load on the beam = Lateral thrust from the moving crane = Q xL = 3.0 kips
Assume a W1876 shape: d = 18.2 in.; b f = 11.0 in.; t f = 0.680 in.
Height of rail = 4 in.
From Eq. 11.16.4, equivalent flange force,
Q f = 1.6 Q xL ( d + 4 ) ( d - t f) = 7.32 kips
Factored bending moment about the y-axis of the flange = M u f = 7.32 18.0 4 = 32.9 ft-kips
b. Strength limit states

As the bending moment is essentially due to the concentrated load at midspan, use C b = 1.32 (value
from Fig. 10.4.1e, given for a simple beam with lateral bracing at the supports only).
Entering the beam selection plots for W-Shapes (LRFDM Table 5-5) , with C b = 1, F y = 50 ksi and
L b = 18 ft, observe that a W1876 has a bending strength M do = 514 ft-kips and Nb M px equals 612
ft-kips, resulting in:
M d = min [C b M do ; Nb M px]= min [1.32514 ; 612] = 612 ft-kips
Also from LRFDM Table 5-3, Nb M py = 155 ft-kips = M dy

Using Eq. 11.16.6:
As the weight of the beam selected (76 lbs) is less than the assumed value of 90 lbs used in the dead
load calculations, no revision is necessary. The section satisfies the requirements for compactness
as there is no footnote in the beam selection tables stating otherwise.
Therefore, use a W1876 of A242 Grade 50 steel. (Ans.)
P11.34. A crane runway girder 24 ft in length is to be designed to carry the two end wheels of a 5-ton crane. Lateral
supports are provided at the ends only. The wheels of the crane are 8 ft on centers and each wheel transfers
a maximum load of 12.5 kips to the top of 60-lb rail. Assume 10 percent of the wheel load acting as a lateral
load applied at 4 in. above the top of the compression flange. Select the lightest W14-shape of A992 steel.
P11.35. Select the lightest MC-shape of A36 steel to be used as purlins in an industrial building. The roof pitch is 5
on 12; the rafters are 18 ft on centers; and the purlins are spaced at 8-ft intervals along the roof. The roof
covering, including purlins, weighs 16 psf of the roof surface and the snow load is 24 psf of the horizontal
surface. The purlins should be designed without sag rods.
Solution
Inclination of roof, 2 = tan -1 (5 12) = 22.6 o
Spacing of trusses, L = 18 ft
Spacing of purlins along roof = 8 ft
Horizontal Spacing of purlins =
Uniform service loads per foot of purlin:
Dead load, D =
Snow load, S =
With only dead and snow loads acting on the purlin, load combination LC - 3, namely, [1.2D +
1.6S] controls the design. Both these loads are vertical loads.
q uV = 1.2D + 1.6S = 1.2 0.128 + 1.60 .177 = 0.437 klf
The components of the factored loads acting in y- and x- directions at the mid-width of the purlin
are:
q uy = q uV cos 2 = 0.437 cos 22.6 o = 0.403 klf
q ux = q uV sin 2 = 0.437 sin 22.6 o = 0.168 klf
Note that q uy produces major axis moment, while q ux produces minor axis moment. The purlin acts
as a simple beam of span L (= 18 ft) for major axis bending. It is not laterally supported. So, L b =
18 ft. With no sag rods placed, the purlin acts as a simple beam with respect to weak axis bending,
with a span, L = 20 ft.
The required bending strengths are:
Or,
To select a trial shape, use the beam selection plots for C-shapes (LRFDM Table 5-11) and choose
a shape with a relatively large margin of strength with respect to major axis bending. For an
unbraced length, L b = 18 ft, Fy = 36 ksi and C b = 1 an MC1033.6 provides
Also, from LRFDM Table 5-10, for an MC1033.6,
From Table 10.4.1, C b = 1.14 for a simply supported beam under uniformly distributed load, with
lateral supports at the ends only.
Design flexural strength for major axis bending,
For C-shapes bent about their minor axis, the shape factor is greater than 1.5. So, the design
flexural strength for minor axis bending,
Substituting in the interaction Eq. 11.16.5 results in:
So, select a MC1033.6 (Ans.)
P11.36. Solve Problem P11.36, if one line of sag rods is used.
P11.37. Solve Problem P11.36, if W-shapes of A992 steel are used.
P11.38. Select the lightest W section of A992 steel to carry 0.4 klf dead load, in addition to the weight of the beam,
and live load of 1.5 klf. The superimposed load is applied eccentrically 4 in. from the center of the web. The
beam is simply supported and has a span of 28 ft. Assume that lateral bracing is provided at the end only.

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Steel Structures by S.

Vinnakota Chapter 11 page 11-1

Axial load ratio, . Use LRFDS Eq. H1-1a.

Bending is about major axis only 6 M u y* = 0

Unbraced length, L b = 6.5 ft.

So, the W1240 of A992 steel is adequate. (Ans.)

Axial load ratio, . So, use LRFDS Eq. H1.1a.

As, from Table 10.4.1.

See Fig. P11.3 of the text book.

Axial load ratio, . So, use LRFDS Eq. H1.1a.

M nty = M 2y = 135 ft-kips

From LRFDM Table 5-3 for a W1296, Nb M py = 250 ft-kips

So, W1296 of A992 steel is adequate. (Ans.)

See Fig. P11.4 of the text book.

Axial load ratio, . Use LRFDS Eq. H1-1a.

Structure is braced in xx and yy planes

Unbraced length, L b = 12.5 ft.

The LHS of the interaction equation gives

So, the W12106 of A992 steel is adequate. (Ans.)

For a W1422 of A572 Grade 42 steel:

BF = ( Nb M px - Nb M rx ) / (L r - L p) = (105 - 69.6) /(11.0 - 4.01) = 5.06 kips

As (L p = 4.01 ft) < (L b = 8 ft) < (L r = 11.0 ft)

. So, use Eq. 11.9.11a (LRFDS Eq. H1-1a)

= 0.24 + 0.64 = 0.88 < 1.0 safe

See Fig. 5.2.5c of the text book.

Axial load ratio, . Use Eq. 11.9.11a (LRFDS Eq. H1-1a).

So, the W1068 of A992 steel is adequate. (Ans.)

Section W1060 of A992 steel

Uniformly distributed load, q u = 1.5 klf

Maximum first-order moment,

Unbraced length, L b = L y = 15.0 ft.

Substituting in the interaction equation, we get:

The W1060 of A992 steel selected is adequate. (Ans.)

See Fig. P11.8 of the text book.

Column section: W1033 of A992 steel.

Axial load ratio,

The interaction equation gives

So, the W1033 of A992 steel provided is adequate. (Ans.)

See Fig. P11.9 of the text book.

b. Design axial strength

Therefore, Eq. 11.9.11a (LRFDS Eq. H1-1a) governs.

c. Design bending strength

d. Required bending strength

Maximum factored, first-order, no-translation moment,

From Table 11.13.1, for

The factored, second-order bending moment,

So, the W824 of A242 Grade 50 steel is O.K. (Ans.)

From LRFDM Table 1-1, for a W1250, we obtain, A = 14.6 in.2

As, (L p = 6.92 ft) < (L b = 12 ft) < (L r = 21.5 ft),

T d = T d1 = Nt A g Fy = 0.90 14.6 50.0 = 657 kips

Axial load ratio,

So, use Eq. 11.9.11a (LRFDS Eq. H1-1a)

Factored axial load, Pu = 191 kips

b. Design axial strength

Axial load ratio,

c. Design flexural strength

M ux* = B 1x M ntx + B 2x M ltx = 1.00 156 + 1.06 104 = 266 ft-kips

e. Check interaction formula

Factored axial load, Pu = 428 kips

Bottom: no-translation moment = - 103 ft-kips

b. Check the section

So, use interaction Eq. 11.9.11a.

The laterally unbraced length L b is 14 ft.