Dry cleaning

Dry cleaning is any cleaning process for clothing and considered a potential carcinogen by the Environmental
textiles using a chemical solvent other than water. It is Protection Agency and the National Institute for Occu-
used to clean fabrics that degrade in water, and delicate pational Safety and Health (NIOSH).[4][5] In 1993, the
fabrics that cannot withstand the rough and tumble of California Air Resources Board adopted regulations to
a washing machine and clothes dryer. It can eliminate reduce PCE emissions from dry cleaning operations; the
labor-intensive hand washing. same year, the EPA did the same. The U.S. EPA up-
dated its regulation in 2006 to reect the availability of
Unlike what its name implies, dry cleaning is not actu-
ally a 'dry' process. Clothes are soaked in a dierent improved emission controls.
solvent other than water. The solvent used is typically The replacement of PCE with other solvents remains of
toxic tetrachloroethylene (perchloroethylene), which the interest as it will ultimately disappear from the market.
industry calls perc. Perc is the most widely used sol-
vent across the world, although new solvents have become
more popular in the United States and Europe, including 1.2 Infrastructure
hydrocarbons, Green Earth, and Solvon K4 .
Traditionally, the cleaning process was carried out at cen-
tralized factories. High street cleaners shops received
1 History garments from customers, sent them to the factory, and
then had them returned to the shop, where the customer
could collect them. This was due mainly to the risk of
Modern dry cleaning use of non-water-based solvents re or dangerous fumes created by the cleaning process.
to remove soil and stains from clothes was reported At this time, dry cleaning was carried out in two dierent
in 1855. The potential for using petroleum-based sol- machinesone for the cleaning process, and the second
vents such as gasoline and kerosene was recognized by to dry the garments.
French dye-works operator Jean Baptiste Jolly, who of-
fered a new service that became known as nettoyage Machines of this era were described as vented; their dry-
seci.e., dry cleaning.[1][2] Flammability concerns led ing exhausts were expelled to the atmosphere, the same as
William Joseph Stoddard, a dry cleaner from Atlanta, to many modern tumble-dryer exhausts. This not only con-
develop Stoddard solvent (white spirit) as a slightly less tributed to environmental contamination but also much
ammable alternative to gasoline-based solvents. The potentially reusable PCE was lost to the atmosphere.
use of highly ammable petroleum solvents caused many Much stricter controls on solvent emissions have ensured
res and explosions, resulting in government regulation that all dry cleaning machines in the Western world are
of dry cleaners. After World War I, dry cleaners be- now fully enclosed, and no solvent fumes are vented to
gan using chlorinated solvents. These solvents were much the atmosphere. In enclosed machines, solvent recov-
less ammable than petroleum solvents and had improved ered during the drying process is returned condensed and
cleaning power. distilled, so it can be reused to clean further loads or
safely disposed of. The majority of modern enclosed ma-
On March 3, 1821, Thomas L. Jennings became the rst chines also incorporate a computer-controlled drying sen-
African-American to be granted a United States patent, sor, which automatically senses when all detectable traces
for his cleaning process called dry scouring, which was of PCE have been removed. This system ensures that only
the precursor to dry cleaning.[3] small amounts of PCE fumes are released at the end of
the cycle.

1.1 Shift to tetrachloroethylene

By the mid-1930s, the dry cleaning industry had 2 Mechanism

adopted tetrachloroethylene (perchloroethylene), or PCE
for short, as the solvent. It has excellent cleaning power
and is stable, nonammable, and gentle to most garments.
PCE, however, was incidentally the rst chemical to be
classied as a carcinogen by the U.S. Consumer Prod-
uct Safety Commission. Tetrachloroethylene is currently
The mechanism of dry cleaning can be explained by se-
lective solubility, often known as like dissolves like
among chemists. Selective solubility refers to the phe-
nomena of how polar solutes dissolve in polar solvents
and non-polar solutes only dissolve in non-polar solvents.

1
2 3 PROCESS
Dry-cleaning utilizes non-polar solvents so that stains that
would normally not dissolve in water, easily dissolve. This
eliminates the needs for a high temperature and tumbling,
resulting in less damage to delicate fabrics.
Non-polar solvents are also good for some fabrics, espe-
cially natural fabrics, as the solvent does not interact with
any polar groups within the fabric. Water binds to these
polar groups which results in the swelling and stretching
of proteins within bers during laundry. Also, the bind-
ing of water molecules interferes with weak attractions
within the ber, resulting in the loss of the bers origi-
nal shape. After the laundry cycle, water molecules will
dry o. However, the original shape of the bers has al-
ready been distorted and this commonly results in shrink-
age. Non-polar solvents prevent this interaction, protect-
ing more delicate fabrics.
The usage of an eective solvent coupled with mechanical
friction from tumbling eectively removes stains.
3 Process
A modern dry cleaning machine with touchscreen and SPS con-
trol, manufacturer EazyClean, type EC124, photo taken prior to
installation
A dry-cleaning machine is similar to a combination of a
domestic washing machine and clothes dryer. Garments
are placed in the washing or extraction chamber (referred
to as the 'basket' or 'drum'), which constitutes the core of
the machine. The washing chamber contains a horizontal,
perforated drum that rotates within an outer shell. The
shell holds the solvent while the rotating drum holds the
garment load. The basket capacity is between about 10
and 40 kg (20 to 80 lb).
During the wash cycle, the chamber is lled approxi-
mately one-third full of solvent and begins to rotate, ag-
Series 3 Dry cleaning machine with PLC control, manufacturer,
BWE Textile cleaning Germany
itating the clothing. The solvent temperature is main-
tained at 30 degrees Celsius (86 degrees Fahrenheit), as a
higher temperature may damage it. During the wash cy-
cle, the solvent in the chamber (commonly known as the
cage' or 'tackle box') is passed through a ltration cham-
ber and then fed back into the 'cage'. This is known as the
cycle and is continued for the wash duration. The solvent
is then removed and sent to a distillation unit consisting
of a boiler and condenser. The condensed solvent is fed
into a separator unit where any remaining water is sepa-
rated from the solvent and then fed into the 'clean solvent'
tank. The ideal ow rate is roughly 8 liters of solvent per
kilogram of garments per minute, depending on the size
of the machine.
Garments are also checked for foreign objects. Items
such as plastic pens will dissolve in the solvent bath and
may damage textiles beyond recovery. Some textile dyes
are loose (red being the main culprit), and will shed dye
during solvent immersion. These will not be included in a
load along with lighter-color textiles to avoid color trans-
fer. The solvent used must be distilled to remove impuri-
ties that may transfer to clothing. Garments are checked
for dry cleaning compatibility, including fasteners. Many
decorative fasteners either are not solvent proof or will
not withstand the mechanical action of cleaning. These
will be removed and restitched after the cleaning, or pro-
tected with a small padded protector. Fragile items, such
as feather bedspreads or tasseled rugs or hangings, may
be enclosed in a loose mesh bag. The density of per-
chloroethylene is around 1.7 g/cm3 at room temperature
 3

(70% heavier than water), and the sheer weight of ab-

sorbed solvent may cause the textile to fail under normal
force during the extraction cycle unless the mesh bag pro-
vides mechanical support.
Not all stains can be removed by dry cleaning. Some
need to be treated with spotting solvents sometimes
by steam jet or by soaking in special stain-remover liq-
uids before garments are washed or dry cleaned. Also,
garments stored in soiled condition for a long time are
dicult to bring back to their original color and texture.
Natural bers such as wool, cotton, and silk of lighter col-
ors when left in dirty or soiled condition for long periods
are unlikely to be restored to their original color and n- Many dry cleaners place cleaned clothes inside thin clear plastic
ish. garment bags
A typical wash cycle lasts for 8-15 minutes depending on
the type of garments and degree of soiling. During the traces of solvent, by circulating cool outside air over the
rst three minutes, solvent-soluble soils dissolve into the garments and then through a vapor recovery lter made
perchloroethylene and loose, insoluble soil comes o. It from activated carbon and polymer resins. After the aer-
takes 10-12 minutes after the loose soil has come o to ation cycle, the garments are clean and ready for pressing
remove the ground-in insoluble soil from garments. Ma- and nishing.
chines using hydrocarbon solvents require a wash cycle of
at least 25 minutes because of the much slower rate of sol-
vation of solvent-soluble soils. A dry cleaning surfactant
soap may also be added.
4 Solvent processing
At the end of the wash cycle, the machine starts a rinse
cycle where the garment load is rinsed with fresh distilled
solvent from the pure solvent tank. This pure solvent
rinse prevents discoloration caused by soil particles being
absorbed back onto the garment surface from the 'dirty'
working solvent.
After the rinse cycle, the machine begins the extraction
process, which recovers the solvent for reuse. Modern
machines recover approximately 99.99% of the solvent
employed. The extraction cycle begins by draining the
solvent from the washing chamber and accelerating the
A Firbimatic Saver Series. This machine uses Activate Clay Fil-
basket to 350450 rpm, causing much of the solvent to tration instead of distillation. It uses much less energy than con-
spin free of the fabric. Until this time, the cleaning is done ventional methods.
in normal temperature, as the solvent is never heated in
dry cleaning process. When no more solvent can be spun Working solvent from the washing chamber passes
out, the machine starts the drying cycle. through several ltration steps before it is returned to the
During the drying cycle, the garments are tumbled in a washing chamber. The rst step is a button trap, which
stream of warm air (6063 C/140145 F) that circu- prevents small objects such as lint, fasteners, buttons, and
lates through the basket, evaporating traces of solvent left coins from entering the solvent pump.
after the spin cycle. The air temperature is controlled Over time, a thin layer of lter cake (called muck) accu-
to prevent heat damage to the garments. The exhausted mulates on the lint lter. The muck is removed regularly
warm air from the machine then passes through a chiller (commonly once per day) and then processed to recover
unit where solvent vapors are condensed and returned solvent trapped in the muck. Many machines use spin
to the distilled solvent tank. Modern dry cleaning ma- disk lters", which remove the muck from the lter by
chines use a closed-loop system in which the chilled air centrifugal force while it is back washed with solvent.
is reheated and recirculated. This results in high solvent
After the lint lter, the solvent passes through an
recovery rates and reduced air pollution. In the early
absorptive cartridge lter. This lter is made from ac-
days of dry cleaning, large amounts of perchlorethylene
tivated clays and charcoal and removes ne insoluble soil
were vented to the atmosphere because it was regarded as
and non-volatile residues, along with dyes from the sol-
cheap and believed to be harmless.
vent. Finally, the solvent passes through a polishing l-
After the drying cycle is complete, a deodorizing ter, which removes any soil not previously removed. The
(aeration) cycle cools the garments and removes further clean solvent is then returned to the working solvent tank.
4 6 DRY-CLEANING WASTE

To enhance cleaning power, small amounts of detergent

(0.51.5%) are added to the working solvent and are es-
sential to its functionality. These detergents emulsify
hydrophobic soils and keep soil from redepositing on gar-
ments. Depending on the machines design, either an an-
ionic or a cationic detergent is used.
Since the solvent recovery is less than 100%, and be- Very gentle cleaning with
cause dry cleaning does not remove water-based stains hydrocarbon solvents
well, entrepreneurs have developed the wet cleaning pro-
cess, which is, in essence, cold-water washing and air dry-
ing, using a computer-controlled washer and dryer. In
general, wet cleaning is regarded as being in its infancy,
although low-tech versions of it have been used for cen-
turies.

5 Symbols Dryclean,
tetrachloroethylene (PCE) only
The international GINETEX laundry symbol for dry
cleaning is a circle. It may have the letter P inside
it to indicate perchloroethylene solvent, or the letter
F to indicate a ammable solvent (Feuergefhrliches
Schwerbenzin). A bar underneath the circle indicates
that only mild cleaning processes is recommended. A
crossed-out empty circle indicates that dry cleaning is not
permitted.[6]
Gentle cleaning with PCE

Professional cleaning sym-

bol
Very gentle cleaning with
PCE

Dry clean, hydrocarbon

solvent only (HCS) Do not dry clean

6 Dry-cleaning waste
Wastes are potentially hazardous, and restrictions often
apply to disposal.
Gentle cleaning with hydro- Cooked powder residue is the name for the waste ma-
carbon solvents terial generated by cooking down or distilling muck. It
will contain solvent, powdered lter material (diatomite),
8.3 Dibutoxymethane 5

carbon, non-volatile residues, lint, dyes, grease, soils,
and water. The waste sludge or solid residue from the
still contains solvent, water, soils, carbon, and other non-
volatile residues. Used lters are another form of waste
as is waste water.
7 Toxicity and environmental ef-
fects 8.3 Dibutoxymethane
Mobil's DF-2000 or Chevron Phillips' EcoSolv. These
petroleum-based solvents are less aggressive than PCE
and require a longer cleaning cycle. Although com-
bustible, these solvents do not present a high risk of re
or explosion when used properly. Hydrocarbon also con-
tains volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that contribute
to smog.[13] Pure Dry is another brand.

Further information: Tetrachloroethylene Health and Dibutoxymethane (SolvonK4) is a bipolar solvent that
safety removes water-based stains and oil-based stains. Dibu-
toxymethane is considered to be one of the best replace-
ments solvents for PCE as cleaning performance is very
PCE is classied as carcinogenic to humans by the United similar.
States Environmental Protection Agency[7] and must be
handled as a hazardous waste. To prevent it from getting
into drinking water, dry cleaners that use PCE must take 8.4 Liquid silicone
special precautions.
When released into the air, PCE can contribute to smog Liquid silicone (decamethylcyclopentasiloxane or D5) is
when it reacts with other volatile organic compounds.[8] gentler on garments than PCE and does not cause color
California declared perchloroethylene a toxic chemical loss. Though more environmentally friendly, it is more
in 1991, and its use will become illegal in that state in expensive. It degrades within days in the environment to
2023.[9] silicon dioxide and trace amounts of water and carbon
dioxide (CO2 ). It produces nontoxic, nonhazardous
The most popular alternative to PCE is
waste. Toxicity tests by Dow Corning show the solvent
decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (liquid silicone),
to increase the incidence of tumors in female rats (no ef-
called D5 for short. It is popularized by GreenEarth
fects were seen in male rats), but further research con-
Cleaning.[10]
cluded that the eects observed in rats are not relevant
CO2 represents an alternative to PCE, however CO2 is to humans because the biological pathway that results in
inferior in removing some forms of grime.[11] Research tumor formation is unique to rats.[14]
has pursued additive surfactants to improve the ecacy
of CO.[12]
8.5 Brominated solvents

8 Solvents used

8.1 Perchloroethylene

Perchloroethylene (PCE, or tetrachloroethylene) has

been in use since the 1940s. PCE is the most common
solvent, the standard for cleaning performance. It is a
most aggressive cleaner. It can cause color bleeding/loss,
especially at higher temperatures, and may damage spe-
cial trims, buttons, and beads on some garments. Bet-
ter for oil-based stains (which account for about 10% of
stains) than more common water-soluble stains (coee,
wine, blood, etc.). Known for leaving a characteristic
chemical smell on garments. Nonammable. PCE is
becoming less popular due to its ground contamination
problems and potential health eects.

8.2 Hydrocarbons A modern dry cleaning machine for use with various solvents

Hydrocarbons are most like standard dry cleaning but Brominated solvents (n-propyl bromide, Fabrisolv, Dry-
the processes use hydrocarbon solvents such as Exxon- Solv) are solvents with a higher KB-values than PCE.
6 10 REFERENCES

This allows faster cleaning, but can damage some syn-
thetic beads and sequins if not used correctly. Health-
wise, there are reported risks associated with nPB such
as numbness of nerves.[15] The exposure to the solvents
in a typical dry cleaner is considered far below the lev-
els required to cause any risk.[16] Environmentally, it is
approved by the U.S. EPA as an alternative to hazardous
solvents used in the past. It is among the more expensive
solvents, but due its faster cleaning, lower temperatures,
and quick dry times, its considered to have the same or
lower costs overall for the entire process.
solubility, 2-propanol has shown increased cleaning ef-
fects for liquid carbon dioxide as it increases the ability
of the solvent to dissolve polar molecules while other an-
tistatic agents are also being researched.[18]
Furthermore, machinery is expensive up to $90,000
more than a PCE machine, making aordability dicult
for small businesses. Some cleaners with these machines
keep traditional machines on-site for the heavier soiled
textiles, but others nd plant enzymes to be equally ef-
fective and more environmentally sustainable.

8.7 Glycol Ethers

8.6 Carbon dioxide
Glycol ethers (dipropylene glycol tertiary-butyl ether,
Supercritical CO2 , which is the liquid form of carbon Rynex, Solvair, Caled GenX and Impress) are proposed
dioxide above a critical temperature and critical pressure, as environmentally friendly competitors to PCE with pro-
contains a lot of potential, as supercritical CO2 is not only cessing advantages including lower cycle times, reduced
mild but the usage of carbon dioxide as a dry-cleaning detergent use, and better cleaning.
solvent provides a means to reduce carbon dioxide levels
in the atmosphere.
8.8 Modied Alcohol
8.6.1 Advantages
Modied alcohol (SENSENE) is an environmentally
friendly alternative for PCE and HCS with processing
Carbon dioxide is almost entirely nontoxic and carbon advantages. Better cleaning than PCE, less greying than
dioxide cleaned clothing does not give o volatile com- with HCS, reduced nishing eort and very low odor.
pounds. This resolves health-related concerns regarding
traditional solvents and reduces environmental impact.
Furthermore, the greenhouse gas potential is also lower 8.9 Historical
than that of many organic solvents.
Carbon dioxide cleaning can also be used for re- and Carbon tetrachloride highly toxic
water-damage restoration due to its eectiveness in re-
moving toxic residues, soot and associated odors of re. Trichloroethane overly aggressive and harsh

Stoddard solvent very ammable and explosive,

8.6.2 Concerns 100 F/38 C ash point

CFC-113 (Freon-113) ozone destroying CFC

Consumer Reports rated this method superior to conven-
tional methods, but the Drycleaning and Laundry Insti-
tute commented on its fairly low cleaning ability in a
2007 report.[17] Supercritical CO2 is, overall, a mild sol- 9 See also
vent which lowers its ability to aggressively attack stains.
Another concern with supercritical CO2 is that the con- Fabric restoration
ductivity of this solvent is poor. As mentioned in the GreenEarth Cleaning
Mechanisms section, dry cleaning utilizes both chemical
and mechanical properties to eectively remove stains. List of laundry topics
Friction occurs when the solvent interacts with the surface
of the fabric and this dislocates some dirt. At the same Wet cleaning
time, the friction also builds up an electrical charge. Fab-
rics are very poor conductors and so usually, this build-up
is discharged through the solvent. This discharge does not 10 References
occur in liquid carbon dioxide and the build-up of an elec-
trical charge on the surface of the fabric attracts the dirt
[1] How Dry Cleaning Works. Sci-
back on to the surface. This results in a poor eciency in ence.howstuworks.com. Retrieved 2006-03-30.
the washing process overall. To make up for the poor sol-
ubility and conductivity of supercritical carbon dioxide, [2] How To Setup a Dry Cleaning Business. Jalingo.co. Re-
current research is focused on additives. For increased trieved 2015-08-19.
 7

[3] U.S. Congress Resolution H. Res. 514 Honoring Thomas

Jennings of New York City as the rst African-American
to be granted a patent by the United States. U.S. Gov-
ernment Printing Oce. Retrieved 2015-03-21.

[4] http://www3.epa.gov/airtoxics/hlthef/tet-ethy.html

[5] http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/cancer/npotocca.html#
t

[6] Professional textile care symbols. GINETEX - Swiss

Association for Textile Labelling. Retrieved 2013-07-18.

[7] EPA Releases Final Health Assessment for TCE Septem-

ber 2011. Accessed 2011-09-28.

[8] U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Oce of Pollu-

tion Prevention and Toxics. Chemicals in the Environ-
ment: Perchloroethylene. 1994-08. Retrieved on 2007-
08-15.

[9] California bans dry cleaning chemical. msnbc.com.

2007-01-25.

[10] Tarantola, Andrew. Theres a Better Way to Dry Clean

Your Clothes. Gizmodo. Retrieved 2016-08-29.

[11] Dry-cleaning with CO2 wins award [Science] Resource.

Resource.wur.nl. 2010-10-12. Retrieved 2013-03-14.

[12] How can we use carbon dioxide as a solvent?". Contem-

porary topics in school science. Retrieved 2016-08-29.

[13] Immediato, Linda. Wet is the New Dry. Archived

September 30, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. LA
Weekly: La Vida. 2007-01-17. Retrieved on 2007-08-15.

[14] Silicones Environmental, Health and Safety Council.

Fact Sheet: D5 in wetCleaning. December 2004. Ac-
cessed 2007-07-30, unavailable 5 July 2013.

[15] HAZARD EVALUATION 1-Bromopropane July

2003. Accessed 2014-Jan-22

[16] Azimi Pirsaraei, S. R.; Khavanin, A; Asilian, H; Soleima-

nian, A (2009). Occupational exposure to perchloroethy-
lene in dry-cleaning shops in Tehran, Iran. Industrial
health. 47 (2): 1559. PMID 19367044.

[17] Drycleaning and Laundry Institute. The DLI White Pa-

per: Key Information on Industry Solvents. The Western
Cleaner & Launderer, August 2007.

[18] , Townsend, Carl W.; Sidney C. Chao & Edna M. Purer,

Liquid carbon dioxide cleaning system employing a static
dissipating uid

11 External links
Hazard Summary provided by the United States En-
vironmental Protection Agency.

NIOSH Safety and Health Topic: Drycleaning

8 12 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

12 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

12.1 Text
Dry cleaning Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_cleaning?oldid=767741124 Contributors: Mav, Taral, Sabre23t, Atorpen, SJK,
DavidLevinson, Kwertii, Liftarn, Gbleem, Mbessey, HappyDog, Itai, EdwinHJ, Donreed, Lowellian, Bkell, Tea2min, Alan Liefting,
Mcapdevila, Deus Ex, Golbez, PenguiN42, Toytoy, Antandrus, Mrtrey99, Rich Farmbrough, Cacycle, Bender235, Alereon, Prozaic,
Giraedata, Caeruleancentaur, Abstraktn, Alansohn, Giano, Zsero, ProhibitOnions, RJFJR, Tweek, Gene Nygaard, Ylem, Torqueing,
KKramer~enwiki, Nightscream, Adjusting, The wub, Klonimus, Ground Zero, Unixan, Gurch, Ja seed, Random user 39849958, The
Rambling Man, YurikBot, Wavelength, DMahalko, RadioFan, Stephenb, Manop, Gaius Cornelius, GeeJo, Dialectric, Smartyhall, Urmston,
Kamranjune, Misza13, Elkman, James Grimmelmann, Wknight94, ColinMcMillen, Reyk, Esprit15d, Kevin, JLaTondre, Tsiaojian lee, Yb-
bor, CharlieHuang, RichF, ChemGardener, Amalthea, Crystallina, SmackBot, KnowledgeOfSelf, Melchoir, Procient, JoeMarce, Fry-
master, JJay, Kintetsubualo, Edgar181, Septegram, Gilliam, Drn8, Jprg1966, Thumperward, MxAesir, Los3, RayAYang, Deli nk, Anton-
rojo, Cybercobra, Derek R Bullamore, Smokefoot, Ddbennett, Drphilharmonic, Huga, Roger.lee, Tom3605, Vina-iwbot~enwiki, Zaphraud,
J 1982, Breno, TastyPoutine, NJA, Coleferguson, Iridescent, Tony Fox, Courcelles, Eastlaw, Jamamala, Pollenberg, CmdrObot, Ninety-
one, Serhii, Ken Gallager, Chrissy385, Cydebot, Oosoom, Rieman 82, Gogo Dodo, Islander, Brad101, FrancoGG, Epbr123, Qwyrxian,
Dasani, Marek69, RobDe68, Sirpent, TurboForce, Julia Rossi, MER-C, Albany NY, Primarscources, Magioladitis, Bongwarrior, CheMe-
chanical, Swpb, Froid, LorenzoB, Incomplet, Oneoverzero, Bigcroc, Thnch, Jim.henderson, Keith D, Jarhed, Jayden54, Viewfromthe-
bridge, Supernova87a, KylieTastic, Steinberger, ABF, Seattle Skier, Bacchus87, Aesopos, TXiKiBoT, WilliamSommerwerck, Mikezablu,
HLHJ, Idrvball, Rich Janis, LeaveSleaves, Bodybagger, Jawalkarnz, Carlsbad science, Dmcq, Kobalt64, Districtcleaners, Bytenik, Unit-
know, Yintan, LibStar, Seaniedan, Bseay, ClueBot, Milosh1414, Anheyla, KayakDog, Skasnotdead, Alohapanda, Gaia Octavia Agrippa,
Nicola husain, Ben Creasy, JustinClarkCasey, Tisdalepardi, Markgriz, Nhclean, ChrisHodgesUK, Ja0492, Heyzeuss, Qwfp, Contains Mild
Peril, Cmactaggart, Nafsadh, Jnegan, Mimarx, MystBot, Dubeerforme, Good Olfactory, Donkang, Addbot, Willking1979, Beef Shower,
Otisjimmy1, Americanaquarium, Tide rolls, Lightbot, FoPen, Jarble, Ben Ben, Legobot, Donfbreed, Karanne, AnomieBOT, Jim1138, Pi-
ano non troppo, Sz-iwbot, Bluerasberry, Je Muscato, Materialscientist, Citation bot, LilHelpa, JimVC3, Capricorn42, Asjdhfsdhskajh,
GrouchoBot, Consolepedia, Pink cloudy sky, Lexy-lou, FrescoBot, Molecular Dreamer, Paine Ellsworth, Haeinous, Outback the koala,
PigFlu Oink, Tinton5, Skyerise, Prof.Palty, Cleankidnyc, Limara, Ecocleaners.us, Callanecc, GregKaye, Jam187, Weedwhacker128,
DARTH SIDIOUS 2, Mean as custard, Markos Strofyllas, Rayman60, Jawalkar.anant, GoingBatty, Annwhent2, JohnValeron, Slightsmile,
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wBot, Atefrat, Regulov, BG19bot, Northamerica1000, Jb31415, Kreativt, Jobin RV, Carolann592003, NorthCoastReader, Waterproof-
breathable, Fishuulu, Yameanoda, Donkang2, Corn cheese, Mark viking, Princeton wu, Simonpratt, Ashleyleia, AlexS1989, ArthurJo-
masSmith, Ultraturbo23, BethNaught, Mr.CalabiYau, GrizzleGray, Caled Chemical, Zehen Arora, Alexarrighi, KasparBot, DryCleaner1,
InternetArchiveBot, DJHSYD1234, Valerieap, GreenC bot, Michaelsuk7, Jbelluscio, Hypnoolo, Rohesther and Anonymous: 347

12.2 Images
File:Ambox_important.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg License: Public do-
main Contributors: Own work, based o of Image:Ambox scales.svg Original artist: Dsmurat (talk contribs)
File:Dry_clean_rack.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/Dry_clean_rack.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.0
Contributors: Dry cleaning Original artist: Simon Law from Montral, QC, Canada
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SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Los3
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EC124_dry_cleaning_machine.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mr.CalabiYau
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