103. Dynomie Stuctral Analysis Yea Transom Thermal Anais 308 Lomped versus Constant M ‘Conse Nate S84 Tamed Mass and Cpacance Maices 86 106. soiuion Methods 107. Twe-Point Recurrence Schemes: The Finke Ditfrence Method Fran! Dine Scheme 589 Bika Deen Scheme 291 Cound ieee Sten 91 Samay an Apne fhe Pserb 108 twoToint Recurrence Schemes: The Finite Eloment Method Pom Cllostoe 59% Sibonmincolcaion $97 cave 7 109. Three Pont Aenurence Schemes Spot Cas 08 Thal and Boundary Contiaes 6 10:0 itroution to Modal Analysis Feterncae Probleme Appendix A _ Structural and Thermal Properties, ‘RA Structural Propartos ‘2 Thormal Properies Appendix B _ Program TRUSS Bt Using of Souree Code for Program TRUSS 82 Description of Input to Program TRUSS ‘Appendix Active Zone Equation Solvers Index @2 883 g ou oe ee 23 eae 627 647 1 General Concepts itRoDUCTION. Te frit semeat mod of analy i very pomefl,modem compan ‘oo The mo hs been ued at ir ring th at 15 yeas oe ‘ery complex src eniscring prob, prclly nthe air any. Ie nom pining wide aceplane star dpi Sach 3 tema Srl May mechan, and lecromapnctes. The had regis the eof ii ‘impute tec fhe lage numberof cmpuaons volved "Grate ke many diferent sometimes ery dive, forms ad tz ny “tect mates. Ofatines sacral fs componed of a mulude of Inara Forest, tiges nd space deployahe ants ee Boh suc, orth hardly semi eachetherinsppearance nd materia. A space-depoyble steno lok ike ge tel tt loved ding lunch an opened Seplyed. ence in eh ex. gue I shows an antenna in the deployed on guration. The stata design ard alysis ofthis anna was doe wit ge Sate kmeat compte pogra ich as NASTRAN [al STARDYNE [2 nthe dexgn o 3 big, engine ae concerned with the eres develop in the bsg a eal of te eat of he Neils riding on nase 10 ‘tind ens and ison weight Tes ens are portant Bose al aerials ave upper tims cn alowahe rene. When the sllomabe ever exceed he strstr a) ho longer efor lated anton. te exeme as, ae suture may cally colle. A tagic example ofthis is the cals af two 32 fon skys athe Hyat Regency Hot in Kass Cy on July 27, 198 Inte ese of he syace-cpoyale amen, excessively lage dein of| is carfly contort amelie sac wil dtr the ankna peor103. Dynomie Stuctural Analysis Yea TransonThormel Anais 103. Lumped Vetus Connstone Maes ‘Costes Matee S84 Tamed Massa Cpacance Maices 86 106. soision Methods 107 Two-Point Recurrence Schemes: The Fine Ditfrence Method Tran Ditnnce Scheme 589 Bikes Downe ekeme 291 Coun Diese Ste Samay an Ayes fhe Preserbd 108 twoToint Recurrence Schemes: The Finite Eloment Method om Clloaiae 59% Sibonminclcsion $97 caviar 7 109. Three Pont Recurrence Schemes Spot Cas 608 Thal and Boundry Cootions 6tt 10:0 introduction to Model Analysis References Probleme Appendix A Structural and Thermal Properties, RA Structural Propartos 2 Thormal Properties Appendix B Program TRUSS Bt Usting of Souree Code for Program TRUSS B2 Description of Input to Program TRUSS ‘Appendix Active Zone Equation Solvers Index € 2 883 g ou e18 ee 623 23 baa 627 647 1 General Concepts iTRODUCTION. The frie element method of analysis very power. mde computational ‘oo The med ha bee ued at ier rng he at 15 yea he “ery complex sacral ening prob, pricy the ara an. io un a ene tr Spe sah ermal ‘computer tee ofthe lange sumr of computa voled rcs tks many fee, emetines very vee, fre wie my “itcet mae. Ofer scr isl scoponed of a mld of Inara Fr expe, ties nd space deployate antennas ae boss, orth hardly semble cach tern pearance nd materi. A space-depoyble stern loks ike gm tel tat loved ding Inch an pened Seplyed. ence in eh xb. Fgue I shows an antenma in the deployed on guration. The Stata dsipn ard analysis ofthis aneana was doe Wit age ate kmeat computer program sich as NASTRAN [Ian STARDYNE [2 nthe devgn oa big, engine ae concerned with the eres develop in the bg a al of te esp of he Neils riding on naan 10 ‘tind ens and is ow weight Thee rns are portant Bae aria Tae upper tims cn alowabe ese, When the sllowabe recy excel "he stata) ho longer efor ts itn anton. tn te exeme a, he suture may actaly collapse. A tai example of his is the clase af two 32 ton skys athe Hat Regey Hot in Kars Cy on July 27, 198 Inte ese of he suce-cepoyale ann, excessively lage dein of| is carflly contort ambvelalikesrace wil dtrose the ants peformance the dations re oo lag, tae ay’ mot eae opr is od bythe hosting eect of the hin when cone. I pst oral of Testi hema nals ppcaton, wer eto ow be tps siti ebay bee tale. For example ote sp neu of Gn av fk of fe temper change Tm the tenpeaie etles are determined. Some reno ob how ach fet ow tnd presues i geared sm ina call gfe, for eam say be ing wud oy Yo ove ese and a Tesi be abo hats 2 pos to oti cost frm slo, but he LN some problems chaste bridge and space deployable stn, may pclae feaing condone Te fn element thd is partly weld a hadie thes and oer onpicons 1-2 WHAT IS THE FINITE ELEMENT METHOD? ‘scometis can be easily accommodated. Not that hi des (J. 1 ppp) pada Before expiiog is Tt ee Be we may ti an imegully shaped pte Figure 1.3 some nich» plate Byway of sation, ftw sy fat hefor analysts cis hey thor allow us 9 compe the ter Stes pit and eee an nie amir of hem) nthe eon esac the sola enesed gp a wathemteal uncon of «an ate foes T= {2 Foe he plate in Fig. 1, the egw omy presides sich a cloed- fon soln, Theos, nal apache sash nen of rein fn the emperors he determined a every pe is he Pin, le ws change ths ueasnsherouetet to ¢ctrniaion Of he te Portree ite ut of piss. wouh appar hat hese play could Ie taken asthe eres (or mde) of the tangs: gue I-t shows th ple Sse io several wang elements. Note Row te cured foun’ re ‘proximate by the staphsided tinge. The te eet had wl provide ‘He analyst wih he erp ofthe ae only tthe ol pins nkpltion fantom are nd within cach element descr he variation of ted earble (ea ete eld vale sth temperate) foi of the gob coo Snes rand yn the cave. Kaowledpe of the epee the nl pints Slows the ato ser be prea emperate fd within the ean. These temperatures ae le refered ts the oda omperaares Fram se he Ba ‘ows tugh each lament ae ao ex dete ‘As meson are, highspeed gia compu is wed © perf the tage unter of computtonsinvoed. An analyst mint prove the rela compar propa withthe coords f cach nove, element dfn, mel ‘aa, boundary covdin tate Generally te acura inprowes ste name ‘of ime incense, bt computation, an ene cot ones. Thee ‘nose foreneiene on ng demi the nmi fem 0 Be {hol The compute prog teint be tempertr a each ae ad te het ows hgh each clement. The els re nul prise x pete ia rpc form, The Seals ny ten we th fara nthe desig ce ‘although the example chosen above was in he heat waster ae, the sae asec aplaleo te Sealand the Has af, a well 8 ote Ina strata mali aplicaon, the fe variable may be laces ot dtetios and slopes. There, in a str ate cement mde, We de termine the naa dpicemens andr the moa defetone and slopes FO These he sses andor Feng mere witin am clement are easy ied Ina fii om ana, he el are ae freuen ba says. ea Figure 1-4 cet tapespte own iets iy wget ‘elo and pressure. Teer he cores fii len mel eas 3 serminaton of tee params ae aoa! ps. Thse rls a hen Be ‘sel wo ba te Sher Susser within each een tyne needa, In summarizing the 60 Ke Mes ofthe fmt enc eto se (1) crsizaton of the region feng arlene fine clones an 2) fs eso ‘merpolating polyomias wo deci th arton ofa eld table hiss Clement. Bh of tose ars ar developed insu chyes However, he pser of dcretizaton can be deena by Ing se th ae Bishown a Soe 13 13 biscRETZaTION Let us yf comput the cicumferese of ce witout asuing a vale of + Ifthe eeumference canbe computed (ost es approximate) this ay, the value of my he competed apposmatly, sine the ccm o rosie! from he wellknown dation a8 a | ~~ = Two worn opt tn eat te acy sansa a a oe - ;£ (= inimical se onesies ee Dept tpn wa cp oa a inl nts one's ee ane Farce — 6h =rr——™—~— Eur ei nw mir or ee ‘ew tay Clot Pear opie a Ur ‘sim er ee iy a0 hee Re th i i my pe awe Rea DL—rC ———— Tone donee EL™rtété‘“—C*wMC—~—s—S se ut nr setae es ee etc he sunray 0 cet ts Teel eee a ”—rr—————L Sto cea aes ue —.—rti<“—~—~—sOS sc moni a ale ne inc “ern mei Hest odo csFigure 18. ts of te mtd feasting the aur cae (a) ar Lawerbtnd neat ying bd tang (0) Up bd ‘ena ying seus! lr, whet was actly eile to tga in some css, no fis extant treaties. Meuron ofa Cite, Archimedes pled te vile ofthe iar ference of weil Between 3 and $9 ne te dame, Conse en limits were placed on he vale of. Arough ths tughou the apes subse ‘nlm improved he vals of, ino Eons and chien who wee aly "Espo for detiing the ale of thi inportat consta, ‘By way of stration lt vs ect sequence f apposite vs of | ‘ny ishing and ccs repulrpaypoe lse an an cle shown n ip 1-8 forthe eu of rp lr td sieumsenbed tg, ‘The lets of theses ofthe olor ae Fea measured saan the a ‘Suh ud not cred, and the fesling ower an ppt hun ae ly Figure 1-4 Appovnton 6 camo of el ya a cd ate 2 camer ace. elt fom. (1). The rests re given ia Table (fist, fr an ight Sided polygon thc, foreach successive cae oubing te me of sides ni {stgzeies 148.576 sds [6] ae wed—ence he name mtb of exhason ‘ove hate ker exiateConverges more apy the nse vale Tor (0f 5.141025 (to 10 decimal ple) “These simple an aniqutd expe ills he concept of icreron— tie een uf hich the von oars, moe iu robe no rer ‘Table 14 Caan of the Va of by he Met of Exo Using Ist nt Ceaser Hep Pye ‘le popes go 2 iesisisee Sons ee Stamatis Sarin eau Asimosi9 ‘eee tains 6 tspessas neoconsof sal, single robes sch the sm of he los fr the ge prolens. in snc sense, aprons te slong robe. The fone cau cual ome. The camp sing he evan of ‘Tutisedsncr te cnent the ine clone The rea, ethene BTS. ea two-imensonal emer, wher he ll omen m Ainesotal ute apopetly ti twodincroonl kent ways tevate Sore, wes fe tre-dmerinal coment wo toed determin the et fSne (sich kop tay Hee. enced). Rt apa fhre-dincmtnal cms ach asad etna prs (BS ny be und he met exhaustion eine ie voine of deine Sona objets wih compas today. 144 RELATIONSHIP TO THE FINITE-DIFFERENCE METHOD ‘The fine diference meta (FDM) fa erate solution ecnigae ht may be seta ete ame types of rons fo whch int eat mst (FEM) esos Thin pricy ue the cies of trl andi Now ashes Bosh mete gue he salto Ure the Sacto, oreo Being ale or modsed. Hower the aim whic the dseetzaton does ‘amet direst For the pups of this dscusin, I us eset our aeton to te ew0- ‘inesinal ce sold be ele ht he nul an rectangle lets ty be wed in FEM. So sno scr the Ra oi th foe mae ee [eta fone rest he Caco oh ao te rectanel eenI FEM, the mde ar pled the commer the resanles Sis the rectangle fost ores, the eur noes. Tis Gute fleet fom He way i Which he Tm FDM, the object orp ig aly vied it ate umber ot lumps. Nove hat the Word "anp.” oo he weed een” used I he Susie POM approach, each of hse lumps is sted ote a cmt vale of the pertinent fell varble (hie vale however, may be a faction of ine in trae probes) or cxampc, nw best air othr analy problem the revit field varale i he temperate Teer, each fp woud Be ‘other Since tect fmp i the seems natal th the ode fo {heap souls soca mt ith any of cores, bart geome ‘emer a ea: Figure 17 shows tet dle! ets of deren Tn Fig. 1-7) type ctl ne element en with foe anes. stole read om te dctson i Sex 1-2 tht exch of the foe ees. ‘may have a fer vale ofthe ek warble space, epee, “elites ese, te) shoul foner he eld ht by ui eri Tancon fo thei arbi win cach clement, the Fil arabe generally conan over an ment bt vr im some presented mer depending 0 the iteration poyoomil being ned Figure 1-7 Twominyeso Seton a Axle nian cloen sas, yA ump wed ine cere mass Note aoc) od (teow ena emp Fite 110) shows pial mp used ie FDM anys. The ome and oly sade apeas at he cat fhe etna ang tis ease, te ei ap ‘sued ave a const vale of he el varie ln oth FEM snd FONE he ves represent he locations a whic he eld waa ae be determined “To urbe state he dfeence tenth FEM and FM aprons, ws sretize a ectnplr pate imo clement ps sath the sane att ‘frou usd in each ease. Fgues 8) and ()cealy show the dilleence wes theo poaces.The FDM dsc a Fig. 1a egies at foods are to be placed the pat Boas fe to npn ese "enpertn thisBoudy), the te sara me esly oe lh soe ofan nro mp. Care tmp ae sen tof noth these of nee lamps. This asanes that he nodes are wo bey spaced they ae nt ths situton i even mere comple. Nate tha fo the FEM dseaton i Fig 1s cnet fe sie oy acd os dale {9 assign nodes ta fe not equal pace, the FEM approach i mere eal nat 0 iy lorena in eae in which he port af the gon beige ‘is ieaul, as shown in Fig. 1-9), the anglrad Gudatea lenents ‘outiey wed, andi is sen tha te pate Pundis pponit ite Well awe 1-8 Rasputin sa (repr cen te met ayn 7with ee cements. Now tat feet leet yes ay ewe i te sae odes bey he se he ng, rang aa lone On te ond he some peste amps oan FM SEINE thownin Fi. thn elev te anda ecomes ed wiht te alent stm wn cal etleence equ or ee sidestep mle clit the caved ban Use te feoetatin FEM, te FDM fou not Whe eve Bos pe dtc mets of dicrizion i FEM and FDM Heer, mt the ony sli rats toe tp of orm. In FDM Bebe ence frat noes ue nt hw of tea (oe ‘Slo oreo or Neto’ sein aw fmt. Fr eanple m9 ha ‘Ese tran, an ery sce ae on ech amp. Tn ates Stugorwand act en caved nda prea). “IRFEAog es t) aes rnhinD wee me lanl ure pps ape te ke uch 5 he poe atl {TO vara! need, sal ops ed! mods. These aos met {STEM fomuline se desop in etal toou se For sat hese als tens he pip al nok mi ly ews Smeaton aplanetetd fwepl reals wl "WSSton chet. Te enor tvnag he etal weighed rei ‘etvutnea omulios wl ce ven Chpes a8 Ashe ame spi, he verano ure kelp of atta cas, a0 ‘row savages “45_ ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES, (OF THE FINITE ELEMENT METHOD (8) [As mentioned inte previous seston, one of he main advantages of FEM over ‘Mos wher apoio scion mo, Slade the popular fie eree ncply hap ase edit etna ang (i cles se eng: rtd she at ht FEM cn han ear seomeis oun). Te {Dguelecot twee apices fase with spor Cons Eran, Or cen coc eras soln once hen regu geome re rst. ‘Ae secant vatage of FEM ht x variable ig of he nodes isakovouneyanled When sboty darted sng cements in PEM) Tung FDS. tenes aed forms mesh Typ to-do mesic were stow ts Fan 19. When th aes ar ot ely sped the mesh sid 0 e graded. The fine clenent met ds al whe eof fra meses wl be seni thers at spi suing cn be ‘nce dt il coca osemotmsely sents unl spared mi, Grey ebnig De amon op eget er of a 8 COME “Aner avange of FEM, agin over FOM and epi over nly sotto teins a oped Yo mune techni sth se with whch orhomoeeeiu an nap mater uy De ane Matra we peop rte eo spcily Geen me said 0 be homage, bees mates ‘Ti oul dependent proper ae heterogeneous A spec en fs hte “enero atl na hema malas one for whch he her cody ‘Seperate deen The ren for hi simple: he thera cody [i Rincon of tee, te teperte 3 unctn of spacial outs, fod, erefre, te teu! Snduciiy must ds be a futon of spc coe ines, Conc san xp ofa bterogzoeous mate Mati mayo be lids novopic HM aniaopc. AB hope ‘terion bane properties (Youn multe cont, ee) 9 toe eatitr a diecon scsi. Fr example, cven though comet may be [oohoroeeto each rection peas oka e same eran varson intbermalcondcivy ad, hee, rope Anrep meals on the stir an, wll ae one or re properties tht ae det deen Far ‘imple aminged mei sractr qute faut wl ae leet ves ‘cerain ropris, suchas You's ls renal conduct, alee icc. Woo! is ander example ofan anscope mal i getely ‘toga the diction of he gina nce woul have higher value of Younes mos is etn. Very ie ex ft sei i the FEM. fsemlation when eeroptens anor ana tera 9 be Mode. ‘fc when soe ar ofthe strc oe Boy tee of oe materia and het ‘Ge mae of een rane ‘Alle vaso 1p unary conto ht we may encour in ypc FM spc exp the that eae pres vals of ef es tems, we anily nla! ne ornaon, Real ft ep el ‘tle a dpasneat in sacral ade als epee era seas id veils ab presen Mi fw stata 8 Ir er werd, roi incr prs, en, pas "tly iced in the FEM foulin and sition. Thy at pte forced js fore he soln rth nl ale the uaknown el absis obtained os cused in subsequent chaps: Among the boundary conons hare anomatialy cde a the ali Sct an ses nly ‘Contre sce forse Dine surae foes ractions) ‘Thermal nals (heat comin) Convection Rass Apple eat Maes uid ow aay Pree grins Vel pins In all case, these conto ned ao be const When these Roundy onctons ether properties ae anc of th wahoo) fal vibe be Prati hemes nr. Special soon technics, on of Which sessed fr Cpr 8, must be apie thse cases. The tsi nt clement meta is tpl, bowers, fo oh ea and toner probes “Azaticr vane sth highteede elements muy be implemented with reine eae, Sve gherore element re shown fo Fig, 10 Hieron ‘ees req the we of higher-order mteroling polyoma. Noe a ‘tional wos ar inte log the ie ofthe 0 dimensional elements ad toon the two end oder of the one-dimensional ele In fact By ang ‘paramere lems define i Cher 9, curve Ss may actly be sed ‘toe sowing very cose is eset a gular geometries. Osan Interior nodes inode s sown a Fg 10. The ae ofthese odes Us ‘soci comiertons a cued ia Chapt 9 Among the dadvotages of FEM is the cess for a digital compute nd fay exesive Software. I fs the MacNeal Schweaer esion of NASTRAN, [Is more thn 430,000 aes of FORTRAN sure cose Of ture, sch ngs steal program eed nt always be wed. More spose and icant rogram may hel tae pede soe pica. The props led Inthe spponics of hs bok re povided mal for eatoal paps, at ‘on cco ty a) br asd ave sal pate robles 'S couple of obvious qurstions have protay aren, The is is wheter or rot the fine clement meted smote ature tha he fe-ierene cod ‘We amot answer bis question without signi number of qulictons, it FEM soem tobe more tse when curved boris re reset, By teeing to Fi. 19 pan, we an ace why is ot ely seping te fine semen ‘eth can ws aca the cuved boundary exe pel than the fin ‘itrece method Cn “The second qurston th may be asked persis othe lative excuton ties of pal and impale FDM and FEM mo, Onse aga ic fo tnake comparison, but FEM sr o hve lng exec tines, Hower Faure 110 Reprise hghrone cen. (4) Onno ene () ena thang eens ih igs 0) Tas amend eee ccs cele) Troe a se (©) Two-dimensional quarilteral element with curved sides. = ‘us ed ht FDM mods wil general qi mane as of oma apt iepation by eoplethan ll FEM. As wll sen a aber shone et tbe ted alas in FEM at te compa Force 2utcma span, nal conics ae at bcd aE de See hy athena he compu sale, One ess {Oe er ue feo ee wt sae ay nal cacy hand, Ths lt on chen olf sg ‘FEM epiecrig aber os ran Conta! odin "6 BRIEF HISTORY OF THE FINITE ELEMENT METHOD Ar cry bt cre applcstion of ite aac of fire elements was peed in See. 1-3 where alc of was dtemine by he mth of exhasan, Hower, te teeclement metho ws toy was developed eis preset ste very een AC onting to Zeskiewct (9), te develope has ecient ma a nein ater andthe ote Ineagineig. Somewhere a between set) tenes ar the raionl and weigh essa mes, bth oF wh ee thew of tial lactone lect soon. The be of thee fat ates ack "Aral fancton ean sured mahal fnctin tat uly based on sia tution plied lolly tothe reson being analyze. andappotinaes tbe expected behator f the rein o some etal oes, Tee Tce ae Used in vars peso mega oration [1 escibed in dell n Caer 4° quite example may help cli te abr its ‘Ets comer agin te ea condaton pole ecangur ple I the emperaueisknowa oe zero along te Dona of te ae maxima te ceter ted on physical reasoning, then oe el nto ald te cen the ex th Kann ted. Sich 2 mo aber mtd To Fenn (0) he trl fnctons mest aly te unary comes eat, a (2) he wl fanctons must cose aed om pial ening. In ther Wan, fi ery fol to py) the meth oan Ele snp problems [Avnet err in his caper, the Ste clemet ee is preieed slong the sae es with a point espinal fences eno apd flonally to the ene eon ting aazed toa Teall (Leon at ceest ss). Thi ois of paranount pore since te method bec applicable ‘0 ea problems wih iregulr geome at kn soltons. This important ep didnot coer unl 195 ben Court [11 todd piecewise contin tral onto Ha thi peting seat of the ty, wich bps 795 [As metoned eae, the we of ia factions sno weiter the prc emt norte engineing develope 3 yuper by Gas (12) {8 179, wa unctons (ons global bs) were wed ia wt cal the ‘tho af weighted rsd er, hes unions were wedi vital et fs by Rayleigh 13) 1870 and by ie (4) 1909 ac, any rato ts posi olin meio is sql sefend ooyas the Rayleigh Ri method. tn andar paper 1913. Gabi (15) inode patiar ro eden eb, hs bn Hee, te ae Tn 1943, Cour [1] inttaced pce continous rial ution. AS he ame siggess, these fnctons wee st apie stall othe ee eon Ding ‘lye rate o many Sal feos eee. By sing a ues os {ea tsis, Courant ea exende te applica fal ucts inane Syrosinate sfsions to realworid pobens. Many fel ta the fits cement ‘eth fas sro in this pope by Cow, allough he i pox ida he mio) fine lament “Along more maths ies, te fnite-diference metho was intdaced by Riharson (6) in 1910 ander inproved by Lasmas [17] 9 1918 and ‘Southwell (18 21946. Variational ini ieee wee devcloped by Vara 109 in 1962, These mates vl led ety wth pesenday Fini element meted, dit now ee tat he inte dlloeae meta 2 Speci cso the mre pele semen etd Intheca 190s scaler woe Sol sng aa ete cas th ae now epi cry forms he ate eet met The fn Spltons used th sald ore marx metodo known te rdandot fee method). eds method, eal enw he cess mt te ploemens. Wheat dope ach nde a ten he vk th het ical the ses meh. However. theses metho a ot esp an 193 ian import pet Lay [2] erento Scho 2a i 958 Argo $n Kesey (231 195; nd Tre, Clough Marta, and Top [2 1058 te {paper in 1960, Clough (25) fin todd tee fie lene. Resets intr inthe histo des fhe developments elemeat mtd loge str eepincering ines ae eee te ok by Mar a Cay ina in which foiatng sewn en Tie api af the mt cent ho pons problems hes an

mae, Lat A ee ee mesa item % nace Cand De dei CHAsB mi D=A-B “toe matices A and B ae sid to be conformable fo ation and station) Fesrehy bim have the sane sue of rows and columns. From he above "Ett, ty be writ on semen! bss oer wt fo 1eism and isan ayant Example 22 For A nd B gen by 6-12 eels au) a [ast devine A + Band A ~ Solution Fat, A and Bae ofthe sme ie othe maces may eae an sberced ‘The vee ae sean [ity HS d]-[4 3] o eee ac-[ a} ‘Matix Mutiplication “Two tps of miipicton may be des: (1) ruipion of = mai by a Sena ed (2) malt ff fe mre) mas. The form ingles ad etn fe Moltilcation of @ Matix by @ Sealer et se any real clr and A any m % ain. The pod fs nd A, wien 1A. sohnnedtymalpyiag every elemento Ay. Inoter words, element share sy, Note th the proc size m % n (ach a6 Alf). Thi pe ‘tims aaiton commie: hat A" Ae Example 23 For the marx 4 phen a Example 22, detrmie th mais C defined by 6. Solution ons 3] -[8 78 8] . Mutiplication of Two Matrices The prove of am p matrix A anda g % mmm B,wtee AB. only {kined when p eq Fathers he mses A and Bae si obec feesbe fr tetpicaion when pegs The mate Aso prema Bran the matin B to powinliy A stan = rears A promi anr Xm atic Bio orm thin % 0) ea= Sab es) foe 11 mand | mms dena {Bat tan sted A tonsp) whe clement ae shen by dye swiching of thesateript shall be med. The wasp a pods er orm maces ‘cours fen ad an importa prope 1 ven by (any = war ex ano? = crm" was 50 fon. A = AT (oF ay = gi the mats A is ido be sme If WAT ara) = ay), Assalew-ommere, A sksusynimsric man mst ave zr om ain gon Syne and sewer maees ms be sure The ranpose fa column vector sa ow veteran ie ves. Fa (Gs pot on & lover at bolle Jeter wil ys mien!» column ver The tsps wll svajs be wed ite ow tetra Exaile 2-10) Example 25 Determine the rang of Solution Since Ait 3 % 2, he spe is 2% 3 andi given by eLis] . Example 26 Detsmie ifthe mares A, B.C defined slaw te yim, skew-symmetis, cornet: 5 3g [iggy oy 6 oo 653 5 7-5 0, Solution Since ay = a for = 1103 andj = 13, the matin Ais symmetie ince bay A by and by # a he mae sneer ye nr shew symm Fall tbc ¢j = “ey for = 103 andj = Ito 3 the matin € ae Syme: Symmeuic sures arise quite Freee fine element anal 26 DETERMINANTS, MINORS, AND COFACTORS [1] Consider an mat A. The de emimat of A, writen bt A, is 2 salar Fanton ofA ch fr = 1,2 and 3 evea by fe Anas = a en dees 7 F Aen ~ eae ee) i Ayes = ants ~ eyed + des,ah tere rd is a ty wy tne Lip expanion tod, This tethod t t enly expla! sft henna tt cfr of a marc te eid ‘The minor My fs que mais Ais the determinant of hem — 13 — rani derived from A by ling the thw andthe col fA Sch 3 te dria lh or also seala-vaed a caly defed for The cofactor Cy ofa matt As easly defined a nas of he minor My by c= (eM, es) [te hat when | + ote, the colar an minor ate deta: wa + Jig ld the cofactor a moo ile aly inthe signs. AD RUN A asm ‘ofits. “Te determina ofthe originals amas A may now be computed zing the noon ofthe cofactor hy electing any itary cl nding wens S ayly a0) An equivalent expresion for eving the te minat sven by dts = Eastin wan where row 1s slated forthe expansion. although these expressions lak fo male they ae ot ict apy in patie, as sbown in Example 2°, Equations ("16 and (2-17) are used repeatedly ul emia of maces of site? 2 nec oe evahatd, at whch pint (2b) sed (se Example 2. Tis etd feat the cent ofa mariska he Laplace epson met Example 27 Using te Laplace expansion mend and expanding wih spect the Seon find the eterna of A where 3] - ‘The the mins socal with he vec om ae aft Solution ach ofthese 2 % 2 detrmints my be eased with he ep of 2-180) wee My <0 y= Hi Mya ‘Te comsyoning cofactors are Cu = 10) = 0 HPP 12) = a) = ‘Therefor the determinant fA essen by At A-= (0) + CIN) # (5-8) = 28 ‘Ty to eae te determinant of A by expansion wih pct © ate ow oF cou, . 2.7 ADJOINT AND INVERSE OF A MATRIX [1] The adi (a) ofan n mma A, dented 2 A), i easy defined in tem ofthe tanspose of he ocr mC. Std mathemati. agiay = CF a9 “Te aot isl i antberw x w matrix os paiclry wel in poiding ‘ce expo fo the Nese a mai decried flow “The merse of an X nas A, deed at Aan Sa A inv) adhe sain och at ANA Ned re 1 the m Xn idnty mats. In ther wos, the ive of an x us A ancien ate nach tht when is oth premligid d osu by Ail, he esas the ne Meity mate Totes the bint the mvee of Ae pve by ae ata) eu ee) the dterminat of Ais oth A ds ot at and A ssid be A i eo the A dest exis and A ssid 0 sng ‘Whee deta of Ais ona, be vere of As uniqcand Ai onsnglr The inverse only dete for se aes, Whee, (219) "pied sa oesingulr? 2 mac A the vee een By wale “2 salwhee dt Ae gven by By, 14h). wl iden i en by (apt =m ea roving A nd Bae both qu, of he ste sie nd nomsinglr Si, Tin ada € is ao squares ote same sz, and nosing, hee caper! = © BA ez The Mens piven by Eg. 221) an 2-22) may te eal exo to pss involving fou or roe marie A = AT, hen the marc A i hd Be “rhogonel toga ros wl aie gentry in Chop 3. ‘Acti, E19 tat ey pace! nay eae an vere A more practical tds se on Ganson liminton ee Chapter)In aon, pate popun rubies tanh may be used fly compute livers of vat lange mace. One ach ubouine seni Append B (eubouie INVDED 2. Example 28 vale te iver of A where Solution By Eg. (2-20), Ais compute as fllows: pees eee wraeccmb Y-[R on] os Example 29 mts Ny Sine det A= 0, A! dos ot xis. The tis ingul. . Solution 28 MATRIX PARTITIONING Iti aways posi to subi or pation matics it «rane of sale tube. te abuts are confab, they my be ets seh they are ela elem when sing stecing oF iin 90 mais, “Te order fhe product eat airy however, at if the ements aly ‘Caan For eae, tus compat he pic f and Bo fom € tae lect ways c= n= 1a fa rekele) “The sho of A and mast ne cosen none to case tit he pets sochas A,B and A, Bae meaning (-e-the eben mse conaie), Sn dere th mune of clams aA, et eg the arr of sia Be, Matix prtoning not igo fre to prvae an alate meas of ruplyng two mates. n Chap 3, mati pring ares gute atualy (who he kent fics a dele for utd ss 29 DEFINITION OF A VECTOR Lets inal esti ou eit fs ecto ht noe incon space inhi a vectored ine sem! with» wig length gn od iecton as sbown ip Fig. 21. It evento resolve + wert ce fempoens aloe tres motally perpendicular ates These aes esta o- ‘date sytem, an ice they te tly peer they resid 10 FO ‘thogunal. For examps, vet v my Be wien with expert fo carson ‘efecto he mp ers web tht ok hte ij and kar the thes uit vet slang hes, yan aks, pty, ‘Avni econ hs gh uy se Se. 2-1) ann iced lng ced ‘worn ais Figure 2-1 shows a cain elerecs fre an the thie it 2 sector often write in ol main fom as mented in Se, 22 Foe ‘example the vetar» may be wen “EE ‘fen numerical subscripts, a shown abo, prove tobe mare convenient than ‘eer ibis, tn hs a2 matt epee by bolic one ete 4.) wil denne a calann mae or inp a vx), In ont nae "o™ nat teams wl be sed. nar words, represent ow mas reas repens column ui (or wet. Ther ao festa foegure 21 Vor vin canon lcs ane convention: st hattrmoves ay ambiguity oma exgresions developed iter, andthe seco is ht tcoservs space ia wing he Ysa a, she xt ‘example lusts pant recognize dt all eco ay De wee i Ia fom (2 column mati), bt not all maces ave a Vector meaning. Example 2.10 ‘Wee in nis fn whee vende Solution hich nur may be writen as wen 404 ven “a Cet tse al convey the same ilomiton, ut he second te fms ee fever los 7 Alhogh the asian of a vector Wa inirwacd from 2 geomet point of ew, ete need et fae ol hc component ser caper ests ih four or more components wil aul se 2.10 EQUALITY OF TWO VECTORS “wo vectors wand var eal non f teieepetive compen ae eq Ad hey re Bu writen reget othe sat sont ye, It wa ae sven by Wht ad tak a vende i ta sae bth at astm io ewiten With respecto the same 2 counnte syste, 2:11 LENGTH OF A VECTOR ‘A yest hat is etd fom the aii of he coordi sy anther point is ido be x poston vector In Bp. 22, he onton vests ao which oe reed rm the eign the pits and Q, repel, ate sow If pont P Sects a Ds ti) Bem Pm opt ni + nik Faure 22 vecory deminer fh psiton spa galt ad ak Fr Fig, 22, iis med dh p * ¥ = qe See 212) and 0 va Pm ta = PY Uae pall +s ~ pk Based on yore considerations, the length of the eto, ded a bis el = vq =a ew, Although Eq (2.23) i bused on geomet cmieratns ine dees, the notion of vector ng ay eeu extended o mules ace ee Probleme 2-1 pd 24), Re F a8) Example 211 Comput he gh of he vest tht som pnt Pat (3.4.6) 10 pio a rome) Solution ‘The vector is easly determined as Vr q =p B= NFS a + 1-7 om ven 9) — ak ‘The length mow clit rm Eq (2.23) a8 N= VDF OFT = 158 . 2:12 VECTOR ALGEBRA Vest lgetr nla hemos of vector addon a sbi, a ell 8 tao tpt sco muipliton In th char omy one typeof vector lt. Pics, the dt pods nd this oie, The ahr types ued fn ter bier, “Two vector ae simply ned component by component 0 ots the wet sum, provide the wet are ion ith eget othe sme corte em, ‘he ls for stration tection ae ent oho presented in So 24 formats aldtion and sabuacon. Aion of two secon i equ een 'geoerical inert by ain the program Leaver spl ‘ion of he reserve components sgneraly ee stl th x The dot rua 90 vector pl i deat sr i si id by Pra = [oll os wre te sarang ded Retwoen pan . guste Wire he tsp of Es. 2-25) al 2-26, rq may een nem fhe ain component Pama, + pon + Pos an ih eta writen as va ee ‘These he dt pot of pani osm writen in ric om p74, ‘The dot proc tao feuetly feed ta slr pact an an ts Example 212 (Given te veins panda from Example-11deteminep + 4. ~ a. snl Solution ror ample 2-11, we hve pod aha ans weary m There the egied esis ae pHa=S4+U- Ik Pan 4 ok = BNE) + (AND) + (OKT = = 86 . 2.12. DIRECTION cosines “The iction cosines of etr va defined he cosines of he ngs formed by he vector van he dee cori ats. Fgure 23 sha wet ¥ 60incasions, The ges tht wakes with he xan yas ae ada espe {ively Pom Fig. 2° the sion of he dt prot, flows that ‘i= Ml on But v= vy and = 1 and sing fo os ges (e280) (e206) tn dc dimensions, the age between a vector van the a then in tion tothe above, we hae cosay = 3 (22%) i In geal, the destin cosines eo all indepen and ae related by the fons con! ay + co ay + costa = 1 ea) “The simple roo ef wth reader (ee Problem 24). Example 213 Forte vector vin Example 2.1, determin the thee reson csi nd vey (hat Eq, (230) i sats Solution From Eq, (2.29), we compat coves = y= 0083 9 cova: y= +0510 from which we get a5 3 a= 1S, Bunton (2-0) seal veri once a, a and ae own, . 2.14, SOLUTION TO SYSTEMS OF LINEAR ALGEBRAIC EQUATIONS 4 lati ss nal and ter sad sae aplication, 2 tem of line alga unos of he fr Kant em wil ase be soled for the vector The stem of egption impli in Eq (2:31) maybe solved by ny mets, bt ony he mtn iverson Method reiened bere. Chater 6 conta a more practical meta Red on Cait "The sluon wo Eq, (2-31) by te mas invesion method i stagaorvan 1 tosis of Ea. (231) ae palpi by he inverse of he ne maie K (suing te ines exit) and ised that KK = Tad Ta = a he sm exp epesion for a ess ais gen by ao ea oto this method is mo very pact in age probes becase ofthe ‘ine consamed (ven By 2 compte) in bang the verse. Neverteles, [rome cone exresion for te mlton oF (23), Ax mentioned in Sx 27th nero a mi mot Tail performed by 2 sro it ‘omar Sich stn (arose INVDET) may e found 8 Append 8 ‘Eqtion (2:32) simply states tat to obtain a (ch maybe the oval place ‘vet, teperaturs,telacis, posure, ct). we simply inv K std pos ‘nalpy the erly the vector ubih ow)Example 244 Detemige he solute 0 he folowing system of nea eva equtons aciy 8 Hy +h = 16 Solution From the matix represen we have 1-30] 5 wefa se] a = |e an i from which K's comput (sts sabotine INVDET to be [: S250 osx —0 isi] ToMsi6 Orta OTE “The slton for and the aly computed from 232) by simple mui moll Be ays 75.0 ne 3a y= 580 ‘The reader sald vey hese by dict ssi im the ginal system oF ans . 1 shold te mentioned that K wl says Rave an inven fo wl poned robs slvedy the inclement. Therefore th quiet whetet the system of etions need by Eg 231) fas one sto, no soto. rsctrl saains do not arae For wells robs Ey. (2-31) fs nl one Solu ora and herloehe oln isungu. One sluiba method applicable to momar gto equtons dsb In Chapter 8 Te ea oy wish 0 Son references 3012 fv atonal rial eligi vests REFERENCES 1, op, W. Mare Cnt hears. Quam, Ne Yr, 174. 5-88 poms Ri None ch Que, Now Yrs iTS 1X lian int Mars nd Neo, Now Yok set 6 at a ncn PRES Aeceegerat ee he 1, Pes. A. Marie Meds or Enc, Pome Hal. Epo Ci, Sci an. Fie, Mace nt Liner Ale, ia un PROBLEMS bm, 635 +44) = 9 22 aps te loin yom futons ami om -tutine nee Wey agen 23. Woosh 6 ety ain a 44 ain? 24 Forte matics Aand 8 gen ow mini amie an et: seb]298 220 aa aa © (ADE = GDN Prove fe al ym mas Mt PM Wings 210 ad he mates fm Pb 221 tne Rope Pb 2.27 fe Repeal a of Pen 229 oe mas Df ble 2.21 Rt prt a Pron 22 fo hai 8 Pin 2:21 Rept Pte 22 ses Band Co rem 22, pa a+ ok Perry Wetec wer ipl a Polen 2:4 ww Cy ng Fore wes ie lo, deine which eeu ang one paw tmh geem reset sek ste aN eI vt ab bh eh ae or bk ew Ace deel i #125 a 4 Dermie epston eth ie, 1 Detrmie etc Gas eng of sect se fm (8.4. pi 06.7 tin pacar a se er Damas heat o By dest exes (2.2, sow hat he gh ov maybe compte om Mover {orc nso eta. Te, facta or meso eco, By ig he af ble 2, cmp hgh of a ere aan oso 4 ay Beste g 8 fale oe rhe eo 4. and ¥ of Ps 2-36, Stemi eee ee eel Foe yt and of Prem 236, dining i age Use (228) wh eo Fa 220, Danie he ton css fe Ys afm Polen 26 ‘est. 230) 8 ei in shoe rine edison cones te iste an . Sf 1 Pb 2:8 a ey ir 0.3 hid inch ewe ove te sum hee afte stn nny 30) Uy (29) mao doesn sac250 Sue th flloing pe of gutsy te mh een met 3 Truss Analysis: The Direct Approach 241 INTRODUCTION (ne of te mst important praca pes of ening acts te os. A ‘as ny be define ay stucuht conposed of sight members nn ‘ihe ois by sat pias. Seah pa uss ant upp a moment A Type ts ahowe in ig. 1 As shown oe igure, extra lads sch Pao (ay set only atthe joins. A uss mist Be esi Some ane 50 at she no undergo ee teaytton whole. The ns in Fig reais bya pin joint at A and a or ja. The ear my wish consulta aes fenbok, sich ab Beer and fon I] fora view OF he vans (pes of pees:ach member int san ly spat ail Had, which implies shat aca de my not at between to it a htt, mus tt he JB Moreover meester coonced oly tt extents: ene, sae may tbe cotinws sgh 3 ot In Pi. 1 fr example ete Mote dint nembers CD sed DE, spd mt one mer CEA tas sd ie iit dos ot alipe when faded A eigd wus, however. may ard ‘Cult sy uns heaton fee or reads. The mow mie Fes inna se show a Fi 32. To is chp, the finite clement emulation ofa two-dimensional ess eveloped) Te disc appsch, wh does PO reir the we Of varinional fcipc, vial work primes, or wight rss methods sake. The Thun perp fr coset hs eof ble sto demonstrat how he it ppmects wed and wo pve sept Hastaion of fhe Mite element Ads, rn, Pe, Figure 32. Typal as) Type oo owe (Typ ge mss) Oe ‘pps etme rm Ver es for Eger: Ses a Dyas ed ‘Rhum Copy © 192 cn New Yk tow perms NEC rth A spss problem x were oat completly by hina the base eps fete srr Asnple conpuer rogram called TRUSS ssc ahd Apple’ ods peo, 132 FINITE ELEMENT FORMULATION: THE DIRECT APPROACH Asstt a Sc, 1.2 ie smo be compe fey uaa orce ‘Rembcts or tr chines node wo te jase all sumed abe pnd {lhe members cnr nits Pending ex evoal moment. This pric Tarun ese wo the to-diensoal sony ad wil ed ted cement of cach ot ss well a the nal elongation, ai, ae fo Torsach member he fine cement mtd apical bo tally de int indent tres and stars genera). The FEM formulation fore tee-dmenional Fas ten ia Soe 8 Diseretization ‘he fst step in any finite ket analysis is detain, Hete hes must {arte It 2 suber of foe ckmens, The ssi compo o xi ‘Gna andsompresve menters, and teem que trl t conic cach Imember a am skent A tpl iss lene shown in Fig, 33. Noe that "he element as two noes ad js one ahr en. I a hese nesta the feces are anand fom neler othe et, Tese ment oe egy ‘eld to a bar elena oped to Bem ame cement. Ba ments ‘an wisn ony sl feces; eam elements alow being moments: od fame ‘enon nclae aa Toes. beeing ome and tors (2 Each oot in thes resid ty anode ht eo a wig umber. ‘Nodes ate ypicly numbered coseetvely rom ane to the taku umber reset. These mode numbers ae len feted 03 the gla made umber, 36 Sppsed othe esl pe “mer” Yan) Te muberng shene as aon Ilse onthe cmpuatinsl ie ton he sloon ee Char), Elements are also numbered comsecely fom on othe maximum umber cements, Towever, he muniering scheme forthe element aly aay. onli the ‘dl nario scheme. Ll ne urbe hs bok wen with ows tres eters, ee For example has oly wo odes, ah hy are ‘Sct saa However sl sadn sutra hl pce names ton cleea 3. for example tbe lal pode mers ay be 10 ae 3 “loads. The conesponding bal Roe umes re deoted with ap ae gure 33 Typal Hat clen asm1.4. Ke The pn iat every eement in he ss has kel nde “numb” aah comesponding gel nse "numbes nd athe example nove, Tiel and 67. Ian eset pat eer nite element analysis and compte program the ta tht ie the cuir fever al rset the rs andthe ements lemeat dts ae type composed of veda cent infomation and miei ‘et ap. Noda! an lent ts te generally pencaed wii» computer Pe- {pom tte ser mt ll povie ome rina moun of dita serve {he prtclr problem at ar Tis called mea generation and one method Foe complshing ths peed in Se 8. Example 34 gue 34) shows cannes with only ve members and fur jin Menor Ceand Fae corpo of Sin dame ste rd (wth mods {tatty of 30% 10 pl and member Band D ate composed af 0.4. lametr slum ro (oth 9 odin of 11 10" pl, Dire the ess Showing te nodal coors data and he element di in bur fem (ence ‘Siete for ue impute rogram). The courses (rnc) ofthe ois freshown ia ig. 340 Solution Since the wuss his five members, tamu 16 ict the ts ito ve ‘ements each member being an element. Each ot conten be taken sh nde ‘Troe. four mos ae ase ‘The fs scp In the deretzaton roses Is © 7 a. Figure 34 Acme wth ve member se jos () Ts tind uber eich jit oF nade consecuely fom one to the masimuey suber of Ide resent Fo the ss une consist the wos ae nanbered 110 5 ShowntnFig- 3-40), Usigthe coordinate shown io Fi. 40 we may snare {hel coat dita shown Blow Leora motrst Mags 2 dent the. sel and. lain, respectively Wal the ep of Fig 3-0) the let data ay be Suara : 7 sie Element Sttiness Relationship in Local Coordinates Ie soo proveto be very convenient if local oud te, eben ‘abou in ip 45, Thi” coordinate ste krona ool Conde ‘vem, sie iis ined Tcl othe element. Not tha hx axis ected _ ‘Gi owe 2, cet en sm ig milo an maong te gh of themes rom od aj The ais us be cone topper othe ait ee aay. Noa ores the ody" dns at moe ae deed U afd especie snd ma ‘tplacement a and spell) Sina a id the moll fore ee {Gand Vand he nodal placements ae wal nthe and” ects, repeat Testi sal rm ley sgt of mtr ht he xi hn tation 3 een by a ead os se Lis the gh fhe mtbr or en, Pail fore A the con Sect aes and E he duis of esicty (Youn duh) Is ase "hatte clastic ange it enceeded nd that As consot.Soving Eq, (3-1) Fo Pa errno he si ore me 1 (U;) we san we uta w (2 whee the elfctve elongation 8 i gen ty the dilrece betwee the modal ‘inplaceeat lng te clement. Ia sr fashion, we may wie y= Mg a om feet toe veo am Yeo aaa aon 2) may wien in ai fm a “) fe ran ed a oo oofoolsl Ly Since the global nodal corti ote a (4) a) a psd or ay sen tas, he lsat length my Re soma fo LaVG FG oo “The ter two properties, A and, at abo sped or every lst wuly seth the ip of marl se flgs in 8 compu ogra Gee Example 31 amd Sees 33 and 6) gation (33) ray bein conc a Kea = as) te KY ena te bl lets mai the a lee a Asplicemen ets the lal lca ona foe veo Te spe {Oe tophot Ms Wat deo emt tine (1 Se oe trl cori ym sted swe. Bee Ey 3) can sd ‘Pic eas un de wie mtb tampa oe tl (a) coe Spoem This anmatin eee ne wu son example 3.2 Determine the loa lene sites mas for member € (or emt 3) oe tr in Example Solution From Eg. (3) an (5) te focal element tines mats K® forcement 3 (oe en 3) even by pop bebe s ov = MEL 0 ot we Per ooloo ere lene 3 has mates ag, which omeapnd othe Obi, et or 4% = S057 = 0.196? BP = 30 x 10° psi 1 = Vig FO = VOTES = 1342 Computing A gives 48 0 fa Kw Pe ol oo 1 Pease ryan Be oof oo, fr he lene sites at rene 3 be C). The 10? sea tiie sald ee. . ‘Transformation from Local to Global Coordinates 4. (') eartine 9stm wa ed dese ties ashi en ‘y Ea (3) Thee as was prc talon oh ete fom md hae £1 Ty! as, which mat be hc ok ppd the ae he arbi (ith eset to ese) gue shows soa corte sem in feton wo a pel enon The pups of ts ebonygre 24 Reap hse cl and a oss, tensomaton tha wl enable ost write By. (5) wih respect a lob co- waite syste Fin, let ot up plbal xy ste a sow in Fig. 3.) apd dea = poston vector oan aay pum P- The weir Fay Be ween of eo caesan copes, sn, flo ardted oo [Next es define the sme wet in tems of ad conta ytn sy here, oss in gevcalty hea pope taken oe i these Seton a sl sown in Fig, 3-710) Inter ofthe eres components (ef and the rotted Fane, he vector econ. rent ent on read "ae the tout vcs i the andy discon, spectively. Fro Eqs. (3-6) and 7), we have oo Figure 8.7 Postin vct pl cousins en nd) coin “obing the dot pct fb sds of his eatin wih respec gives rent + ety ao) whee #4 = Handij = Ove ben wd, Not ta septs te coi of the ange betwen te + ands” aes and epesens te tin the angle Inconel” ats Hsu eal ht thn a tec cose, ‘hich wl be dean ny = costes’) = 6 (3100) = cots’) = fy (108) wher ont eres th ese ofthe angle tne he aes, oe; ‘Therefor, wih te po Egy S10), by.) bens, f= muh mats erm By foming the do roduc of Ea 8) wth ina Somplely analogous manger we aa fave fe mat + mat en ete tx res the coin ofthe ana ten they and X65 a x ‘apes thcosie of he angle hese they und ans Cle th wt fete ectioncosies, he rt saber sited wth te lol eur system an the second with he Il rtd sytem, as (1) may el = rote (a2) ete he lle waft ti ht asonms a Yestr he oal ‘sem to oe inthe global syste, canbe shown tha te mots Tis nbogena (se Problem 3:2 becuse TT” ase Secs 2-7), Terfre flows for F612) ae ver aay ‘his ast esa maybe wed fo tansem a ecto in he bal m1 oe in & ‘ocalstem, Ths anfrmatons ae used nex to dtm the fines ea Soh with spt othe pot cond tem ‘Global Element Stitiness Relationship ctr the men sifiness mates Kan wl fe vets can be ase ed oper th env ss, they matte sre oa corte ‘ase, Imepeting asf» a lawn 6g (23). hae‘-[s whee wand th placements at nade (in he global coon detions Tiny, repeal) Sima for he dopacements a pad follows fom Egon aar Figure 3-4) shows terest betwee the los and global oda space nents: Eguton (14 and (15) may Be writen mone oti equation a :] a He] Pas 0 07 meme oo || io ef [oo me mds, tain wer by dfiton 7 »- EH] o ada represents the vet of ml placements or elem fefene w the atl connate stem, of wets nf aul ow In completly mangos manner we may a0 wie Figure 28 ‘Typical clement sowing eb ad cl) tl plasma nd) ‘el faces Al aces opens sn th ose sete woe 29 nt ithe eso of lr fr let ele the hl cordate em eww four oa Figure 58) shows the telatinship beeen the eal and gb ol oes ‘With te Bly af Egy 3-17) an 320), we may we Eg) 3 wear = RE az wi ny then be prema by RP ge RIK Ra = ez ha oer wed om te sgthnd ie. Equation (3.23) ware RR = RR tay be wet Simply a Kes ean where Kh elements matic eee label coos, sti bal een sifoss Imai maybe though of bing pation i for suas, ca of soe ae «fhe 2 ‘Those 2 2 sabmatices ate ealy exacted from Eq (26 Since gota ode umber coesponds ofc node an ple toe me Jo oa nde 4 (228) maybe writen nem ofthe slab nl subi Kis Kip fee] ad ‘Th embassies mati at sas be fr iy Kia Kiyo Kw KiRE KD oo Ky Kis Ki, Kis, Ky (30) Ky Kia Kis =) Ria. Not tht he sper) denotes aemblage, Each of tee K's we 2 x2 ‘ubmtices. To begin the asenbag proven, the neces ix K° istered out. Then the odd lol element sits subi the Kae add ote coresponing poston i the six Ke fie at Ki) for eat tes freemen 2, a 0 fot, pt and dng the lt element, ‘The aenbloge of cash ? > D aba C30) mayb pen by te ‘scm ee Kiy= 2 ki) Gorr=toNmis=t0y an 1% 4.31). ihe maximum aumber of ements, and Ki ake the 2 Zl mati if element eds aot ave nds hd. The et examplehelp o say he aserblge process for he ie See 3:3 or 2 numeral cae Example 3.4 For he ts of Example 3, deem he assemblage ifs mati in ems ofthe? 2 ght cement sills sudmunices Kj Solution ment | as slab ode names and 2 (Le. Fan J spec), ad 39 the lal cement floss mata fr clement 1, denoted 8K", piven By =f] Having fist rr the samba tes main K, we may then “a «AR “This isnt he compte fr of ie semblae sinc mri case our mae ‘ements ave ye be considered, lent? bas global node numbers 3 and ther and J, especie) and the los element sls mai or clement 2 ie given by 3 LKB RR Aer combining ths element stitfess mati with he est rom meat 1, we ee xe si se « a oe] Tre Ts ‘ote he poston feck entry in Karly. Aer considering element 3 (wih des 3a 2) cent 4h odes 2), and element (with modes 3 and ‘he asemblge sts mati Bcones SE PS TR RE, Seer significant obervaies soul be mde. Fst each of he iid 2» $3 Germet lines substi symmetns, as an examination of 26) ‘ary shows Matboratcaly, is my be sad 2 Kis = Ris ox 1 ten fllows tat Kelis ym, which ha several adage deli tated Copter an. Anaier propery of Kt sted whi eas the moro ens Kare gathered along the main dagoal In he expe tore hie isnt Very cious Dense tetas has ony five eletents a our fs. Bocuse of the symmetic ate of Ke, we sul se the ts ha andi. yn this ext. general expression fr the albu een by be Nol + an ‘were Noo the mb of degrees ed pert td the acm ofthe maim difereces between nade numbers on cach eet comeing {i elements one at tin Inte tse adel toe are to depres of fesdom “socied wih each ead he wo component of dpaemen. Pom By. O33) iteam te seen hatte nay in which the nodes ae humbeed ean habe a sons Infcose on he bal-bandwdth ta compe ora, the execu nel {sens withthe ure ofthe Band forthe usa saan tgs) example 35 Determine the hal-undwid of te asemblge stfess matin fom Example 3 by ret examination of K° and by compaaton using Eg. (3.33) Solution Le ws write Kin he foloing fom showing each potently aozeo ery 8 ‘mad each 2 eny a6 0 }—4, wel. Oe td A cect coat of the naber of nz ns the dit be ikl 6 Equaon (33), of core, ment pve the sme res forthe hl bandh, ‘ets comput it tere eo dere of edo e ae, ete oe = 2 The maximum difeeoce btwcen sy two node umber cong ll leespeat ie 12 us = 2. Tere, Ey, (33) realy sve by = 2b 3) ac expecte, . ‘Application of Loads “Te scmblage al fse vector F may eosin by an aemblge paces Slmar tothe ne wed oben Kt spe, however, ere ah emer feo nevi inn oppo ma {Te aembage ofeach clemet soda los wet nhs aoe sted sect copes. Becane hex a othe ts ean nt) oe the Joins be eferve asenbage nal fre weir cn be ined y 4 exe bet ote expo low “Te ssenBag ol face vest wih 20 cas i fis eotow, whee ye mero et, ne a tl male be ‘hoe pot load wh component F, anf, These component ae rete {bite globe coon sytem shown na. Berne the tnd oped St de we tad Fan F 0 the GX ~ Us and 24th potions 3oTey ae Rane only esate Se 33). Example 36 For the faking sbowe ia Fig. 3a) forthe as ample 3.1, determine the _ssomblage nal force vee Sol The a tiny eto ind ster nt to isn componens, Fan Fle fom Exaipte 31 tht at ay (global) came ‘stm simp as shown i B34). The x and compos he pied Tad ar given by F, =~ 2000 os 6 = — 10001 sad, ~ 200 si or Figure 3-10 Poon ons hing ae ih teal pena FF) = 17321, Since tian spi tide theft fom 2) ~ Hand econ om 20) ens in mst be ansehen esl amar fre ost at oI, be especie components woud ad o tose above The esti om th dal plcement ne cose net, Application of Restraints on Node! Displacements and Solution ‘The asemblgesifiss matic KY and nal foe Yer Fae oben a6 esr above. The assemblage sem eatin of he om Kae (330) whereas the vector of moa urkaows of in his as, he vectra ukiwn ‘dl disptceses. The vector ian by la ste veloc va (235) er Wi the mason umber of mses and, te the x dy components te esplacement at wotal soe nbs In (233), tpn ee {conserve space els coli cor as impli y Bq (33. Egon (34) canot te sled for he vectra case fhe fests on te mit hers have oot been cowsidrd. In fate ese of Kd a ep errant eres on dplacemonts ar taken naevus Ih ede Kis singular. Aer the esti ae conieed. Eq (3) writen oe Keer were K iso longer sng, Thetefore, K-! exis, wich implies a unique ‘olution for the vector of pal dsplacemets a, Two methods ae cma et "ipo the peste paceman 3). Each is dacane ee Method 1 ‘The ftw is most easily explained by an example, Coser te syst of ations fants + bts + bo 4h (3360)e ee (2360) Aya + bas + bs = J (eae Let simone a eit no, in ther words tht ist fave a pci vale, its oy ta pocried daplacsne this re sas. Lat futher ei tha system of eqns sya ach a th se mod) ad ht he ‘sic fs 0 be peered. Leto replace Eq (3.36) wt ae “Te nem of equation ths Becomes fs + has + has =f yy + hats has © fi Butte symety has sen eto an to preset we ned 2 coe fom ein auton. We ci ge hl ying ta a. ~ a (bch Km) tnd wee yey + has = fi ~ hay [Note tate ter invlvng oy convencly transposed othe ight ad side (ag replaces) Ale petri spar operation on the thi equation and ‘hing nae ovation meget (PSREBS] Neh pen! he mtn a dep fed in te tev mtnnen tine ss tne son et ‘atycnc te tevin Spine pe Tel nas pone x pec dope al a Speen Method 2 Auch sinpler method exis imposing prescribed pacer estan. The Ith bse on he one of eal nets, and 2 oo of why the met aks ren in Zeer 6 The use eet on HO en ow to apy Let agin comidr te system of ations in Ey. C36. thi mtd & tage uber is selected uy sto twelve odes of age lage tha the Jagst coca and is aed the evict F181 Be ese. In sb, ian side fhe th anton change oB times he prestibed ‘al (of disphcenea) tn he example shove, sine a8 Be posed te r= the second eatin ose ty + as + Bly + sy = Bay Note ht i cosen obec ar thin he cece a, al patil puros, ths st eatin Is eal eave Be, = Bay, wih be desires rsa. The ote equations ae wacnge, In ti om the System of equates Boome, [fe ]e]-[B] om ‘No tha this simple metho automat peeves symmety. In compe ogra, Met isexemaly en io py Ear tu deems Meee and 2 ite given ia Ses. 48 wed 3, royce Both mids res inthe system of eons posal by the mat kent a2) (ita supers), This eqn may soled forte nl placements oni he vector ay any eth api to the slat ie ges quinn fc, some soluion tech, such a the een See, he ‘bana ofthe symm and Banded nat ft ifs man, bat et 186 th mats iverson metal Pee. IF Ki compte an fF. 39) eval ty, we et awn a0) ‘This method is wed in Se. 33 in he ston oan exam pole. A mh ore pata mod of soliton prestedi Se 68 Computation of the Element Resultants 'y defen, the element resutuns forthe ts ick utes sch 8 the ial oats, ais srw, ad es, Each fe compe a ks ely rr the nl spaces ht wee ont we lati tently a spc be the sal ‘Toe elongation fr clenene may te compute in ms ofthe composts oa plcemeat at nodes and bybegat a) But mn Eg 44), we ave = mt az) on fom Ba. O19. = may tm azo) ote ta ngs. (2-42) oly two of he deton cosines peat yt 3) (ee ae eal samp for vey lemen yp 27), In ap. OAD ir Ted ae Known enc the nol spaces ae determined om he lon Gia 2, Thotne or any lens th logan Brea computed Thc ania ane fora type lemon compte root, ‘ an ot an eres the eement eg amped from E(t). The mera assume Tobe elas so tht Hook's law pis. Therefore, the il stress. the element Fs computed fom one oan Fly eal frse Fin he clement is seine by Fen eas) Ing. 41, 0-4, (40), and 3-48, pstive vas of ean Feat tens, whereas agave ves deat compression, The formation f his c- thw ied te ot ssn i 0 xa 39. APPLICATION TO A SPECIFIC EXAMPLE tna section, simple problem erected completely by hand inoderto state the baste inthe te lene methd. Lt ws coe th ts in Example Si Shown Fig. 2-40). auld be cle tht members A C, and Fae made iu0.Sn dione see od wn memes B apd Dolan. mete alumina od. The od flay of sel an alia a 30 % OF aad 11 10 pel eapecvey, Thess scons an oad a shown Fi. 3a), which {osha the oot of ech joa. Te Tot sep in any fine leon ana scr. Let ws se the results of Example. se we fk each member of he ssw bea lees Tsold te ald fom hr camp the discretization ep muy be die ino mo oprah reed tasks (1) speciation ofthe modal cowie ad (@)seciuon of the lent data, selding trial et inions, Beas {hs Sep ipso ily important, ets summarize the wus ofthe doin frm Example 3 Nodal Coordinate Data ement Dat ener 2 “ Nie ht to A i tk a tS, emt eS nd 0 forth Inada mec sc th Ss. sd mal 2, he 0. tin, Th dl umbeing ee td ove wl ot the alles pose ‘anit fe songs se out Uh So espn wae ddr enh lene: te crescon! sxc mr of acy edhe eg Te gh aly atl by ty fromthe wal soins, Howes, te eigen cst ms be seed . ae twas cent y Die x Mr Allee aboe ffamation sd agen houaout the ite eament sion proses, ln sony, te tse mel wll be compel of fo node and fie teens oe ie ma Ne eg hae intrmationtesores an nr pa ofthe inpt oth coat rgr dec ‘stron ral teint the compa posran deste “The nut sep sw determi th lr elemen sites mai or element own the gb ees iiss tt od fil oi th Se Seige ns matic ay aot elo: sig ie fem rm.) an) her em i a mBLote er er 48 ool 00. Element 1 composed of materia ado me have se el 19030 1 a “VERE ee OF Kw =o (oar) Ato oly three a for significa ists ae shown here, al cakations vere eared ot igi dg und. hercloe urbe my nota exactly a “Gown durin the aserblge, The reader shold mt the ela mali f 10> nd went ah ary eK" as ts of poo orc perc. The stiess teem in ttl aes wil aways hve nts force per unit ength—silar othe unis ofthe sins fora sping. Ahogh K" cn bs atlas o Ki? ty aplpng (25) 0 cement tear owe th sh fr K piven by Eg. G26) Real at only two af he devon cosines ae need, which, For ‘Sement 1 a realy competed 8 flo 00 480) a UE 8280 1 ‘eas The realer sould examine te even of cle | in Fig 3-4) verity Tree diction coins by nspeton, Wi ths elpo (1-29 pb element sities a for seca mat be veri rd 0 = 10] 28D = Kes ote D -912f0 90 tin (ea) ‘This res mt now be nt the asemblae sles mari which his prin simply a ull mai). Sie element comets tds Ian 2, he se He stile mast Ke becomes 0 v ‘The ren soul coor ths elt or the aseblge sess max (afer procening the seen) with Example 3 ‘Although the ada face veers, abd could be conic at his in rent, povesto be mre serene to bain Set ated ‘fy Example 66. This sume comment apis of ots, tothe pl ore cas Fer clements though 5 Elsmere mex, and sce itis sompou of mtr st 2, K2 Is iven by bof-t a co = (OARS 10 0) ast weeps fora ra, eee of 00. us 0 f-us 6 ft of oo * = 0 erst bei oof 0 0. ‘Thera ay vest tht for clement 2 hve my = 1.0 ae ty impston an by sing Ege (27). Therefore, me hve K2! otal heme sills aia clothe alleen sles ae (ce 4. (3.20) Sac lemeat is coaneced by odes ad I, tbsp sass smi bcones afer processing wo lees) ae ited kee es vor 4, Asin the eer tool examine this rs night of Fxample 3lame 3 i ine mre inet tha he previous two elements tecane ic isncmed pot oslo val, The gh eset 8 i easly Computed rm Eq, (0 te b= VIE OF Fe OF = Bin and KO" becomes or = 968120 > 105) | a ee DD o Coa Kor = (50) Bs oof 0 0 In oer oases KO lt Khe ston cosines ae seed. Ral rom Example 3, fr element 3 clad m= O88, y= O47. Wit the pot fa. (6-26), fe global clement sifaess mat fr element 3 is eompued ast rnofast a a eis 8 Sse} m6, “Tis mix ms om be ded in he assemblage as K sae cement {Tonnies 3nd 2, we pt he eat es) ‘once agin the rear shuld cram Example 34 This ast ests the as ‘Slag stiffs matic afer processing re cle. "he poste tobe aud on cement enc! tht used above. The reader shu vey tt frelement eget, 109 of 109 0 er os9 0 of 0 0. td wih my) = 0999 and my = 0.316 oe -mf-98 ay wee 10 A Ot tin asn 3 -ul-3 11 Ar proces four clemes and tag that emt 4 coments nodes 4 and 2 ‘he ssemblage max K" feces oe i Ie “Te prinent rests or seme $ ae sow sarc, The Joa element sxe ate KO i en By Kor = 0 (a0) i 2 and hm) = 0 an 10 tl ee sis ma ones oo to sin} iT ca 0 S910 589. Sic clement S connects rade 3 ad 4 (is his oder) the ssemblge sions " oo cae Ee ar ae ae Tp oo est eo ar o obs nb Glo an, Al five lemons ve now bon proces mths version of he bla ts, Note that syne ad sghly Sol i's al banda of 6 ‘seed om the til rw (ho ce Exaile 33).The seu! sp so deen the senbige nods frse vest. Beate te ‘ras and ding poset example ae snes thon in xa 3-8. we tay ase the eat of a example det Foe complet, 1 exe: =| 100 -172{0 O10 0:0 OF (2) Nate he ws ofthe ramps 0 deste caluan vector in ow mat fe. "ctl, there are tee las 2 es ofthe actions. AS etoned in Sor 3-2, een oes ose ot Be sori in he osttion oP However, et us de hse reactions ino eview Why ts ste ease: Lt ws ent he esto a heaton a ode 3 as Us nd dente he eto in thee andy detios at nose a5 Uy and Vg espectvey tee exe ses fe cluded in he assemblge nodal force Wt We Bt Pelt 12/0 ou, O14, Wy en ‘The menage tem eguton Kea = F becomes ESib aly 31g 8 pape ee | wo ar “tet pi, ms on he ig ha nee ds te teh, imple to sa ra th ch of tlre ne Plcencc Hoverer be mart on sone of Se nl ian mi Scns sys) ~ Oran O, tng =O Lana sco etd cord i S30 npn thie eas (The it thal rd humeral Chupr) Ausra o 10% 10 tale Ba Gen comes ‘Te 10 (and wo 10% ieee on the aporopit gorl emis Beate of ‘he 10 sce muh. Note ta ter de vests se sonia. he Fg Iodide weet T= {=I -178 10 0F0 0:0 oF hich peiely te same a. (5-6), Terre, the hal rsh of he ‘atoms med nt be conic very frais Fs 1. (65) sored by hema aversion mth pressed in Se, 214 ‘he resign dspacemerts, i be ee y= 0.088 4s = $0,005 § = -008828 yy = ~o0351 ay 0.00000 uy atoo9 w= 0.001% y= aKa "Not tah restined dees of femal hve rr placement “Te only remaining sk sto eerie the ol cement, Which inclode the ail conan, seals sees an fre. Else! 3s omieted in deta wo Mase hese of as.) to (45). The final rey fora ‘eens te subeqaet summutzd tow, Real that leit 3 cones odes 5 and 2 nis odo Eas. 4 and (42) with my = OH andy (0.47, the an clones 8 for clement 3 somes, B= (may + mx) — mye, + Mam) 8 = (o.s92y0.009%) + (04474003351) ~ [0.860V0.0) + (0474-00176 = 0.00529 ‘The stain in lament 3 eal computed by Eq, 34) 8 oy = 8 OO aa 10-6 eos Ba pms 10°F inn he sss rom Eg, SE 8 0 = HE = (384 10°%990 % 10) = 1,80 ps 2 Fly the force a 1.80040.1968) = 0 I compression ‘Th rear should determine se ail legions, sis, tess, an es for the rnmining elements (ne Problems 3) 1 3-50), The sul oe sommrted elon‘Note hat clement 1 4 a(t, Band A) ai eso ad elms and 3 numbers D and C) ae in compression. The rai foe af 2320, “compesin) ears elemea 8 ere C) but he ani tes of 17.409 enon) ects i cement 4 ember Bl Problem 3-57 th alr asked {b doa foe blonce om each ae, which sce aw chock cn the ese and tho yiekethe (anknowe) ato foes Uy. Uy an Ve tn Prom 3-58, the fener asked to determine these rection frees det th Help FE on, "This comple the wo-dinersionl wus example a Se. 34 the bse eps nal fine clemereanayes ae summarized. Ts is flowed bythe teed ‘enna rs omlation and a decptin of wo-Simeriona ms program filed TRUSS, wich asomats in a ompte rogram al the stp executed Shove. The program may te applied Wo the problem fete, aswell 50 May the ‘nore unlit wo-dersteal sspeuen 44 SUMMARY OF THE BASIC STEPS ‘he simple probe in Sec 3 tls al the ai eps in th ine element thas the sep tht re summardlow, st ned tht he pole ‘telkposed lal corte system dtd, anal pene! geometrical ad nr dv re know, ‘Stop 1: Diseretization ‘The cts, by, a on Being ase mst be dtd no a ssble imter of kine Fach theless hs several noes ssid with oe ‘ample. cach element the ts mel sto noder—one titer en Fhe ‘lementhewtzaton rl othe speicstion othe Gn element mesh ad Inve two dic ut lied ss lft nl lemon define, ‘The noes ae almays numbered omicuvely fom one the ttl number of mas preset. The il nanesng ptt has tong fence on exeeton imei compu progam Forlag problem) expil i Chaps 7 ad The bone Hen tu user themes in tach ny soa mize the anid of the seme siess matt. Many lag, cand ie cement programs reat the ness automata Yo esa ths. Nodal deta ae ont when te corns of cach he mae st so sei. "Tvdtne te semen, we frst raner tem conceive from oe 1 the maximum umber of elements preset. The clone pane scere seh Dltelyarbrary. The nodes seid wih ech clement mit be spi. In {lion he material property ata to eed for cch semen! peed with the belp of mater set Hp. Using mse et Nags ese ical he eat of aril propery dato Be spied any comer pam, Tsou be menned tht aty paca! fist ant progr mast Rae rovisos or asomai or semiautomatic mesh nero. Aspe meth po nto Is deus in Se. 4 ‘Step 2: Determination of the Local Element Characteristics xprenions for he local element characteris mt be sie oan from 2 Stable reference. BY element characricr we meat seat sifess ma ‘ts an al face vector The won "oferta th at th the element Charaeries ae deve in oa reference stern, which usally change om ‘emeat occ. The rope expreson forthe element carcino tural problems may be derive byte ict pooch, th vata aoa, incloing the pipe of mit potential eegy, he vua-wok approach, ‘rthe weighed aproach, Inthe us role, he det spp was ‘se: Teer approaches a core in dtl seve he following cases In-nensraral problems, th vr asd weighted spyesehs te sel mot often Wath exreson a an forth ll element chr the tal element sess mates ad fore vectors) maybe deterine! mo revel for ach leet. ‘Stop 3: Transformation of the Element Characteristics The ele characteris frm Stp 2 mt Be fem fm the fl oe ‘iow ssems tothe global rysem, Tht accompli with he help of ansfomtion mati serpin in Se 2 forthe ss dl. The aston maton of he local element characteris neds Be pred only whe thertnowe paren futon 6 a vector, sack a he ol dsplscements in he {ta poem, and ten only when a es ovine ye ed ‘Step 4: Astomblage of the Global Element Characteristics ‘The pla clement siaess mates and global lest nodal rc years mast te abenbled form the senblae sess muita ssenbage nda ce ‘str Te base ea sind Step 4 ht he kw pune anton mast ve te same tale a any given noe regades ofthe seme coi he finde The ssenage proce forthe rs was lated symbol in Ex Single 3 uml See 3-3. ‘Step 5: Application of the Prescribed Displacements Afi ihe asemblge sp, he ssemblge ies mati and assemblage nodal Tore vector mst be modified scoring Won of th wo ethods preset ia ‘Sec 3.2m order impo the cones om the rst eee of fede Instrictral anda aay probes, ewe ply the mol plceent (Gedtecns and slopes n model ivvng Henin) In thers nals pb lems he psc dl temperatures mat Be inp in ie manne. {hilo probes, the esc otal velar ad peseues mate sii imposed, The esuling stfese nae aer Sep $s somsngular for wel ped ovens Stop 6: Solution ‘The reskiag stem of equsons Ka = f mut be sled forthe vector of mda unknowos aI he wus probln he vector a conti th aod lasts 'sgven by Eq, (438). The soliton ay Ye oie ya fhe metho stable te Srysem of inca agetrai quis In this haere the mat sverion Inti of solsion fst Tp Caper 6, another method 1 eset. In thermal pli probiens he vec a is generally compened of the a temperatures, andi lo flow peblens ts cnn ofthe ml slain ad dl pressure. ‘Step 7: Celeuaton ofthe Elament Resutants ‘The clement reams, sich as al elongtions, ins rene, and inter Fores, ae computed more ols sity he ml daplscnets om he soliton step thea ray and li om probes, he lee ens sr the nr esto ad Mid tess, wich ae computed rom the nod tempers and nod! sles, espe 125. THREE-DIMENSIONAL TRUSS FORMULATION Let gow exon the development in Se. 3:2 the the dimen! ts {Con th pol core nyse shown a Fig 1H). Note te potion Sector which dns an abrary pint P. Lat ws ite the eco ip em of ite carsen comport flows randtai tak 68) her Jean karte toe wists in they, ands ditons, respectively, stows on he Rie. ‘Ain he two-dimen ts folio, let ws wie the ae vest in ‘es fs componente red course tye x here, with of ‘sf generality, the ani puomly eke oe inthe same detion a el, {shown in Fig 11)" Weng the tear im tem of Hy components (eran) i the ated tem, we hve pent eng ke een where, and ae the wi eters in the an det especies ‘Azan hey’ coda system commonly feed o «cl corte system. From Bs (56) and (67), we have eon Tht ib + ok et +0 orig the dt pact f his st eatin wi ges gure 3-11 Pskon orn ce-dmesol (la cong tem and) ‘all cardne emrom ri + ey ce (349) = costar) = my (2700) HY = costey = me (2706) HR = cone) = my (70) ‘Therefor, (3-49) becomes fe muh ma + em In completely aaogous manner, we aso have eer om ot om mah + it + my! ‘e781 (ESSE) = (2706) or more concisely a ‘uation (79) tnsorms the components of ak airy eso he ol brats sem ote somgonent mth ll ster. Sise can be sown ‘ha the tansfeemaon ate orhogonal, We fave vert ~ vera Te oS) rn ono tl cei as om usando ts Pt rmsenc htn ‘incase elf cnn em ape tcrtwrgpecrt te ompnnSpcetnidt e cmprent of sal forces a VW. The sbi ah af nel 2 asa ‘0 doe te two vespeive odes on each semen pe () de hat the aval in queion i erence 1 hell syste (hey coun Spc. mh the aene of pine lr othe global tem fe the ‘diesem. pe 12 may Belp © cay the ttn: ely nal de ‘tcement tes sinc he gre singles wou Tok Kt ‘rcp that upein eters wold eto Sone fe Foren, ‘Ain the development for he two-dimen! ta the wo nodal dae mets in the itn, and, ae elt the opal ces i the ae ‘retin, U and U9 -9 7m ad Eo = a) arm) f= Ey ap am were A seprsonts th cases ae of te clement. the dus of Ste, an the lames th. Now Z-may be compte from L=Vq= FG G om or he nas cemeat only ail as ae allowed, an 0 we have Mew =o ene an yew eo (778 Figure 2.12, Nodl cme ad's yes,In ter wos, loins seamed 0 te pm. Let ws wt Es. 2-7) in T Sry pa) om Fly Le each recon) kere ome) tere K’ repens the oa elemen snes mai, the eal element nda Uiplscement vector, apd F the lol elemeat nl force veeoe Teta detrei lament sts mau rte development in Sx 30, hou be obvi tat w= Re ao sa f= Re es whee e tt} aaa 00 Ode, ms a, As sla and pec, dent the velar of aol dispaceeas and the ‘ector fmol forces for lomet eed tothe pol tem, These gee spel by » sow fo a Paty ym ym een uation (3.79) becomes eRe = RE ae hich may be pemutipied by R-! (which equals RT) 1 give Keer eso were K" sees the pol element Thess matt ans abvowty dene & we KR ean 17K’ determine espliity,one pets - Sf ate Tat hs - ena ra Sim mtn a anit pe Internal, the global clone sites mats K° i ito of only tee sy cleulted ection cosines, ramely my aR, aon 10 A,B, aL By defini ofthe ceton cscs, we have ny = castes’) (250) sy = cots) 298) sn = coe) (3499) ecw dette the vetor rch rns rom nde 110 in he loa stem as 6 ~ a+ 0) ~ 9h + G ~ 2k (20) Bat = bs ad -f-8 co += (422p+( Bur doing ts sides of Ea (3-92) wth ves ea) here H = cost’) = my. Similarly ting Ea (3.92) wth and gesIn summary, the re esti coies my, andy ate gen by at eon) 7 ty) (290) eu scot 2 EE ona wre coun, te ah fe eet gen by Ba. (8) For a lena staal coisa hn he he asa ea a ‘ent ay tint lone progam, Thre, he Pal emcee ‘Poe H is ty compu rn Ey C8) “he wienlge pcos nan hemes deci in Se, 3.2 at ext othe four? 2 sac eke oun 3 aba Pred pacemen oun conto pied i al mac, Elna fess api in hese rae red S32 for eto Simca wos The eshing ssc sem enn Kea 90) ‘solved forthe ma diplacemets, which a tr can be wed se fo the Inger axial foes and seen cach lent The proved Is armed telow. The ongaton& af a lene ive by bey (395) here rom Ea. (3.78), we ave 1 may a (360) = muy + mats +m (960) Sime en sis we ely ead it be ep f(a Sine the nal pace u,v, a0, mow Knee the slo for ain Ka = 1 te eoogton 8 ety found foreach element ‘The aval sans, sess, and aces F hin ech clement an then tenes by wing Egy (3-43) (3-45) Negtne vals ofe and F deme ‘snpresson hen <0), This cosets he fulton of te ce dineason ‘rst poem, 346. DESCRIPTION OF & SIMPLE COMPUTER PROGRAM: TRUSS A simple FORTRAN program fer he anys of two-dimensional ses i re Sen in his set. A completing of he progam prove in Appendix B The proram maple of mating rascal po 20 js nl 0 eres [No moe hn 5 ile ps of "ati maybe preset wih 40 xe tas 15 iret oa foes die preset pase. Altotgh ery 20 stoves at st, he rogram qt snp In fc the we of aban inhi unc sould fiat oe wderndig of te pose. In nea, ‘ic sbrotine perf oly one ko Tee elated tn Any cmt set ‘toms may be sd “The programs writen inthe America Nana Stand estate FORTRAN longings decried in he ANSI docuent X3-91966(apyoned ot ch 7, {The mer FORTRAN 77 wo eu, bal he pop shoul un wi 0 ‘enc changes on stn ing FORTRAN 7. The poi sat 0 Be {us fom asomole wr th aie LCONSL ithe mn pogram sth omole {vie maner fe 3 om an Apple I misrsomputr Son the VAX 11780, The ‘ser should change tis number scoring on his hepa sem ‘The ng to the progam is dese in deal im Appendix H. Table 1 ‘enti aly rere for the input o TRUSS and se sd in conjetion Sih Appendix Bhs lep ied no sven scr Secton I Bein ah Solow bythe maser contol dt, ic alas te sumer of tas he fume of elements the umber of ital the nanber of ifn pst Aisplacemens, the numberof deren poe ka andthe up device uber. Etch of he renuinng si npt sco is lay presded bya dari sete ‘sho only purpose eo ake the input ile more real. Input Section and sed to eine the mer, cadng ml cordinte and cement dat, 3 nll a the aria slap leach element A expe. {Appendix he ps eine and len ts mh be dined om oe ‘yone bass or they may be generated. Input Seton conan the material, property daa Yor each tral set preset For he ts, hse pope are the oss sectonal ea tl modus of els. Input Sections 8, 6. and 7 ical ‘he Dundas condition fle dt. he igs ol fore da, he nosed dal placement dat. nt Seton 2 ugh 7 ts be rid 4h ‘andor att, Description of the Program A simplified Nowshat ofthe min rota isaown in Figsre 13, This lowchart is types of al ite cement programe ta re Hed om the led est Deptonch, Theale pags dos ado ny oft fae lene cmp Bese are regard 0 he subroutines.Table 24S “he pte TRUSS mermaid o oie raiy iowa ome GI pa ‘puntos ae unto Ape B) Al ie eed sn 30 ol ‘ger a ite ae ed i ts md le np ue ed ih etm lmeer vases pe tere Mira FORTRAR ‘sto he err it a 9 cma ab SNODES” HELEN © NHATLS~—NPDIS. MLDS LoUT Secon 2 wt SUBT (ep. NODAL cooRDIWATE DATA) Bone ke noir Powe ‘Sein 9 ne SUbT gr BLENENE DATA) Gate exe SUBT (ep MATERIAL PROPERTY DATA) sno “agen EL¥OD ink) SUBT fee. BOUNDARY CONDITION PLAG DATA) are “Teer ec AG AP (a in SUBT «ep NODAL FORCE DATA) ‘hak ty SUBT cp” NODAL DISPLACENENE DATA) morse "brse ‘The main progam begins by ting LCONSL to the cose device number td by wring te sree, {IWPUT THE NONBER OF THE THPUT PILE (b-10): to wich he we espns 6" if te ip ils FORTOG DAT, 7" if th np five FORTOT DAT, ste. If he user eas “Oo pss the RETURN be. the program stops. Tis hes the api orn ple cases. This isthe on Dov he pogram tha iem-spendnt an may eed 1 be mod feruse oncter systems. The desrigion given ere lis tthe Moo version ff FORTRAN calles FORTRAN [7st propa rts wiout curses the Apple It Pi micocompuer with 3 £80 cad stall, a well & on Oe Iniostepters wth he CPM oering sytem “The main porn hen eds he Scola ile ad tb master cot dt ‘Te mesh Is geteaed by eal to sabotines NODGEN and ELEGEN. In sab roe NODGEN, Seton 2 ofthe pat le wea an hen odin are ‘pele eer ona noe by noe bor by generation. The say coeds ‘fonds I ae sored ip XCOORI) aed YCOORID, specie. Is suboaine ELEGEN, Sota 3 ofthe input ie, wbih wedi die the eles sat ‘pes the mati tgs fresh ent, ea. Agi, bese ta may tar Fe given ona cleaea-ycement tas or by genta The mthod wed w ‘ocr the mes desc ar nhs section. Forcenet the pol mae ers aod J ae sored in NODIL ani NODIL, especie and he mai ‘St gi sod in MATFLGAL. The mater propery dita i opt Setina ‘ne ead tet yal to sabi MATERL For ater st pier MSNO. the crostiomalaes an the mols of tear a and ed in DAT MATIMSNO,1) and DATMATINSNO.2), eagethey ‘Subroutine BCOND is then cll real he Boundary condition Na, he ‘posed pod fos, and the impel ast space The unde) ie ‘ton flags may be peli er on nodey-ode bse or by generation, Far ode I the two foundry condom fags nthe andy ie are sored in BCX) and NBCY() espeivly For wd fore munber NFORCE, the lsc ‘the force fea and sored in FORCEINFORCE). Silas, for mds dspace ‘net uber NDISP the vale fe dploenent i el an sted DISPNDIS, ‘The ae ofthe boundary conten Mae rex! in deal in Appendis Sutce ito ny nov ta ete Hg so det oes td pone as to dete spacrmente The int data then rine in summary erm byl {0 steoaine SUNY. In the next section ofthe main progam, the aserblage sv fore vector snd ite sssbage siftees mai we eon. ou. The reapecve aay names ae [ANFV and ASM. Siace 29 jon odes ae allowed and exch noe Hs 0 ‘eyes fifo randy components of place, the dimensions of ANEV S00 ASM are 40 Land 40 a, egectely In he DO toop labeled 2500" the glob element stifeess mates are sent by a cl abtine STIFF th ep of pro cle sbrotins CooRDS, LENGTH, PROPTY, and TRANS Subroutine COORDS simply r=‘Seer ] Ls ie {ea spar] 23 | urs the x dy cotintes of res and for clement L ant sts the in Sx). YY) for node T sl XX), YVC2) for nde J. Sabvotne LENGTH ‘Shniesthe lng sig ine betwsen two ps ad, of cue, sed {Greonpat he sknent lnphSabotine PROFTY veurn the rosea tres (AREA) od fhe elace dls (ELMOD) 1 be wed for elena from the DATMAT say Subroutine TRANSF res te ew sretion cones my aD fe bh are aod to eta the loa lene ses mas fr elemen ‘Thos inst ons se str a DIRCOSI) and DIRCOSC2,epetvey ‘Sebo STIFF hen generates the got element sifless mati dey ty wing Ea, (26). A in th example poblem a See 33, moe expat to se E228) rather tan (325) seth matrix mpc, res ie the eiupyesrince of man na shown a See. 32. The 4 4 gal lene Sites mt sted nara) ESM, fret Ls immed) assembled ito ‘he aserblge sins mats ASM by acl to subroutine ASSEMK. In oer Worth ements an fo ceca gener and semble, the Tereknent 2 and ofr Ths dies the memory eg since th nian ‘kine ates matics te not sve, The ede bold examine the ising of ‘sioutin ASSEMK in Appendix Barfly Beas t ge he gon Sor te sunblage tp in a ery exp fom, “Te ssemblage na fre vetor ANF pnt by sbrtine ANFVEC tht apis the nal oes. Then the anlage snes ari and the ste age mal force vector me mie 0 mpoe te pened placement y falc subrotine PDBC. Method | of Sec 3-2 wed wo pone hese dupe fens ‘The system of egatons Ka = Ts then soled by calli subroutine EQSOLV whichetuar he sole forte oda deplore eto SOLN Stouiae EQSOLY ota he soon by aig he mats eson subroutine INVDET [) (whch computes Kan he marcecayipeation Soba {ine MATVEC (which computes aby posialipying Ky the ves). The al dsplcemens ae primed By caliegsabontine PRINT, and the element ‘tne re competed an pone! via all te posgraceor brine POSTPR. The lent eka nde he ollowing forever emt he at fongatin, si. ses, an ce. "he main program hen ers 1 the hepining for anew ae. The wer may hen eter the ap ie amber for end eae fo ae eas 1B ‘he user simpy proses he RETURN hey onthe caste os ecco. Ces ‘may also Be stacked i pu he ‘Mesh Generation AI prac rte clement programs mus ve provisos for some typeof made fn Clement generation refed wo calectvely ft mesh generation. The TRUSS rogram ante wed torte one ne mesh generation scheme. Some seers eer the odes an cene'sn wo parte eps ch sth one be presetod ee, wheres ter generate noes andclements ion pated se, Referens[9-11 giv other mest generating grits. The scheme wad te pated Mer at preset by Zee 3) Node Generation ‘Thecarct wy tierce th nde seer scheme wa he TRUSS pam {sto ksi 1 with example. Comer the sai ln shova ie p10) ‘ong stich i eqally spaced nos ar to be place, Let sss tat be ods ae mune in sich awa hl he flees Retest gcse ae fumters es constant, at sown the fig. Let NI b the in ve, NO he oval increment NP he fina oe Inte preset expe, we ave NE = SING = 4, and NF = 23. Let w fuer anu tut the edit of dks Nand NF ee aso known and ar gen by (XL and (XE-YE), pene ‘The mumber of eqlly spaced dvsens, DIV en by _ NEO NG hic always a who namber proving he ns re ere propery. The Incemens i the nd destin, DX and DY, a then ive bv “he fin ode intimin gc py pest ies ode aber ie M ands cues re SYD The ed ml seed fn et fe al alm gen ty NI + NG. sty NI Dal > canine ws YI'+ DY. The te gr fo te snd see fn, Tee pl tl ae) no a ef erst ae mig tino Co Cednies(XE.YE) pode NF. te psec DIY = ED 3h © Zo O ° “ee one oO ° 6 Flexner sen Figure 314 tus of mh ssn (ah sks (eles Dx = [3 — 295 = Land DY = (16 — 618 ~ 2. The eng nda on ats ee sama Tals. 3B tn summary, the following variables mse pov np NI NG. NF, Xi, YIEXF, YF. The rele sbould compare hese voles with hse required intap Soon 2 desert n Append and smarized in Table 1 InChaner Ti method is oie ply otha he noes ate not neces ely ‘Sac. The ition allows the practical we of ade meses Element Generation Ute nodal generation, lent enero expan mot eal bya tan, et consider the clement sown in Fp 145). Hoa be noted st ot ‘nly tore contantdifernce tween vo sacs nde sumer, bat ere oko a cot diference between two sucestve cle umber Let LI be "en cleat uber LG ths leet be rome LE Ch fal ent tuner, and NG the nl umber lcrement, Pare, et sie that es fan fo thea elemetLL a ten by NI apd NI respectively. Tis Sao a ery comesia plac to specify the mata eto be sed for al lees Inti encom sequence. Let vs dts te meal Set igo BES. I Soald eappaen tht he rt lem colt deine Hoan he leet mbt ‘Strands an ae Nan, ap the mater et ane MS. Fro is lemon ita snple mater i inthe son element the kere numbers Ur LG, moe ih NING, node j= NI > NG, and ain he mr wet ‘umber MS. The tid element detied rom the econ, ap 0c tl he Uwtelemcal LF defied. For the carpe above, i= 4.LG = 7. LF = 32 and N= 4. Lets some biel tha meal sto be wd or these ‘ements The resuhing clea etn ath ent snraon utes ae Sora flowsIn summary, the following varies mast be psi foreach lame gen rst seqnce LI, MS” LG, LF, NG, NI and NI. The varies shoul Be Cnared with hse equ ia ip Seton 3 Table 1 and pete By The ‘ewer shld ao ermine sabetnes NODGEN and ELEGEN In Append B ‘rfly so har is mtd of mes nero shoo undo Example 37 ‘Using the TRUSS program, rsive the example pole ia See 3-3. More se ‘ely, tein th dpiscemen of exch na for cach meni determine {eax longa, sein swe nd tral fore. Ths tat shown in Fg saa Solution For comene, Ie us use the discreet or mes) shown a Fig. 3-40). complete Ising of he input ile gnen Table 2. The eae sould a tis npr wih feu refereac to Table 31 and Append Bh. fm hey pints Sh rapes the nut re mod tow int note tht following the TITLE ar he mtr cont ator nodes, Aiveclemens, wo mater one prescribed plremen, wo erent pit ade ‘and 3 forthe cua device amr (he Apple Icons), This teil fallonedby the NODAL COORDINATE DATA sti lh acta inpat. NOE that odes Tanda defined on nde tsi (NG = O)y we modes 3 and aedefied via the generation festa (uth NG ~ 1). hes inp es oe Felowed by amanda a ie "The ELEMENT DATA suede a dataflow next. leet 1,3, and 5 seein in he fise-geneatonSequease and elements 2 and # ia te sexed eeration quence, Fm the fist equnce ntti element 3 wold We defined {Saving ands 2 an 3 (in his rer Ii dese ane the dria mn "ample 1, a forth reson element redefine nthe tp ie as having rede 3 and 2 The TRUSS program vaya acs th latest wl corn ad "ements Agana matory lak lin mses ths np ston (at wel asl the flowing sco) The MATERIAL DATA sbte nd materil propery dion the flow Note hat he material dats ase pei in any ore. The BOUNDARY CON DITION FLAGS suite und dataflow. Now that he fap forme 2 ae ot defined, 50 ISCX = 0 and IBCY = 0 ie wd ey del for hs nse Tae lap fs completed by the NODAL FORCE LOADS and CONSTRAINED NODAL DISPLACEMENTS tbls a dats. The meal dt, force dt, a placement da may be spied mie than one for exch cnsiton (ike the ‘dl corn, leet and boundary conton Ng dt). The pop spy ‘hs the st ales ead When coming inpat tae provide. ‘The oes fom te program is sum in Table 3.3 und stalin. ‘The nodal dpacemens and eeent sul are with heres fom Se 3 7 “able 32a Da Fe or Beagle 87 ‘BXAUPLE 3-7: MODEL OF TRUSS SHOWN Tw PIG. 3-4 a 5 2 + 2 3 opat cooprnate Daze qo 0.0 feo eo 3 4 ‘ i 8. oo. eLeMent DATA i 2 5 2 i 2 2 2 2 ‘ 2 i i a 4 a ° a a 2 NATERIAL DATA (2 OTPPERENT MATERIALS) a ores? t.es08 i Oras) 30ces Ou ‘BOUEDARY CONDITION FLAGS r a aged 0 3 7 a a t a i 1 6 0 NODAL PoRCE Lonps r “S00 2 “732: ‘CONSTRAINED NODAL DISPLACEMENTS (sk ty 37 REMARKS 1s import op tise lengthy chapter ito perspective. The twos ‘onal ess was defined, ane complet inte cement emulation was presente. ‘simple problem was solved by tané tills the process. The Basi steps ‘ere then summed an extended the re dimensional ess A spl po Dum eles TRUSS was dsr it ay te welt solve more compte ero Sinestoral was proens. The rogram sits the bas eres ms ie ‘ement programsTable 33 Owput fo Pogni TRUSS fr Eup 3.7 [EXRNPLE 3-7 RODEL OF THUS SHOWN IH PIG. 3 Homage oF Euemewrs: NUMBER OP RATERIALS: 2 oureur arr womsee: 3 Nove wo. scx racy x-cooRD——-cooRD 2 ev ee ‘2.000 ‘o-c000, 2 otc, 32.000 ecanoo 5 a o:éona scan00 é 55 oco00s = Bag BLEMENT NO. ODET HODES nar ser Lag 1 7 2 1 2 3 i 2 3 3 2 at 5 3 & 5 areazaL ape Lasrtc nopu.us 7 103 ‘30008 "08 2 aes? aioe +08 ‘SUMMARY OF DIFFERENT EXTERNAL onDs UNGER RODAL FORCE 1 “to0u.8 2 “73 SOWMARY OF PRESCEIGED NODAL DISPLACEHENTS MURBER MODAL DIS 1 ‘0-000 Soman oF nopaL orsPLacenEyzs NODEWO.. T-CORPONENT” T-coNPONENT 2 aerare-oe .aue778-0b 2 lssgsee02 | _133s4ae-o1 a a-onoa' citpecue-oe ‘Suamaey oF ELEMENT aESULTANTS ELEMENT NO, ELONGATION “STRAIN STRESS FORCE a civedee-o2 2418-03 beea.2 | Wrie-9 2 ~laupavecae -"72see8-03 -rass.¢ -1000.00 3 Tisasgg-oe “138csee-03 “tusa. ~2983.7 ‘ 2ooqae-o1 “isacse-ve ances. 2490.8 I7esuence lavecuecos $203.4 4034 Although th speoch Mos inti har is fee 038 she ie cleneat tol, hs sb one pe of may fine elem ethos. The nth prcteed foe and oughout tht hook ered tase sess approach there the primary unknowns ase ened the nol fores Fy the reaboship Ka =F Nor suring, Kis tetemed tom the sifter mars” aerate Tishaa nto xt clledhe sbi meted or he force mats med, thes the primary nkoowns se the nodal Tres. The fom of th global sem ‘ution L= a where aa ws eps te (ow known) nodal dle Ines Obvoy, he Neity aut Ls elated fo the inverse of the sess ‘mur K. Testes approach nach re power and populr th the ety poh For th eso, thesis approach wed exlosvly ‘hs book [Altough te finite clement meiosis genally ede as an approxinste soln etic, Ses giveth eat slon forthe two-dimenso rss {andthe tce-dinersional tus) The reason fortis i it He elongation Bis [ine eat by PLA (roving that ad Fae consonant Te Sun sath in jt, ish ak accommo ear nthe Fe Elemee formlaton, io sonriaes to the ea salaton bythe Ste clement rch. Some ape sant ss mde next oul abe coir {hon ie appaton of the nie element med. News. te suhor thes pot pee wih ts pit oven ‘Socton 3-2 deve some speciation. I wil come evideat i ae ‘haps har most fhe steps etd in this Section ae oie ad ae ely ‘fede oer aplcaon ia sculls, wel eo pobes in abr ‘Gcilines. The eae wil soon come to aprecae e fing ses bind rouine in svucural analysis (1) dcrezaton, 2) assemblage of the sess Imatit and nda force vector. (3) pplication the pest eplacemens 8) ‘olin fr tena sspaement an (3) eaclaton of cement esas The Sty ht rife for ile mse are the oes in which ne determine the Iocl andor pol cements mates and modal foe Yer —comenie ‘eed ta the cement characeriicr Anyone of several mets ma be ed to dae the element charters (1) the dst approach, (2) th vital proach) te wra-wak peach, o (4 the weil peach. Ia Us caper aly the ict approach used log it ay oc ser De ver Siew the aencomer to he Ue eles metho). Neveles a is and velrknowa laosbip, ay as used wos the lent charac a given by Ha. (33) the oa rite sem and by Eg (328 and B32) 8 he tal stm. The

cine ich tt rin words, ach tht the fection is extend (oF mae sina). To ‘crite with: iti er maxon bas bee oun. me ay heck the Second deste off with epee og a th value of tht exes the fis pace. 1d} > Os mnimur hs been ou Td <0. mar hs eee found. The fist dessatve of 1) i ead i Eg, (17). which ready computed fom 3-16) 0 r= Za at 30) a set, (41 bese oy = f00m2aot ~~ Ma = 3°94 segs neti a ay = oa, a ean from wich we may compute Mn, — Seng dig! eo 20 and sing fo a gives 42% fen ‘An apposite sluion to. (47) by he vation met abet 10 the oud conons gen By Eas (8 8 Te) = "Meat ~ 2) 22) “he rear soul compce his posite est wth hat om the Ritz met 1 Example 1, The apponinatesltion fom Exanpls #1 and 2 ae shown “he compuson in Fig 4-3, Thee appesinat Sluton ae compared the exact soln aera tis chape. 7 Figure 42 Compr opposites olen psd in Ene 4143. VARIATIONAL CALCULUS: AN INTRODUCTION “The caus of variations is ints in hie seston for forces tha rea fonction a oe depeoet vale ony. ~ fe). The bai appecach hat freak ules only eniny differential aa! tgal cakcus. The sl then icp night of tec of varatos, In what flows, when a decane [Snceded tne subst notaton fom Se. 42 swe pid Is ete st Tone a8) and die Ingen, we sly know the erent egution ht describes 3 phenom non Hoeve, the varitonlfomultion fs wally aot obvious, Fr ample ‘Scr otvow ht Eq, 140) he aston oomlaton ht eoespus 0 the ‘rem formation giver by Egy (7) and (8 The sea hes 1 develop ‘systematic procedure by which we my erie the varios! fr problem from he effec! fran its ery important op the merlin ino proper ppt. ‘The ao ofthe oinon that alow he vata fomalaton allows ws to tana ier grasp of he waerying cones Behind the fae element td. Its by no meats assay eset he appiation of he metodo pata Problems Iwill fe lead [ter tht he wpe ena mato ae feet {app and cin be sed even when no varistna fomulatono pice ext ‘Palos poin shouldbe Caifed. Al ariel fermaons bave screponting feet! rman, Dt unforuaty he cones atte sue ie tal fomlaions have no clsa! vations pail. The ede eer {0 Zeakowice [6 fora cede tha yes a nonlssal vate oration {0 some of these problems. Tas docs moe mean hatte fe elem meted ‘Shaot be sed in hee cates, bee we spy reso the more owes (nd Splen wephtedesidal ppoach Before sstmatic proces develope tht wil ow 9 0 oan the ‘rita form of rble om he leet formule, let x examine one ‘lve tat has Ge hort engi beween Gwe pats int plane. Oba he fre i sit ne joing he wo pols, bt tus Show how be aes of ‘arto nye do pove te inuvly obvious faut Fi, we mist et ‘pan tera ht opens the tho he eve, Figure 44 shows afar ‘of eres tat onmet pots 4 and in the plane ofthe fgre By mining the imal, we wll an the eqttion ofthe line that usin he shortest sponte nth ‘A clement ar length dr from he Pthagorcan there sven by = aT zy hen may be writer a en oe pure 44 Faiy of ones ht oes pis Aa in te ane of te et “Teer, the fi gh ofthe carve om = a at point A 10 = Ba pit tf Be wm at ee sein shy ee pe om 1 [rene as fen prt, nts lsh Se STRESS Rac ated op eo ‘a ty celery deta ee we aa a aes, rom By (28 nd (28) ee F wezn vege Those, aption of Eg (427 ys “all - 1 follows that the xpreison in the rat is a constant. Cy, oF aan oefrom which ye cone ty, tate east, of Buty, = aide a vo ve which may be inert 19 ge yrareG, (430) ‘Te intgnton constants C; and C, coal ten be detemined for pacar robo by wing the boundary conan wal = wate) w= 9p wat) In any eve Bg, (430) repens a tai la ws expected Figure 4S shows te fucion ss) that atl Tea the shoe length exwcen thet pt an In ato, he srion of, dened ys to shown, I) ad svt ya aod, we pete posible cues) for which he mrt may Be valet is emphasis tn is on fone rear cure. namely at aes (atalino eth 4-4 SOME ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS Several ences fom edna cls a eviews in his section, An extension ‘ofthese coneps 0 vaio cael is alo pve. Since oar gel Is {elopan operational understanding of ese consps, no atm made Oe thom he The reader may wis con! he fence a teen of ths hapa for adn foto. Poure 45 theca nt olin hr etc Aan sao Integration by Pats (7) dui dvd como fonction fx vee sable ier © fom ssn = bs hen he foal or get by pats apes ands sven bY ers fetter wf ~ fier waa “The intr om the ithe ides equal refered a the erated erm Taylor's Series (81 ‘A fuston 0) tate cmtinats a diferente ovr an nr cade Pe be wt inte fannie sere sch a ea oF ¥ This fie ers she Talo erie espanson fer he stra Note that fa) {uc attest dente off we apes 1 xs to Be vale x =a, ht (0) detest he econ erie of with spt 0s ews be ‘salad stro, aso on Ofestines thes vei he facts ro? ‘form > 2 resin compo othe Storr er al th nce ses seen 0) = oy + a+ suo + aa) is) = fa) + Slane ~ 0) 30 ison refered a8 frsonder Tol expen (the faction bo the Poin = a) I emphasized at Eq 838) may Be wed ony for Yas of tery close 1 ‘The Ditforentil of & Function Considers continous and lilremtsl aetion fl) hat has to depen arse, randy The diferent ton gee 3) aba be ss Fam i) he kt ea Hae a at + iy! do, Notdtht we ay tak the dfeeaal of 2freton bt ota apn ‘heh ca fonction fonctions Ise we spk sarin, os ics next ae 20“The Vataton of «Functional, Let snow consider fachonl F0.)Ksboul be bau oa the example ‘piste in Fg hatte varie fat taken onthe varie x bt rh on {fe tcton 0) ad posbly some of dees. Therelre, te variation of sr wten Bene athe vation af Fs pen by ar = Hy Ey, fan eis hinted ere ad ale fori eas apply inte cles of ‘rian, ann mos css they do. For example Eq. (37) fos fam £9 (G56) te lileretl operator is eplaced y he arin operator & at far, is ecnpnzd ut x OOF eure, fin Eq 4-36) ate fin, wees Fn Eg 37) fonction of fc: Le» fc. One other ‘ube diference exis in the expessions forthe fect the variables, td 2 re tly nkpendet, where the expen forthe vr, 9 ad, tne teed ho they ae independent (they ar actly rate ty 9, = dy 1) Equation (437) may ead extended to cae nei he fon F {4 fneon of more than to anton (te Prem 15). ‘The Commutative Propertios ‘Oe of tke most important propeies of vrais clus sth comntative rope at ae tha he diferent ofthe vrtion a fasion i etc {0 the vation of he dilflerentl ofthe ame fancton The comme propery nay te writen mathemati at oy) = 8) ese A simple po of his elaionsip is peoided in eferece (I sumed ere ‘a te fection yf ifeteibe Anat commutate propery ste one tat stats tha tbe vat of he ine of a frctonal Fis he se as the mega ofthe vain of he sane Funct, or mata 8 fire [ora oo Note that he to ners mst eval ews te sto ln Miscellaneous Rules of V tional Calculus From the Sein of dieteiton vain cane sow hl ee fs of iterenaon hve rato oars Lexy anf ay Cninvos {nd teenie ects Tenney we none “0 o(:) 20 es 30 fh The similarity ete hee and each of thi coterps in i Eel clue shoul be obvi 445. THE EULER-LAGRANGE EQUATION: GEOMETRIC [AND NATURAL BOUNDARY CONDITIONS nts scton it wll Be cen how we may ca he vrata oration fron the dental. AS metond eri stem reed accomplish is 6 fae cane, more fen thane ire enon tat Sexes farce poem i cay dered andthe vrata form sot Otani he “ental frm rm the ferential alos ake advange of oreo he tpronnate olton echmiues~inclig the fie let tho sel ee set) “The acest conto or the existence of ext of he fenton | hat its st variation 8 ust Be 20, oF Dae wan wesfrawoa=s st rie ta ,, ose i se (9). We now wast find the condo) that 9) us sais such ‘atthe ig extemized oe made any. Lets ceed by mtg at by Ea. (439 the van of he eps the same asthe egal ofthe varaon, and so Hg (45) boomes ue frase won Now whe ep of 4, we my it _ seLe ws rw By, na more convene fr by ig Eg 38 Bay) _ a9) ty, = Ma As oan ele a co stay « SE ay us [le +] « al Leta ow tg ype rm ne egal. (40 eeZ ow Se 3 ye ade bie fom wi flows eal f-aG) = + a ‘elo, 1 0 coms w an On yf 8 bee Hal oa ws for then we have (ees) ceae gees geben cy 8 i Seger rebiieaamanmnaies sett Zabvte Sehatapacs erie aeas watt is as ra sea if eatin with y and, 8 he pein depend varabes an.) ply te sane iret eaten ‘hres fom he lect lors i fot pe, Aca rs functional tease fantom a fenton, yd Egon (36) ‘fee othe Elo EL eqns pen ee fara ‘Shen by Ep te) cso iterpttng tees ets sow hth frtoal tobe extemized foe he poem n Earp 1 Sin at ven by ig. 4). exemple 43 Fr the problem psc in Emp 1, show tht the fiona to be exenized Seven y By. (414). Real atthe problem in Example 4-1 was stated as follows a Ss tame =o Genet an no (29) nm (ea) Fis, et cack t sce wher ort he conto expres in Eq, (4-46) fo 1. HSS) in met In rs of the nto im thi problem, Hy 56) ad ($46) may be writen es (esr Since the vale of Ts to be ei ned at trend ofthe ites, 0 = x 1 the vain of 7 or BT ts be zero a te two pois Perfor, (4-57) 'ssatsid by vnue ofthe conden 70) = U and TU) = , sce A = O at ‘hee pints, Ths tye of bundy codon refered wa eter bday ‘tion (10), When 3F37, = 0 onthe boundary, eta rua Bondar onion (ce Example 44) Let ws ow tro E4.(-ST) abd make ate ‘erm comparon withthe povering equation exesed i 47), which ik 7 ~alif)--a@)--? ¥ oon? ws) “1 ts)“The ener nay vy that (8) pics = wooner + fr) (460) and B59) ples Fe snr? +a we ty dict sabato. A fuer compan of E.(:40) with By (61 ils A) = -6T? ona 07) = tone!r at F lower — 7 tes Actuly contin eon ty bead ote sghthand side since dhe resuing pres for F woul! stil satsty Eq, (36: however, ths conta ia m0 Way ‘Mees the exer of he fneonal Frm ys (4) and 13), ection ‘Seventy ee) ‘This trot i etn wo ta reset in Ea (414) fr hs same pole, 1 mpsied hat he ution Ts) ut exteniaes he uct gee i Eq (4-10) the same one ht suis he governing erential cquatoa ae bound. ‘Sy condons pen By Bs. (4-7 and (8), respect 7 In txample 44 (14) derive in an ae t sompetly gual Example 4.4 By sating wih. (5) deve Bg. 14) or the ble sae in amp 4 Solution We now rcogie th biked tm in By. 55). When is equ 0 2, ft tecomes the difeetaleqton for the grblem. We may writ rom elms ree hic may be broken it pre integra 1 ie , ra a Ces ar= [owe erar + [4()srae=0 ging ies i (20) ver ms oo £() vet : ary paras y= [oe ara = Eon] [EMM a a= [te aac « al ~ [set Working with he second ner aes Eq (438 He hve fee [Safa Cola wom rin. 68) we require at BIS af so “ a ee) ae Since the vation of is zero (al ht oly T and, have a variation, Ea {Gy ay be won ith the pf Ey. 00) 8 wafer - we 1 f[omer- we ee ceeaeceetens . Lt ws exaine the condition express by Ba. 4.6) litle me chs. Fr the geomet foun conditions n Example 1, we hive T= Oatx = 0 nd Amtorway a which Eq (6) oul essed is when i ‘ero on the unre, ies att = O and t= 1m ts grblem, This pe of ountry coon ibe socal natural boundary condor. 1 T represen tmp ten 7s 2 hon insti i pesca. ir asin eye sh the om hu FT, = Os as eer ta a ata oun)1a Eq, (461) we do not que ee grated fn oe 280, the eae nay show tt Eq (58 bees wea omer {8)]o) wm ich inroices a mechani by whish oat ales of id onthe Bours maybe acoso Eq (4-70) is plied that wm thatthe vation is mae on T only and na on did in he erated em al Tnshis eto, we av ere how 0 bain the vrtona oration rn the diereal into dient bu equivalents. Te cs of problems hes ten ese toa single second-order ferential ese in singe indpemlct ‘aruble te. onedimensina rbiens. The Eer-Lageange sean os troduced forthe css of prblems whowe finctoal Fit gives by Ey. (44) ‘roving we a stiy wm In ten 423, md nd sh hr eet 1 Prasonae wm te aroun ner Lag cn (at), a) +m) -0 wna ere sr domes the Second rave of with ep 1.x Te following endo re sumed to xi tics [-2@)ol-« wm (e790) "gins (78) an (475) ae ely derived rom Ey (4-73) by flowing he fit ofthe wo procedures ited err i hi ton und by ita by ps twice. Fom Eg (7S), est of eatal bundy soins mer Be Brea by stile rom Ea (2756, we mt bave as aver st of mur boundary coaons. The geometric bounty cundtans fe gen by wm se we Equation (4-78) is equivalent ode stents hat is peered and) is precibd . th fanction 9 prosrbel the hounds. Equstion 79) Upc ta dvdr pected atx = wands = bas well Wha orderdirentia anton doe 9 (274) coed? Wha he ighetondet deat sent ‘ne futon! Tey ogeoeraleths observation Ts Polen 425 and 427, he eer wl bei 1 appreciate why lsc ‘ston omulatos ext fr aly dase problems whose dif omtlae tne doo contain odbendereddeivaves, ‘THE METHOD OF WEIGHTED RESIDUALS ‘The method of weight resins proves am ast wth 3 vey perl ap roxmate oto rose thats apical 1 a wide vary of dts. His the exence of th anos weighodeskil rch ht make nnecesery 'o sea fo vrata formulations to nontoctal poblems in oder 1 7 theft elem method fo tee problems. Beir pseming four of he nt pul weighed ida maths specs eral amework sen wich the vasous methods ate developed Inthe procs of dg ds aces 10 repeat some ofthe geal eomceps ges See 2. General Concepts ‘et ws resi the present cussion oa single governing ution with ony one independent vrs, Lat ot presen th governing equon = site = 0 iw wonhere T repens he fncion sought (ny tpt), hich 2 function of ny sand whe ithe dan fhe ein governed Ey 0) Inadiion, [cts specify th boundary nes nthe fe wan Teo) ot t.ho Fan Facade nly thse pas off ht at be he outa. Let ‘agin appa he olan fo Eas (80) and (81) wh aprox fancton Ft sen by Teena be inthe mide a the domain, y = 1 Reva thi theresa Rena) sven by By. (21) oF rea) = aye + 10? we by Ey. 88), we must evant his reid tthe collation pot a, = "Raed set the sul 0 250, 8 6008) + 1o9K's? = 0Soving fora ik ans (20) “Thee, an ppt sokin tthe problem by he point caliscaton etd ssetnenby T= Meath = 2) «on ‘The rete shoud compu tis approximate slton with thse fom Examples and #2 / ‘Subdomain Collocation 1 sarin colhcaton, te wegog fain ae chosen be aiy over & ‘tn ofthe donna er hehe. tomy, he) te piven by aft Grring, wine {) tetho, woafh gree fers nate wean _ won {) otto, fh apne onan fh Wire to show tee paral weighing Fantos in prapi for for example, soe Fig. €6forn = 3 at we tam not ut geal dcunsion with haan params Sub aston of given by Eg 9) a Eg 8) give n neg eqns Sayfa 00 Sat 05 05 ws) Sof 04.05.0.ag)de = 0 ‘The diferent imegrion dns should ed Sine the resem i 8 town faction of rv ae Se Eq. 4-8). the imegratons ie (492) can be cared ot eating agian ean neko ain ‘empha hat the koe a dja ye: The ae cand free es, eres +6 pi ma mt ihn fs fe on in ae So re mb ostans rn gee dependent on he # sunarnischsen. a wll 5 he Choice of the wa ns Example 4 Repeat Example by sing he subdomain clloetion et Solution ‘Sine there is cly ne ta funtion adore unkown iBone eda over teenie dona rom [pmeayas=0 Susiting Ra) gon by Ea 11 in Eq, (493) ses fice + yoo a= 0 Icpating, vate. and obing fora ik. = sod with he se ih recat 2, ony 0 or nets ote es)“There, the apposite sation 6 the poke bythe subdomain olson rtd i ven Py T= mat — 2) (98) “The rear wil fot uth these vale for a, was bei rom he Rte mtd in Example 4-1. Thi cnt jt» oiccee the Ra rer Bie Inhalt intl te inorder suomain clleaion weied sal Least Squares “The metodo east utes ree tha enteral the sae of he resi be minimized Theil gien by 1 folttnsen oy aa de (6901 “The problem i edad he detention of he PEM a = chat the ale ofthe integrals isin. Thetefore, we must ake the ri erivaive of.s wih espet aa the esl 0 the, with ‘pes 1 de ih esl tro ads forth. Mathematically his may Be eZ fattey. aay. .aah de = 0 oe : BE latrcaen sande =o aie eo BoE fatveran alae = 0 erences he ete «domain. Bec he init o he integral ot 2 Tinea ofthe a, the order ofthe tegration and illeeision may Be er shnged to pve Singh 4, 0. a Sa ma cade = 0 nd so fori. Canying oat te dieetations and dviding bythe coast ate 2ant droping the rene on or) es sn a= Jun iBa SneE tx - 0 ‘Now tsa simple materi detente weighing nto ya det comparison (Eg, 97) wath Eg 488 om which we pt nop = it tes oe wo = foe = 2 (499) ‘Thee he leases weighs! method equi thesluan of he ‘routs ive by Ea. (88) fr hem kw poe hare thew ae een By. (49) Alera, the system of cyano inl in Ey (29) ay be sled snes For he Aga the vas ‘ined forthe a re penn o he ial lets chosen, Example 47 Resolve (pyeximaey the podem in Example 41 by wing the Fest ses ‘nth and he same tl unon. Solution “Teesdale Rea) ve by Ea. Riza) = —baye + 100? en 1). i pets ee for easy relerenc: Since sei only on unknown parameter 0, oly the Ke of By. (97) neds tobe we, suey‘Therfr, the aprotinin to the pol ty the suhdomsin ollaton neo gven Oy Ty = at — =) 438) ‘The renrwil nfo tthe sme value foro, was ote om he Rite mao in Example 41. This not jst eoildoce the fit oe Rie Inethod i sdenil te itor subdomain ‘salon Weighed ell ee 7 Least Squares ‘The method fea squats reyes tha te ner ibe mimi The cel given by sq of the sd 1 FalROy 0, 0 ae 90) ‘The problem i ede Lo the detention of he parame ys ye sch tat th vale of the negra! mime Ttetoe, we must ke te i derivative ois, wits espe tou he ul oe, he, with ‘ses oa and et ih esl to ro nds fort, Mathematical. this may fe B= Z stticecan sah &e~0 anos = 0 Pee B fattts anon... caph de = 0 her ncades the entire x domain. Because he iso he ner re not & fancton of theo. the oro the negro a ifeemation may tei ‘hong to ge Ws, dias sag de = 0 Sa gan doe yaa de = 0 43nd fr Carying oat the dieettios sd diving bythe constant cor 2 an pping the pens on Horn) ies soni Sans ac = 0 (eon Now itn asimple materi determin the weighting fenctonsy diet omarion Eq (97) wh Bg 80) fom which we get “ (6-98) * wot i my mi i ‘These, he leastqrs weights meto ie the solaion of he ‘ution given by By) for thew eknown parte. yd ‘vherethe wn are phen by Eq, (898). Alen, the term of eqns “pied in Eq (497 muy he te smal for th Apa he ales tne forthe re depen the ml Sanctions chose, Example 47 Reso (approximately the problem in Example 41 by wing the least squares ‘meh and he sme tl on, Solution The resi ero Re, vem by Eq (41, repeated ere fry etree ea) = apr + 10? wan) Size thei ony ne ekoowa parameter 2, oly the Fin f Ba. (4:97) neds to be ws, mel.Benw _ ‘implying he negra, inertia, evalesing, ad saving fora ik from which we may wrt the approximate sla fm he asses met T= hat — 2) e102) The rear should note hat il anc al fora i bind . Galerkin Inthe Gletkin weigh esdul mets, he wal stions 9) theses ae ‘hed she weighting fants, | No 300) For the Galerkin mat, (484) besos LaN6o Re oa---.a)de=0 fei = Lon (e108) Bocas he is ne a btn fr ech unkown ameter a. 108 rely se sac ego athe, te a oe ho pe oe sould be obvious tha pin he alos oad forte t's dependent on the cholo a nets The Galen me soo be gute snp Beample 3 eae te poem in Example by wing te Gali mtd ade se Solution ‘The al fnction is en by Eq (49 Nao =~) wa) Subtting fo. (-11) and Ne) rom B49) in Ey 108 ford = ny gives fod = mx-6ae + wine a = 0 tet Sion einer pig, esig aig 2 ey “ese on poi sn yh Gi td iy Tex maa =) tasen ‘xsl ht cst habe fr wm tne in 2S Fane ana slo a cs 9 eRe a, Sins a i sane rt se a se tala ai ate mene ec ao fom tr’ nue ace zacnen pc) ee pe ‘This profound res eais oer ino he applicaon of these methods 0 FEM, a showa a Ses and 9 fr the sme probe, : ‘Comparison with the Exact Solution 1 the problem pose in Example 1 i sae eal, we get 1) = oat — 2) 1081 Note the exponent of 30m he te pets: or apoximate soluion was seed abe the fm To) = an = 2 (100) hich slighty iferen tan teens alain above, The ext sion from Ey (108 fcmpaed othe foursome olson y the anus weighed retdal mths in Fig. 7. The apposimateslaton from the Rie method (Exampie 41) dentist aban rm subdmaecoleation. Sy. "he Rayleigh te (ration) and Casein soltions ae eta eis see hat soe of the webs sees odo paca outstanding job of positing he exact son. However, Sek and 49, te vation tn Galerkin ets se aad oa ie cement oration fr a alain 10 the sane prob. The fundaenldiferenceberweea what We hae done 50 ft what me wl be doing next les in the type of tal onto tare sed Rec tht wal fins were chosen tat applied wally tthe entre domain ‘ring anlyze. From hs pint onward, ants wil be hone that 0 ‘eal Toes (over eah nd every fe element). Thee irl anton wlI te sad ae pices continous cnn cotnuus i actions ia this eat il elem oa shape fit ‘Thi porta ep fondo w the Gite eemest thd ad tas a- Soaked witht porta! ipo: (1) be plecevie cots Wl Te nso Shp factions neal at Say th psf the ble ace hey ae tobe applied locally very element. globally an (2) the bal Douay Condens ned be sisted. Tis not 5 hat Be shape Tc Be ravens placed onthe. Those resco at detested in Chapr®, Bre tallying ths poetic, we aed eve some aon mater dh whic he ear ay ot Be air 47, MORE MATHEMATICS In this section we wil evew the flowing: (1) he dsvative of «mate wih respec oa scl, (2 the nell of a mah With espe oa elt (3) he ‘krvatve of sear wih eget avec, ad (4) the ing as a sum of oer Intpan Examples ofthe eof tee mine re provid owt th tx in eral an in thereto ection ie particle Devivative of @ Matrix with Respect toa Sel Conse an m3 a matic M whose lems ae frcions of x The derivative SEM wih resp fos obtained y taking the deative ofeach ofthe ens {ce clement) M with resp tox oF is ai oe a mo a weno) Bley iy ae “os itunes when M i colume matk (n= 1 or when M i ao matic (ane Tae sont be apc ce Integral of a Matrix with Respect toa Seals Let agin conser a.m > mma M whose laments at functions oft fos hat be taal of Mw espe may be Kandy aig th ing each element io Mo Sts fish oo fast _ ten Sigy be JM de SMe te Ao Ba, (111) is wten with indie intra he same a Hts or ‘fine inci (poidng he sae Hints are neon sera). Lieder nti, tgatinn of slum mst ands row rt re ees 1 Be pi fase of 11D, Derivative ofa Sel Function with Respect to a Vector ‘Leto aw coi the following salar fonction 0) = aad + aN) = baa) NL and deine 284, oF2 mio esa Bem ax Zen (arte! a, 7 Beamer fore accent Uv ne Na Ne Iwo MO) Nan tess wl ae tase hen, (4-112) uy be conse writen sa) = Na wn where ts implied hat N= Ne). Note hea ofthe wanspose in Ea. 116 ‘hot ol imply 0 comer pace since a eally clu mati, From Es (G11) lows tae Bal es] 2] = [aso] = 97 ae ws | Lea “Thetf, it may be coma for N and wdfn by Ey. (4-15) ad 116), ripest, that aN) OO). ye tent) ‘This reuh may ote what me WOU! ntively expect Desa ofthe os 40 Trmepone Ni ie parialiy wca the net set whee the Rag Re frets apd to FEM. Ths eu spot nc ite Glen method ‘The Integral os Sum of Other Integra Ieestows cy fm te defnton of negation ht a eral may be ele by avling the domain io moovepying sons an summing the imal ver each shou, Safin de = &, Serf (ese Eich nonoverlapping sshdomain {wl comespond 1 one nits sent his fox The sper () wl fe ners o fee element nmbe. 48 THE RAYLEIGHLAITZ FINITE ELEMENT METHOD ln Sox. 42th Raleigh Rite mead wa edt ind an sponte soon to the poem posed im Example Inti seton, me wih o bin another Sppovitetolton hut om in he ctxt ofthe finite slement met. Ah Enample 2. th vraona sazmet wil be he sang point. However, the Fuedumenat fence nthe Weimer ere compared to that Soe 42 the falloing lcevitecotinoos al Tune wil be wed tt py onl to stall pion ofthe etre domain, Lover aie elon. The render soul rel ht the tl tons usd in Soc. 4-2 4-6 were appli gly. 1 the emi domain. Now the tia tos will be taken to beep Polmomils 9s descrited tle. (Cone the domain ht clades the ite a x = 8 a8 shown in Fi. “48. Let ive thine im M ubitevas 5own, Atal th proces incl dread type titre motel ine een nd inp doce leet eT en ofthe saber ete Frtons Of the tr mids, aes jad Sethe cement eas two noes eat Inrpolating polyol ay be seo describe the bv ofthe el aioe ip 8 ove the leet ce emits wera ‘ne sopercp (on tefl! varie serves o end ws tha he spinon applies oly oer erent cand not bly. B a, We musth Y= je Sd at ne untae y° =. Theo, appsing these to canons to, (40 yes mito e122 mb (ere)ofmotme: Sth UF Figure 48. Typ cc dinenn clon din cre tM lene 8 ‘ras oan aed la ato fl ai) oe pe ee ¢ ‘eae a ha may be solve for mand #2 give (e128) (sz) Subsitting hese expessions frm an a Eg (+121 an sone rearargement vs the following ex) es observed hat Ba. 128) is fhe fem Nia) + Xda) er28) vm aden + ein e280) aay (e128) asaen (e126) Na = Noo = xem Fue 4. Spl cect en sp cts le ig on wa 40 = no = AH ms ‘oe fntion and) ac led 8h shoe ft fhe let We seta ised af ns bigherrer polyno tha ply ball fo the ene doa, we will ow eo intone shape funciona appa to. sll sabcal or element These pata ape anton sre own in Fg. 49. Noha iy areboh inet andsts = sj webaveN, = Land Ny = andar =, weave, = Dand Ay = 1 gation (4125) may be rien in ‘mati fom fous rena wz) ere by efron 0) No 1200) ty wm le stoud be empbssizd tha the veto a conan the aes of he eld varoble ihe wo des The Wea so use Ey. (128) oes overech element in the duct Soman to inthe vale of th a by exten the Lesa wthconeta th as. Te ofl sorte sin es "he ine nent slut othe ein problemBecase the function se set eaen by Eq. 4121 is comiauus sd the fin deratives ae ot wos conan fo elena to eee). the funcne a) ssaldtobeCcetonns A function wil comin it devas inside be Continuous, ste Ina sua sho, he wo shape fcr ie ty Ea. (127 ae sho said be Continues ert poses Comin. Some CC scrimaoe tape uncon’ ae deed i Cape? fr he Beam mode “These rer abst ses best ila backing neil xan sich agnor compro parses, eno Be the pralem posed in Example Example 49 ing th Rayleh-R nit lement tbo. an apron sltion othe problem posed in Example by demining the vale ote el vara. eel pce node pins. Solution Befowe the Raleigh Riz meth can be We. tevaristional teenth robles asi ecase ofthe wo resrbed temperate bounty soetons Hic Dandx = Iie onthe ght bomday), necoul war withthe nto {von by Ey. (648) om Example 4, Homever, et ww the fro ingod in Eq (7) 90 a6 show what Rape oth greed em. Telnet en fee Eom) ]o) em "Note hat, (4-120) hs oc wed eeesent a sam of he tet ver tach clement The intra er above wl be apps lt fo comply shiva to ht imps ia Ey 1470) Because he ier conan wl ee ding the asemblage sep and only the end eontons wil suv. The ‘Suman sign ia E410) uoscessanly clue he egtions here et Fm ME) Ju eon rer & wre ere and whee the nanber of elements Thi smi i lly comida 2e acblage ueplater.The a inthe apeiron) ment ae to be determi By lilecaating wi eset 1 4 ab cia the re a ary (exam) Fr now et sete ng (4131) with eget oe vector a wher foe Trweuike 200, Plume ae de a Bot rar Bg (119) we have wasn) {singh ss rom fy (136) ad (13 i i, 8 es pe aN aN PER 0 we ow 10m na But he vst a sot a anton af 50 tan be removed rom he ight hy otf he Ke 10 pve a ON gly < yl Ir waa « P fCtomenr de east ie sf the form kare (e0) ‘there Ky he fro a th clement fess ma asthe emt nod Jorce ves, ath vst of toda kona (eT, nT). Beer Eq, {a at be sled omer tome impotan asks mst be completed (1) tsomblage ofthe K's and ft form KY abd and (2) application of the omc baunday cons (rexel toga) at = and = 1 The tric Ki refered to the asemblge ses marc and the vector © is ‘eee the aemblage nol ore vec before csr he Eeomec ‘undary ondton) ferthe genet banday cones a apple, WeRave 2 sytem of equines epee by kantwhich may be saved fore vals f te eld varie the nose point Gina rom fas (139) and 4-140), we doe Whe (aran ra _ an reooeN" ae tea) 1 soul be noted ht Kew symenrie 2 % 2 mtx, wheres i682 9 1 tu (or ol vector), Obvious ao a % I mat I very easy to evahate K’ ten by 14) if the expression for Ns) abd from {Eq (6127) ae ed. Te inlet may be ered oe ase Problem +51). vet fit en eral ol] we tn aiving E9149, he reader shold make se of some of the eiew atrial Se. 47, nel Siterenion ud iron a aa with pe ‘The nerd em in a, (142) sean follows: ty stay — a Nan — Ge) [at ae fo Bp. (127 an 250) He ae wo l There, he neat tem beams Sef =f Mf] ‘Ve evuato ofthe eating pa of namely he eral ombutn, vey ‘eos bt tn, The render shold show ce Prem 452) ht th ial elt es) (Cremona = [gg] ay be ta ‘An aerate (a sprints) metho of evaling thi inal sotis in Problem 43, of Bol ae Hol Ho Be [ep op Figure 410. Dice olen domino pol ps i xa add Before making of bese ess i ering ut the narra omits, we must cre the lal domain io five equals eens a te Si egal ped odes, a show in Fig. 10 I proves o be very cement to organize the oda cordate an eement onset dat abou a Tabs {EY od 42, eapectely Note that marl st Hg enol wd case oa) By wing he data in thes als it is easy to compute the element ines mmatices K™, KD, and the elemeat au fice vector FT. For elt Healt Ile 3 0 Table 42 Bent Dt fer Ean 49 er VdOvi, we abo bane K: =x oe = [ 5 > tessa mae [ee (027 ~ 402.00? + x00" 50.2" 0.0402 + (00, o- (ee [ase [i3] [Se [LEE aw ofl ag? [aa ‘The semble of the elemenstihess marie to fon K lows the sae line of ressoning pete ia Chuper 3 whee the ts Was sid. Howeve- the stu Ree even sper cause the subaices in he K's a fe 15. Toray clr. The ederim cries sie he element siffess matin K’ for eee raed ito the nemBlane ‘tines mix K's the to lol node member aes) ssid ith be ‘lement Thi asemblge pwr summarized Chap 3 fe lant cotaiing ‘nly eo node och the peene ble) in Eq (31). The deals of he ‘Ssemblae ofthe ses mares se ited belo ut th west soul show the mnsng step i the sl some dot to bow this gor ps _scomplied "The stemblge ofthe sal ace vcs to fom fe dane ina completly analogous mane cxep that 5 eve simpler Deas only ohn Pa involve, Ihe lene nol fe veto i ngind oe prtioned 8 em tien the esemblge ofthese Frm may He summarized bythe following where Ms the maximum umber of cements ed inthe del and fe ken Toe enol lnc docs ao comsin rae mW hi lor, te eer oui! fe able to show tht fhe ssumbloge aa face vectors the follwing ‘nui equation results a sw 0 0 ally os os 0-8 0 ofl] fom - lea o 0-5 Ww -s Olly BS Label a = | ‘Note hw the uno derivatives (dd or be tere nodes ve canceled Piyselly Bis may te inert ss folows lou tere is a temperture {Grienl and hence hea feat each ne and hence between two ihoing Slomens, hse ntl bet fas eel The oly Ret fakes that sve ae ‘hone onthe gl brandy, and then ly Mf here is ctilly a impor est Max tre. Ifthe ener rains or eat) a eter o th eds wee ‘ecid the vale would snp e ened as inte above Tat ese would espood to pfeserted et Tx no or fom the ends. In ay een the ‘oblem t hand we hae reseed tempers it beds andy ung Matha Tet 2 may also be wed), by. 18) moe Wo smpose T, = O ad 7, =O. whch esl in foo cer ool fry oo ow -s 0 vollr 38 os w -s volfn| [ass sy fol tog = 0) 01||fral roa] eee oo 0-5 wolln| ji oo 0 0 only 00 ‘The disappearance of the nknowa) tempers sao st aes | and 6 soul note sod though undentood hema proba neal the Tanda nodes mnt hte eter» pesca temperate ors prescient (heat fla), svete, andr rate boundary conto. sould be noted fare ta the case of isto special ese fa spied paint ice dem 0, Tisserant cae fete walled tal ana condition. To ay ‘Set sling Eq 4-149) forthe aaa temperatures ldsnoma n= 92 rans % “The rear wl att these values leighton he cre forthe xa ston in ig 71 The signa poi er that wo nee shape factions (or ta Fanci on clo sewn Ds) ve pve els that exec clone {othe exc ston, whee the we of eabicode, lB al Fnctow the Raysigh Rep mtd rele nan oor at ge as 215 (a = 0.2. Except forte Galerkin metho, te ther pol approsmate aun etalk eles Inve ager ees, 7 So farit as boo ssn ht varia Raph Ri) al Galen weighed esd ts efor the bes cu ofall he pena solion tng ‘ose The vasionl FEM solution peseted in thi sion rested in {aluion very sn othe exact one (th nly ve semen). The net ection Wal lta how he Carin met i adapted 0 FEM ‘THE GALERKIN FINITE ELEMENT METHOD In Sec 46, our fret weighs etods wer ide In adian, fur approximate slons to he same prblem wer obtained by esh ofthese trethos Gla tl fncons were tnd thee fonctions apie to teenie ‘honain Is seton we wish repeat the solution ony fr th Calin ead bur hime inthe comet of the fine ceset metho. Te inpbatn that piecewise coon al nein er shpefuctns wl employed foreach ent Infact inthe Rayiph Rite FEM (ie Se. 48), tee shape fncons will cual be inerpoltin polyoma ‘Asin Se, the pos domain vied or crete int sur of lems igre 48 ania spac hs formulation, ad the rel @ = 1B the problem dams) vided i M suc cement Apia cement has two pes and, with coors bh, esptively. The eld arabe 2 atooesj and hs vals yan, spotvely. AS efor, sine each ce meat Jas wo nes and ice a une stag Ine nay te daw between 0 pits, ‘the imerpolaton ply obese odes te ld varie. 4), sean eo th fom yee me sb e600) ich seta © Eg 4121). Teter, the af the ftp of See; {Teak tie sppictie ere, Inher mode, we wh express) te 09 = 90) + 0) Fro Eas (128) 1 (12D, we see hat ab = x we hve 4) Frente he 4) = 3 As inthe Rayleigh Ra FEM formation in Ss 413, o pecenie ominous nar al Funct are Bee TRe fenton Ines and Ya ae elec 6 a tape fants fxample 4.10 Resolve he pole pose in xape 41 (april by th Gera Fite lemeat eta By Sng equal sped mde Solution Resa ht th Glen metho eis ht he tl fenton themes be wd tthe weihing Feet. The meyal ofthe weigh sulin this cine Somer adeno as But instead of wing al factions A) ta ae pid otal 0 he ete loan and that sats tbe bundy codons somatic (andere), ett {ry © repost th soln Tone sl tv (eal fe Senet) se) P= Neat, + Ne essa) whe 7 and Tae analogous tothe un pretest ena ‘igh metho. Moen Nand NA, in adton wei aca, are such ha whoa = = weve, = Land, = O,andwhens =n mehive 1, ="Oandny = 1 ton fc we have appropiate shape ants The et Shuler) haf Nj) and Neen ny (127 thi fs the ae summary non-dimensional Coens robles with two nas po le ent he tape fons must helicase fee wo nl ps Pe ‘femea and they tus Sats) the Following enon Nes) = Mand (530) Nea = Mua) = 0 (500) In the Gaeta etn, the 0 shape futons a Hae the weighting funcions. From Eg (108), emp we te following weg esi equE ff soon. tora =o ta os £ ff msauevor.rovec=0 tome) here « dents the leet and ste same of elements (intra nto Sic te dma sid). A ypc fine lament anes rm (were the Temperate 67) 104 whee the temperate 67). fai notation we ee [Ms] sen 418 may wien ein § Cw mesmna 0 ves teeta ep cee cae pleat ben, soon vats) eaten eae ees Po Bek ein i eg in spe ge pe ‘Sesurugh Thema av he epeons Sst a Sante ig mint ok tpn rr Ol ocean ek Sper en oto api ge ee ee [iw Stas [xu e0 ee 1 he sips ineptd by pas we get a+ [Esra ut we bine aay ated o write Tin ems of two ine) sage Fastin, Rand Ne nde to nl tempertus, 8 Ta 8 rene teen te Nein ma ese -[g we hing 4-0) he mer rm oy in 159 ge ar (aN os Porcomne<0 W WEL Beas funn ee e “Tees fr nt wing 4-160) nh tga ems that by ot ing 0 Wo he alowed «mshinom for imposing rtient boundary conto oe ‘rb 56), Bota sot faction fx ad yb pled 0 of he teat Frm eight ge rte snp equton of te Kes a es ae, (4-165) re ~ a ffvraonye ten Fora pascal paps. Es (16) ad (166) fra he Glin est we “ely nh epte m ui nt ‘Acta frets mt suing esse whe 8 tal van Fc dots t ms give te se FEM oration he Galen me Month cmon sin suit sen oe Symes Byun 168) fort eames fines mati an x. (160 forte eect eda face ec ete soled clement actin. Now tht eo ‘Revauy to sng tec ean ll ler! ties: maces Shc ala comme sen wus muah develope oft satis. reve: thfncion 70) rou facto Gah septate) ad Pee to wonfematon fm elo lcm sem hol Be Sy lore he emblge sep it sho Recs th Or emg pr of te. on wen |} ET fee ;_}——.— —— ‘elton by te Gein Fie element etl inl fo thi Example 6 4-10 APPLICATION: ONE-DIMENSIONAL HEAT TRANSFER INAPIN FIN Conse cela pin fn of length tal varying cross-sectional ea Aan Pests Ps shown n Fig. Fis ach a tee ae wed nent ie eat rans. partir to pass. Gases general have low conv beat fet ‘efficent By lnseaing terrace ae, ssh ine pin in, ances the heat ronsfer ate sina The heat tsa at ao eee oa the ‘eat removal rae in his text. Depending ths Gcunntances. Tse ho coomonly wed hs The epee dsvituon the fins ese forthe ese when the base ela tenpratre Tt ip is ltd, a he el cones oad a tenperatine 7, wih a heat user oer, The thee conti ‘ented sf a the temperatures ny pam slong tein decal 7 Te eat removal ite and fi een tie blo) ae oe dtemined ho ‘The governing equton my be sown ote ace Poles 46), £0) - we fxoersl, (aren subj the wo boundary canons m0 = 1 Zayeo ‘The itt iso oh an sprouse wlio hing the nie lemee th In tate nite leet hacer wl fe hd ining te Cala neta. “The Element Characteristics “Te derivation eas by forming the atepal fhe weighed esl and sting f[£(a@) — arn] a0 tase whee 2 1p element ei stam oon mej at x =) 0 nde at {= 4) as shown in Fig. 412 The supersrip )on the fel aa, Tin his as, tpolongersbown: Noe tthe wept unctn taken be be rampne ‘the shape fasion ai ice he Gal meio we AL des jad ‘he tempers ae 7 at. especie. Nove so ht ech ood epee ¢ ‘ana src nd ot st pos Tet intgaeby par th tem with he scondndr drives follows: pnd (tat) ae = wren | Cor gluat) «= sue “ON Tae ean - [ue er ‘As ist in Exar 49, the s-lled interatd em camel fr al inset tdes during he sserbae sep. Meer a he bas of he fhe epee Ie presse. Ar shown in Example 49, he koown temper gra th ‘esponding noe i evenly eimsated when the preverbed temper poet on his wok, Alora = fy we hie lhe = 0. Therefore this intersted term ned o longer be cose hr. (Set Se. 63 forte ce oft tenia ip) Threloe E (19) bores 0 ean [Maa [Owarracs [etn Figure 412. Onesie set wih ws ja‘Bu using P= Na and ating that only Nis ation f me set Kear tear Keak Be a w= [Maas leg = fistarw a erm = [ster a 0 The vector of maa unkown a is given by wou, nF erm che sap fantion mati by N=IKar Nun where Nand, ae in en given by Eg (127. Inte most general eae A, Pa, ay ale Fanton of However, lees pera th integrations in (178) 17) appoint by taking ts following approach. Let ax te hese pute itn in any 68 ‘emeat by wing the values the midpiof he lest whee «= T und bp ‘evting tem as AP, and Wan be shown tt oe Prem 49) (e179) (6100) cere here Liste element length, or =, ~ 5 The met ies tics and al fece vector mye dtd for ery clement with the flp of Ey. (419) wo (18). The erblge of tse 3°x°2mutnces and 2% sect x prfrmed othe ual manne ive a sytem of ager ution inthe Nuk pol temperate. Thies Ghoti ie dscraved nt Hf elements wi aces where M equal 8H ‘he rele Kea = The genic (r peed teeta) Boudry com” ions ar api ath pomt to eld Ka =f Thin marx eqn may be ‘btved ote ol tempers newer, Teens ued ta the ol cnpersties are Rrown what alos. Heat Removal Rate The est removal ate can be detemind by two difree eto onc the a {emparaturesae known The fist bd based on dfeeation abd be second teethod tse on megrton. Necsus. he second method isignicaly Ione aur 0 lrated numeral in Exaile 11 blo, nthe fist mee the fet removal te Ca the i seve by ‘ompiting the hat ae rm conduction te ba of he fn where «= and by muipig th ac bythe rset re A This may be sum e | = nan ve eis sand at cee te sf en shows 613, it ce a it fay 1 eve) Figure 419, Forio of dati fi showing sme len ate te,here itis are tamed ht lament | comes nodes ta 2, a whee Tieclemen length More accurate rer awl obi he cr eto esate bse vusd stead of ewes ae elect cei MQ gan, eat emda foward he us ofthe in Inthe second mato he heat removal tis eerie by integrating the eat oss fo the pond rae ofthe fin tht undergo concn, Lets ‘Ste te tip of he Hin x ue, 30d aly he i per neds 1 Be onsiered, Therfore, weave ae [Fon ~ rye = weve, prof o wre this sum of spun inepals oer each ibe M elements, r= & [fare rae roy ttn be shown 6s Prblem 4.70 tha if P= Na ewe and, Tan ‘sorted at = fhe he ono of he element) and dete tb Ty tind Phen By, 6185) tenes ov = San (Eth ) a sen ee een ye Ti me spl Lnnmniranoaie Steerer Slows irene none at rte Fin Eficioney ‘he fin eiency yay be defined in several ways, bt only one definition is ‘ven ere, Ths defn nnd on the ppt conto ht he ee Sn [Sarthe bs temperate, case his wold re ia hemi pow hest ise pyscally ealzable Neate, ths dfinios fin ees) does ve ‘inden ofthe relive effectiveness of he a eeasing te heat ena ‘te Denoting hie imum rae Qn Bema We even (80 average vas of P and T mf ed oe ment Eg, (188) basses au = ¥ FPL, = Ty) (e109) “Azan thas Ben sane ht he Hip of he i iis Example 411 Determine the epertes, eat real rae a ecency of he ciel in fim shows i Fig. 414a) The Gn made f pte copper and has x thermal ns Ko 400 Wins°Cs The bas is held T= ASC ale ambient ‘ua! tempertre 7, mans at 25. The fin eng Ly 62 em, and be dames D4 co The consesisebst tamer coef! hs 180 Win?" dhe tip at x = ys sted Solution “The fn spin he ie nen slain i retin of ef. et ws ‘ery me eyo ene ante op) a shown #460). iteanensn ts some he mun een an arom oy Inte #3 The cao sonic tlm ns ata ely inpemcneln pas porn Ge Prem 78 of Bo} BO} Figure 414 Cina sn 0) aad ie Example 4 a tind ao 80 Semen i eeable 42 Node and Elem: fr Ea 2 4 Element 1 Node jis 1. Nodes 2 5=00m al y= 00m = 001 ~ 000 = 0.01 Len D= 0mm 20 _ woo? Toa 10.008) = 1.2566 « 10°? m 1 0 2565 10° aor snes 05265 ~[-853 335]re 150412946 <.1074000/2 1 $ 12 foo aon 0.0518 0.24 1.2866 10-9 eo = RM R= | Ooest S88 05093 049551 0 xe =| -o4s9s1 osm ofwee [ 0.50883 “ast wee ov = 130KL2566 10"=NO ONAL] _ fo.2aser 1 > [nase lemon 2: Node jis 2 Node kis3 52 001m md ORM 02 001 = 001 m D = 0.0m A= 12866 910° a P= 1.2566 « 10-7 Pam? [3am “Eeyore Ke KEKE = sm 2.08 -[29m tas} v-[25 EE abe 085351 armas 0.49951 0 049081030803, bas 023801 t= |osnaa|w 02356, Before apiation ofthe pescied temperate we have Kia =, oe oss cams: 9 Wir] oasser =039351 01786 —o4s9si 7, | = Joss 0-041 osasss|f7,] ~ L023 Note ts he asemblgesifess of comdctance matic Ki symm ad anded with» Rae-andwith a 2 ths sho flow fro Eg. (33). Te pe scribed temperate boundary codon athe hae ofthe Hn il be ed by ‘ing Meio | fm See. 82. The fs! ep i 9 mo theft rom tance, Isto be impose shown eon ‘ 0 ony fas 0.49951 101786 0.49951 | 7. = [oaize 0 —oassst —asomnsfir] ~ LoassetIn onder o preserve syne. be Ay cnr mus empl hy he preci {empresas 0 the ig band sien he sae ow. Trfre, fs tht be replaced by 047122 ~ (-0.499S1V85,) or 42.990. Thi the only tah that ends © Be mdi cause K snow sya. The emo eins to be saved even by Gusts -etol]-[e2] Solving this sem of lier gehacequatins by the mati inversion method es the folowing nodal tempers R=SoC T=seC Th= msc “Te heat emoval eats may now be compte snarz beh: 3m (22% x) enn 3m = sowaionon( 88s) + tsoxo.oyoan(#* +28 — 23) 110 + 106 = 2.46 Ite aerate (ess acute) mtd is wed, me set 0.0007, eg = Bar, ~ ry = SOB gs — 518) = Lew ‘Tiss quite diferent than theres fom the std Hs ington. Hs sown blow tht the ear ae forthe fet renova ae 2138 W. Clty, ‘he mesh tse oa latpain cay mare acs Foaly the fla efficiency ely compte oho Oe 2.16 Ye Gren” 150.0080, 02,85 — 25) 26. oaie oe sho ‘Theresa om Example 1 ar computed io Table 4-44 teens slton sven by 3) est My ~ 2) Tay = 1, ~ 1) Op = MAT, ~ 7) ton Aly fie Vm oe era 8 nna en nthe Te ovum! tye Soop pogu dated nen Tera ‘Sire enon fc Te ose we ‘Sac sh me a comet be Fe spi te ‘Soe te ps of ephonn 7d stn orp adore bel me fstype ay a ek by Bese Cy a sc i shee 4-11 REMARKS: “This caper bean with an itadction to some of he noe pnt nea ‘meh tha ead fo he presen Tate leet meth a woes sp ‘ons. Only one dimen problems were cone, bath hai pounder Table 6-4 Sony of Ros for Bae 1 Tepes" son 5000 5.00 5.00 8 Boe Bae sou ne os Bar 207 vo state 1.907 san sate rs gas sist Vo sta suo st rs ms aso reson or or mos cue Bey ene Patsy, Eee 80 Rusts 6 ‘mene sma hse cd ‘hme row hiss coat can Biss Diss 33. do Ea Gem 88tas esl for extension to two an thee disease chapters. Among. {Be inegrl methods edad here were the Rik metho the raionl Riyegb Rey rath, an the weighed metho All bse aromas ‘Solu mths may beusedto ave dileetl eutiens. However, wa generally rok with an ney frm ofthe poveriag equation. Each of hese meds was Teodoced on lb sis wich men th he al inctons were wed ‘pol ial the entre poem domain, "The Rm ite smplest hd est power the mths. A specific example ble was soos, Following ths, the Ryligh Re mead as intodaced en! appli he sme protiem. Ths metbod eres rainy trowlege of vation calcu, wich he mai ava o this apo Some ofthe mre portal cocepe st he eels of Vato were evewed ‘hon foro the mow popula weighed methods were ieediced, which Ince the pos collation sth, he suman clean method, he ‘ares nto, andthe Gai eth. These weights mets dot requ any advanced mathematics beyond iat caus (Le, vrata a ‘als nx node i thse mete). Moreover. was aed hate weight ‘dal tod could ews even ben laseal arisen] pie des no {xs Each ofthese maths was ilstted by sling the same xan probe, ‘Sie resis of each ofthe approxi ston mths mee compared with {be cto sition. None ofthe dia yrclry pod ob of matching he eae ‘elon, at he Galerkin and Rayleigh ite mets were sag the Ps ‘Nor sn tonal maton as reviwed, he Rae i ad Ga kin tio wer et ito + form ta diel wef the in cen tm. The sume example poem was solved, appotinatly, by ting tl fina ht ao fg ppd golly co the ei pelem domain bat eter applied ely eve each kent Taese peeve como al nets ave Se ot her fnew tht at feed oa shape Tetons. Tes pac ‘Shape fonction alloy the eld vrs 0 Be continous within ech ment ad the end ofeach cement However, th eva at the end ofeach clement trent recevlycootmanes.Terlore, tee prise functions ed to be Cocominani, ort pens Ccoatinty. In Chapter 7 shape fncns ‘continous nt Gervates wile intodaced: shape function iconic iat drvatves ae sid wo be Cheon, ot poses Conti was seen that erate ess tld be tained wih ewe fhe pices coiaucat {ial fr, whch ate lly ipoatingfoyonil. The fete I feed torte bok by Myers (2 for ana til ling the vation ine eent method st applies oone-dietsonal poems in bs ase. ‘When the Raygh itz eth is apie to seen feel equ ‘io with fist rd deve present ress in an nya ormliaton at has only 2 Fintorderderativ. Theor he erful ad Be {teak formulation. n'a fasion, the Caen mtd ao sul a Sir fs i te eo ong te Scco-er diva eae by {rs This sande step inthe ae leer eed ad Os tha we ll, See trougtou the ook The inp tha the inte clement cn Be ed btn soon robles at posses eal meio, sch ‘Pomposte sutras wth two roe feral condctibes “Tsp in thi cher bec th slo of one-dimensional, seco on feria easton Ine oo chr, sin Chup 8. we tr ote Scr aris fea nore te gene ine element fomaltion wo poblens iste anaes eset, Two atonal metho of nite cement orn. tion nich te coe really app tee Ble, ae ines. REFERENCES, 2 Hee Tee iid fi tr, hy New Ya ‘Behe, EB 6°¥ ony ad Oe Fe Eom an 1 Ae tn en oir iy Rig Ms, 9. Al. 8 Comicon Ht Tr, Aton Wey, Reig. Ms. 86 1% Fn KL The nile Mend fr Enis, Wy, New Ya 55, 11 Banke, 0, Phe Fn Elen ed Me UR), Lem, 17, 12. Moe. 6 Amb Mod i Conon He Tre, MC, Now a ini nF fT, hy Ne PROBLEMS: 461 forte pl ponies hah posi alton ges by 1 (610 sans te una soe by Eco et 142 Recor the prob pond a ample deed ei anaes ‘aslo ye eck Rie mah by wing fowl ecDoe ef i ton ay ae pena, Re i | ‘nope Dose sored point lon ty he ny inion ex Drm aoa nee apna ve ce hc c's tc he pein ison fm aan oon il sg 1h ans Ri ey Nie) = sane 1 Be th nin i tins, hep et? Rt eva nh caqentinas ltoa oneal he 4. ds at om (cmp nt i? Ses ‘pono op tht mec he ppt i fo Ea ca at heat Son he poem pos in Esp 1 ge by Te) = a -2) * On oe Renin eaten by smi owe wd aig pind incom a Ty swt ty ei ro =0 ninco | What penomeon mit thee gui pes Hi ce ange B. Comer allowing il con eb in fine er sli Die the sume frm the apoio sion sy the ps fe blr nt apenas? 4. Grin etn ison 9 pie. cme ct a cu th eR no 48 Recon he olen pn i Pe 4, ‘sistem condos et 1 st pp bln asi, et pri? Gi rein ptm ad pe 1 a 167, Recomie te ple ponent ep ano epi SSSeh ty win te Roch Rte mba 1 Fore ta fancon Neo = at =a) ty tbe ny cosine a xy a hae yes of frelon st oly a Stan coneping sprint on by he Rh Ri tn) Compare he et fom pa) wit he xi, Save all pars or bien 4 wig he Rieih ie met 1 ea te Sefer Raye Rt saan he olen ia sage {Fy suming flowing ec 4a = at = 2) 1. Compr ther fm ps (9) Wi te eat satin. Try gai hi o” aera al 412 Recast pron pt Plo 4 4 ee ern i ye a Rh Re shy fs Campa he a fram pt te ats. © How des th esl om ur comp he psa So fom te ‘ie mtd ne otom ¢8)46146 Roemer te ol porn Bul 420 Reet us of Pl “gv sac othe ney como, a 12) =0 1 By nig eet Es 13, ty tte cio eed428 [E-s)61 . Zo -0 om 1 Show thc te comegonsn El Lagan puso igen (8) 1 rons csta qut ns C20 arent Ha Ss bm 4 yt ear al oy pe Ep by te ato tn room 425, my ‘The romeic bundy conn an exp pyly ht see np. Th ral een coin sn xp pyscaly ha es np Con nig rt pn 30 HO= 1 948) =0 1 tte wher echo te omy condos ome, toate ine So ge 3} 19 (49) an Prem 429 a 828 Sw hte omen ctl en by [[3(@) --@) -»- w]e 1 ic mt pose abla case van! om 9 pols se fe iol son Sts sad ae To cup "ancl esse cy he oi tat mene 430 van vase Rise dlsins psd in bln £28, ing mtd asa a Eley hin on cpa et nl Do ey ecm te pole psd in Bape 41 und tin tol apie ‘cosy ig il ct Recon te poblem ps ia Esa 4 and i iol apposite ‘cosy ng il aon st ing weigh slat: Real at thet shone po pon Example 1 hon by nay = ment =) Comite flowing al aon way = 12) 1 Quin wesomrning point tity ich ff Hw dt proxi sons on pat 4) compe wit te tea? Sev pm din xp ty ig te tt ch as) = = 29 Nae) act) hand = Repeat Pablo 43 by ge wn cole ath, 0 ay scaler Repeat ble 4 y ig he agus cd Sl he abe pose in Eka $1 by sie he oi ctetion ct i ‘he ning Wl nos eed nner apa(£96 pet £3 ty iy he hb ent 0 ly 4437 Repent Pb 435 by wn the est ques mete 4438 Repent Pobin 4b wing te Gack etn lr ', Pha fo apron salon om po ge code te su. How ote cepa wa Es £39 ti he conapeing pie ston fo he pot elect td ‘pei thea sony shown btn ah Te ce Repeat able 40 yup be ses allio td eyes Pom 40 by wing eeu met, Rep Pen 440 by ia te Galen mec Fareume=0 oss20 ‘se ey conde ro) = ‘in ohn te osprey wig he Ri mad Bee 48 as ote te eas sion and compat i the om pt ye Soho gor Ripe Pon 4 wine Rayer me Ropes ble 4 hy wig te poi cooctin met Tek tection pores Repeat Polen 44 yi he imi allan td Regs ble 444 y wie he asa th eet Po ying he Galen cod Stara 0 1. Wit dac te cond by cnn py oem? (4. Enpli clean conicy wy he lowing apace aon P| te he ria tn ong oh Rah Be cd siya he st tos i a 9 a en ya (sehen muse te es. 5 yen ent ton aig 9 ma mi sn Ho a otbesie atime coed ora ng Te Sept sonny cating end se et fe a“7 fn Eagle 49 sap 10) en by V[ela-» {Loman a= (2 ly on ual a= 9 $2 Rg 0 eg hte mein et Ree . ‘ese eng hopes compro is i mth eat 4. Why rare cxpt he apponoe na l eescrte oda tempers he mane a eas ma Conse he teen qin sae othe oer soins m= Macey spc mal po. Repeat ble 65 forte alonng ny cont: no = 0 ets determine goreming eatin fr he ui ess meer allows. Cel Powe Pes7 1B ig enn ov WF STOW le ‘leu inte etn sh 228 mao (e900) 1 Rew, 19) erm fea in ty lig Hk’ staw bic ‘rcontae nlaesipora = Ee Nother twee mine ‘erat be car eae, Sepaomet clon, € = did whe' fhatl oacmet ‘Scanner nsw thE 19 Resomer S(#) emo ests ut 0 ho ile i ph Ri, oh cite en ea a £58 Resmi Pbhen 457 in ecm Eg (1906 in ar 15 dese ‘ain be cosoningFnconl. Lt ce i Ey. 59) 1 oe [lel em]nane atte, ering pts), ht my be mim waftaell) eee effsaear 0 toWace fame aso) byte Rah Ri Figure P&58 Noe ht dene a be elo at of = a =ap-Saaw (ets2m) Sumit ceen sat P= Oy + a0 econ Pbem 5 ingen, (190). Let hai the ine men charac Kan Cari egies Ino: We ped nthe long mae 1 or th lo il quinn ples in al mae fst cane sh pel ne cmc eat = mae a = 0 wae Sl’ [evetacs [omar =0 essa ‘oa ely ne era oa Eg (1058) oe [Sacto s fwd o ete oe ht speci) fi ben ado gba ie md Ste shag con fon Se #8 ad €9 apd hee oy ‘inept be al dpisment oer yl dame --[s] we a nd te ll pace t dead eet ne inthe etn Show ot B95) cane ten rm kare (e100) _ tea Phos ui he yi td in Pte 9, 4. Doane) m bien £29 © Do pat hin Pb $39 +48 Con ee se ee on i Fe) Th 9 i ‘his desired 0 obtain "1 pant b= 0289 Din” Ung te dncretrsion sen Pi i) wl fe oul spd ng eo the es a Prem sepa oe ate 2 Deernie edie at ac EERSTE fe etme su ar ied eo ce i, 462 Ste Palen 461 ithe nb ig a czars Sesion wit D = 2 em PP S35 gor HEWN Laan be mal 06% cao Sea sitio To Nae ant TANsafes sence mona he et es om otto. Tere, swe teas furs sm (1986 in uaa, LatSmeets fo Se 4. 49 pl (oy he as “(i nme he a ate pea sa ep. Sina fo Fria, 1960 with pony (6188), cape di tte ‘oan amage eer el =e tte o vee a we om tee [fen a esa Wp 2m arom i ‘em rea dG we bh ee?» ‘5 eo th ston nay, (219 to 4 poy ‘hig he owing apr Lett we tho ante rns ay ‘hen clement yi he vane a spt of ee whe indy dncng tem so A Peand FS ou «EL ter60) 1 40 wn 1960) «-[t24] (41950) (1969) te gat repent ss om cnt tse al ‘heme eng (Le L = mj — 3. Chapt 8 twill be ee how cnvecon ‘nd pied to wy coms my ld Th Tn mod ea tn ar tol impel on tet i eee Forth pif pb ord i Sa 10, gi wit se expe fr te ‘Sor srs en by Bp. 2) 7 an ere Ea 9) “Team ae fm my be camp by Ey, 8 orb Bg. 186) 1 Dee, (10) by bean wit 180, Bere my oh Comin sho ni BT) To se fx = Os a at | {acd temper The slo fhe a except he i) ep fd a ‘Emptiness soe i te ey Sempre td te he roma Agha [pose oan eat stn ewe sls np Te i es Cece setnn ih = O Sem = 0 Demand y= Sem Mamas coves ta 7, = 35 wah = 95 Wine fe fins ne of ‘Sooo 9 copper win t= 1 Win an a hse emer To ‘SFC: Using ely pace ssw a FP) ad aig Salve Poem 4.2 fr inf arcs set withD = 0.2018. 4 = 0.10 ved ys a Thea mae ol el cao ht a a roa onset 0 26 Bue an wepes comet wa w 1" wh a ‘artaner ecto 050 Beas Ts be pent 27 oni he eight fact cs Stns in BP. Tei Smee (1% cot) at a a ede af Bu ‘anh pe an lover sts nrg cnet tM 35 wi a ‘eal vanes of 30 Bu The se engernew 12PE.Tae Tr Teas aan = 578 mT i ith Wa er a 0Figure Pan Figure Para 1 Using the et of Sec 1 Prem a8, termine he empeiech Darth easement et ns, Wh of ne oes «4. Came be ea on pr (sn) wh shox fo ee sn, ‘Caan gyri scs 5CTeB epa ose Tate Seman = 05m om he ht of ea co cn STS [eT gem ant Os cm Sins hi wit ch pe yon ional unger astio expe 1 Dic te i for a gh eens ih ve mb. 1. Ure te rain Sx 10 bl £8 an dee he mpeate a Sal prof Pe 475 fale of tl wt A = 26 Hae Fh 10 BME Ty DOF T= TSE = 038i and = 10 Figure P75enone altel n Posen 9 (or Nina et my {£78 convo ne TRUSS progr a Arent Wi a tcl wd fa iy fin Alow sp to 30 men nd 3 es) shop fe hen rin. The pogo ht ely psd pata boy co ‘oman abn ich eat ony canon aay ‘Sac tke sme of he pe = Se 10 alo rh Nat taf ep vale ie or any opr te SUBROUTINE VPROP cl, ‘chi en Not ht PROP see, is boven psn eer PROP. The compte riot tes socal be ie whe it meas io PROP Te So mt pores FORTRAN scene SUBROUTINE VROP, vate ‘abn Seo Ie the pt fc (er NODES, NELEM. 6 and my ee Soacovin hor yey cmp ew an ha Gi) cine or! wm) an C2) = re me Hwee 8" a ele ok 4S te nt Oe An 8 rion A= win, = ay ich pee te sete vii wih iy oe wn ih eu, ‘athe tc X epee he curd se VPROP te ed nme nal. VEROPS 479 ee cet atm Po 47 ne ay ‘Rane pam 59, an 7 egal me, Wr Swed i esto ptoes a the pr 5,9, 1 only spc ds, Wu Coca ot eto a a? Sune bm £72 i he cmp fog fm Pon 478 oe Run he pga fr 5,9, and 17 egy ced we. B. ste spicier pt)? Exp Ste Polen £73 by wg the compro es Pl $78 roe tegen een eds Sve Polen 74 by aig te comput popen fo Pb 478 | fet e598 olson ely Save Pb 475 by aig te copter poi fm Pb 478 a oe Salve Pb 475 ty sig te compu pagum fom Pobln 47 or o fu th imac Asin 58! 1 mdr ad ne SUBROUTINE Comite amr of cota ces sows nie PL. Te ae ‘tea fist Teter saa eda se ge Bien ates cone eg re he 4 (wt) Ps eo gan sopiale pv tt wee 90 oe te prog fm able 78 ron ihe te seo deine ‘ee ban fom Fig PST. Take k= 6 Bubr-R = 02S Ink = Oaisig fw 1S ify = SOU A A Brahe OF aT, = Xm SUBROUTINE VPROP shade mec ob the acta o Pb 48 fra ana fn ase AIS 010 el wit Wim = Sm k= Dem R= 2am Ty = IWRC, h= 1S Wink, (C12 forte onal ne dineniel cen Comite ict eqition an rend oie Pre 41695 ae 101 Eri ty om ey ing te ts cn ep Soe Al pt of Pte 432 ig te Cale met Cone he terete an ny cations i Prem 425. Ty Seve these! ees tele hes Use he ean ‘evan he gris? Wy Why aon 8 pars! ed 1 Probe 96 ning te Can me 1 Use Glin ata die te ir egress fr the ie een ‘hess. Al nya nd pa by cetts, Ea ie en tl i iti de Cnr etal eatin an today cons Pol ‘Evie ngs om a nee ape cows Be ys (C13) forthe orn ne nee ent «Gae for oun spl oes (ee len) and termine ole a Svea pts of Pol 497 by ing he akin mtd Conse tfeentia eqution nt ny onions i Pb 450 Eg en at ying pe eon ey Ep Uae four qu ed mas ee ee and rine eae oat ese nd Svea prs bl 499 by win he Gari td Conse he ei oto a oy ons Pl ‘etc Nt ot comes te cei st rr) Sta and, rope Banh eprom pt ay ing te shape acon gen yp. (129 freer oedema chm, Na ta athe ped bre mty tyn, Doretone emery, oe eer ttle cm, pel az a0 4108 05 soe pars of Pe 10 ig he Glin mts Sie tn 8 in met man fom Pen Siren 9 wing mea een fo Pre ‘ee vats ago doin t igr exgresion he lene ‘Mees rena que nba ons pen PO {ohm tr fecal ste acl Coomcton ws PO ‘iv ble 105 y wig Cains dre eng xeesions|5 General Approach to Structural Analysis 54 INTRODUCTION (ne of the ost inprtant ad callegig tp i all ie element assis te deviation of the finite clement casters, Iso be ecld h thee tne dined fo be the expressions fo he eenent stiles matt Kad oda Foye vee. The speci) serves as aide tha he expesions ae ened onan cleo basis Inthe ast apes tee fine element cartes ‘to drive bel on the Rasp ie and Galerkin maths. ‘The foes ‘sional metho, whereas he ater is bated on he weighed sl meth These med, partly th Galerkin met, reel pido nonsrctaal ‘wo an the diersonl apes, a wil he seen in ter chapter Hower, oe ealy dered by eking one fe oi (1) the pipe mma eel energy, (2) the rnp oval deplcenens, (2) the nun com leat ener pill, 2) the fice ital es (3) Reser pe Spe oe) Hamion’ pes “Te principles of minimum otal energy and of viel placement te sed ig is caper. Bath apeares result te s-ealestiies(ordiple nea) meth, when the primary unkown ae the onde pacers (a ‘opposed the nol forces) Theft semen oration based hese to nips presented in Sc. 55 afer each i inodced. The for remaining Fetus ate outside he sep ft bok. "This chap suber rested 0 te tes aap The chip begins wit «review of thetic cosets of elt, which inca the neuoas of tes and tana ol, papal sees and costaereluonsis gener Hook's lw: the gions of static ein ant mtb ad the sin shplcment reli Ts allowed by the ‘evo ofthe principles of nina plea enerey and vita ila, tens for det we inthe finite coment mend. The pense coma al functions ta real Yo represen the dsglcemests witha cement ll be refered 1 dplcemen! uncon. The eer tht hs arto mst etsy tera convergence are dicate is Creer 6. Although te speech il: trabd with Simple cocsmsinal example shel! Recep hat the ‘xpresions to he deied fo fhe fie comes ccc ere apple ‘nc oan ve-dmeasonl ses las poles, sk wel a hve with ‘ismmery In fact, tee rete can even be tod in the anys of ss an 52 BASIC CONCEPTS IN ELASTICITY ‘The ems ses nd sta a wed low te defined uataively in subeguet section Forno lt dfn tress as ec per uit te suas eheaton {eran eng. ln this took only Unar ele maeals ae conse This Prise el of materi thes i such way ta when lied an sabe ‘ey nade, te tessa elie ner a showin Fg. Sta), Sd theatres toi wii deformed tt” A tr ht ct 6 ‘trina shape witha sess eaten, depicted i Fig.) sd (0 te mnlnar elie. The east int of te i teres a Which Pere defonation secur The peoponllnt the surest caste Tit for ier elas tral The amis strc ote th ne atic ‘anges beyond the cope this boo, ota more fra development of hearin his ton, the ede is refered to eferencs (2 for tever ete ks onthe sb In hein Figure 54. Sows cares fn ac and (ina eli urs, sith he naictory aa ofthis Hook. indi ntton casi Kaion mo {na is ot se Tr should poison tht heen of static equim and compli hate evened Hee ae pt exp neced te Fe clement tha. Tere She ower ess for cai hs hte The fist nt efeteee Wl ‘amet the cations, th ede shold Mave moots 10 which st Gf eetios the eteence is Being me. The secon reson tht a eview af ‘hes uns il Rlp pu te fn element method in fe pre omen in thi chapter as well 3m Cher? ‘stress at Point ‘The review begin with finn ores, Conia body insta eum, Inne shown in Fig. 8-24). The exe frss Fy Fc re tse rough the by in ompen mane. Bast cn sie uibivm comiSains, Figure $2. Een tces acing on ay) fe acing a arts) ot ‘toy ve tins se sce ae 9 on a aeste the yi ut along some pln ingen fore Ri oie iin Sis eqionam. Such spree shown in ig. 5-20), where he fore hat teen rsd ito nor conponct Ry an (90 tangential aad cnbogonal {Gepeniclar component Ry aed The ater to orp a he ae theca Ite of wong with be ete sea A, let ue work with mich Stal area A sacha the apes forces ate AR, Rand ARs sown in Fig 5200. The normal set, then dtd _ a and ar pt ss oe tnt at eget an In ter words, athe ae over which th forse os is ede 920 a pin, thee ferent steses ase" one normal the plane contami te pet an the (ther vo anger. The on anpential see ae fee ashe resis, ‘he shear stesses ae orthogonal to each thera ll a 9th normal ts. Inthe Untied States wiee the Enlsongoering temo nit sl bing wed th etstomary Unit of sts sounds persue nc (ps) Hop et Suu inch hs. In the lmerationl Sysem of Unis SD. the uni fess newton per uae mater (Nim). Fo conversion prose, we may he 1 pi = 6895 Nin? ea ‘The toni the Unite Seas in sngnsrng has teen ad wilco Wo be toward the SU system of wt Rs fr th reson th th cts fun ae wed neti x LEC bow coast an ifiniesina volume clement of body poston a 1 pit ina lobe syscourdinle yster a shown in Fig 53a), Thee ae ik {atestothe be and on each fac ne aoe and tose sess 3 3804, ‘ote tat the two subsp ate eal Zor nrmalseses, wheres fey ane feet fr sxe stesses. Ths, no amblgy sould retin wing thee ‘ymbol 1 repent bth types of ssc, Ths tetcaue make ee ofthe following convention Te fre subsp ascited wih the card nm the plne over which he wre set, an he second suc ssc with te distin ofthe sues. Posie fae redefined o hve ear rt te same decow asthe coordinate ser egtve focs bare cata ols ‘opposite he corn aes The te vn faces in Fp 5-3) bape Drive fs, whe the te hier fre ae neptve Am nines to Simensioa clement is shown in Fig. SX). where the tps ih es are pve aes an the bottom a et sles ae ope a. ‘With he orion of posive and agave Fes a and he following sin onventon sake, Noval and shea sess af consered 0 be pose if ‘ice in he postive cooritedretion on pose face Nora ad shes Stes ate ao cose 1 be pou H dete the neti crite (ore dimen Section on negative fice Otherwise, the srs coment negative All ress hw in Fig. 5:3 fave pve tent, This convention emis that ‘The Equations of Static Equilibrium ‘et w now consider an nites two-dimensional volume ket wih thik ‘65 a stow ie Fig. Sut The somal and shee sees esha i ig S44 and tis ase that hese Suess vay fom point 0p in he BdFigure 64 linia eo imc cmet with sees an hy Fc sto some continous mana. Consqucly fst-order Taylor expansion wed to {eyrset te sce Enh ofthe cs Fg. 54 howe it 4 poe cme. The wo component ofthe by force pet uit ume (ab ae aso ‘howe, The wader my show tht te following eatins et te Glam Isto be ase ce Polen $1: Bes Mey y=o (sa Be 5 Bes =o a n= 6 ‘These eins canbe extend tothe teens ate by taking ane ‘metal volume dy a nd applying the equations of sai equlibeum ia sila ‘mane (ce Problem $2}. The fal eu gen by +Mei Menno een ate +82 Bee yo0 (00) oe (see) » alk #lF al a en eo en Obvious, bs he «component a he Bay force pr ut volume. Equations (Euan) (3-6) are known ate eis estons nwo an tre dimensions, ‘saps Principal Stresses “There wil al ht Mobs cle may te se ti th to dines Stross oa point oo plane moe mal aks an angle ® i the a Sich {ne ie shona ia Fg. Boaase «computer progtam inpleertaton oat ‘iia oa, he tortion equi lon ye ys 808 9 Ores yy nd ny ae pe ete: 60 = Mo +9) + My ~ 99605284 Fy Sn 2A) yy = le +5) ~ Wt ~ Gy) 6082 — 8 sin 28 (5) 4g = ~My ~ 0) sn 28 + 0 cos 28 29 Note tht oy tt shown in Fig 5 a is th normal se on he ple with ‘Row tas sunmarie th eto rhe rial stresses nwo dimensions Res hat the incl sane oscuro the socalled pica planer neowen mena fried rough an ane, ome xen y as pec, on, oo ogo atte \Cez toh (e410) By definition 0 sake Bethe ager lager pcg sess. 8 shown fn the Mats ele Fig. 5-6 The eer shoul el rom old eshics that Moir cle of ses in ele onthe o- plas, where o and dete steal pomal and ser stress, respec. Tetfir he main inci Ses ity abd the misinam penal sess i In ems of hee rina seen, he maivem urate ne gy eel and occurs on plane ened 48° rm he pail plas. Fr the purpose of ‘ling Modrs Cie or wing Eas. (8). shear tes postive ft would ne &coumerlekise tation ou pet wii th eement andi Regatse “he picigl stress othe general tee dimensional ste of eres ar gen ty the soon of he folowing cue equation m0 © Ie? + he h=0 (128 and yr own a the es etn ivan ht are define bs Mee Sioce fy, (512) i thin oder ino, tres ots may Be chnned. These rs fp repset the toe primp sess Example 51 Fo the wo-dinersonl sat of sess sown in Fi. $7 1 Datemine he pice sess 1 Show th ret ofthe slemeat tht esl te sess om pa (2) Dateien atin sear sts andthe asin arma see 1. Show hte elt on Mors cco 5, Solution The principal sess te ily comput fom Eg, 10) 0 be gg = MO sa If + «20007 ug = ~1000 + 2828 Four 6.7 Sus of for am1828 psi and oy = — 8 ph ‘Nowe that taken Be he alec age sos [se he MA's ce in a. 1 angle 6 sey computed from Ea, (9) 1m be ‘Therefore the pial sts rm pra) res ithe mets road — 25° (or 22.3 lnk) as shown ia ig Sa) Not tht he ser see Ze The maximum sr ses gen by ne TLE 8s = 18IB = (02H an z Figure 5-8 themes nts (pil ts (mani se sess assy on a len td 4° coumrlockne rom the pic sess stiatan, or at 8 = a" (228) = 22.8" a shown i Fg 581), From mesa) ep = EL) 100 A oo 2.59) + (2000 sin 1222 91 = = 10 ps oy = ESE og a2 94 + (20) 51222.) = —224 ps The apse sgn of ens tesa sss othe face Is det {sowie Big S80) ice ths woud aus the cement 9 rae locke ‘hoe! soe sera pos Mo's ele I town i Fig. 5-8 and ery iets that he sear stesso onthe pil pbs an htt mani shea es ese ‘nc he element red #3" fromthe pip sess viton. Recall that 2 Countesclekise clement rotatn spss of Mobs cle with cous fesockwise ration 2, Strain at a Point ‘Sain he sess generally varies rom one pot to acter in 2 body ude od Cone square clement who side ae nt engi ak show i i. 9), Uni he set of some extra ding, the let wl or ch tha the sie ofthe gute reno fnge pepe. a Fig. 905) th element shown fc sich dfomation The norma sis er at, defo wit he eld oF Fg. 5910) een tsa) 10) esl thee deftones onthe ft tha OA amd ae ath of eit length before te eforton. Alo, rr hs igre is cn ta these a rise a oente 19 ‘Those nol and shea srsis ae al shown witha posve seme, Hence, the Sear tine pie nen te snp BOA Recess than 2. NA ‘ro sci oapnia a or om si fo arp te Hen Wsscen, ttle postive noua ad shear ste wil ge piv emaLL. SH Le gues $n oe lt en.) Ua et i io tnd shear sais, renin the min hat postine noma stress place te emer In etson, Noe als tht postive shear srescs wil cin the clement deform {shown in Fig. 55). All of he concept of es eaormatin and pial sac apis ere forte ain prove tha ry ele thy 5) ‘Obici Sin dines, att etomiy to repr sain is of ‘ach princi). meter pr tri), as mri us) whic 10° Strain-Displacement Relations In ste aaa, he Lagrangian pa of vow ly doped i ht we low api in the body a itmoves by va th eding an uti! deformation, ‘Ah abitary pat theo sido undergo dplacemest in hex. an = ‘drectons, which ate dened aw. and Tie ona 1 he Eas oi of view, which mich ne consent in probs volving ft ton, ‘ery we eoacentaton aed post and obser the Melis an pressure {ths oi In any even, he stains abd iploemens ar nov independent bat Taher de ele fr small deformations in women problems a6 ee eR eB on) and in tc-Simersiona poe as Te oe tea) eee me uations (S14) an (515) ae known a he indplacemet ean or the kina felts Relais sm to tne given in (512) Dol for Proben in axisymmetric sex rls ang wil een a Chaplet {hallo lation mst essed ce ble 5). 1 sold Ye empbaszk that these eetions old oly To sll deformations. Sess aaj Involving Trg deformations syed the scope oF hs ext Tel prove tbe comenion i Se. 57 and in mat of Chapter 719 wre 9. (518 and og 15 on mae or were a wo dinesions we define he stain vst € ela be eal en the Hear operator atx Las la x and ne pment ver was aster er) ‘The rear shuld determine Lin tres smcasons ase Pole 59 given tha tnd wae defied an Fle GG be 20 enter wn Note that € is wien in Eq, (20) in clam yee fr instead of symmetries for Decabse te Forme: poses 1 be vey coniet a te ‘eat any shower nti chper pl rout Chapter 7. The ac Ices be lar apere mar my aoe ee ea spceent mate ‘The Compatibility Equation ‘Tesla components themselves ot nkpencr bi hate ela int dimensional problems undesotsslSlomatons by tae 20“Tee relimbip sms fom the fc ht there ae two dspace Gn two meron) alts is. Thetlore, the wine mo be aed the de pncemcts wih he cate gen by (32), in Problem $0, th ear sake 0 sow tht Ey. (2) bobs and in robo 511 fo tthe sx compat eqns fa rn ot ot ‘memos, Since thse quaton ae nected inthe sift apprach {OFEM: the fversimestona form ol hse eqns net oxplcly tated her, ‘Constitutive Relationship—Hooke's Law As seaiond, only Her elasic materi tht undergo sal ormains are nsiered i thir tate ata that he deformation o tu a ine {tar would cate the mater eee the proportional thts the mer eased fo emai inthe Huth of Hooke’ I Sold be ela ‘ha the mot simple for, Hoke’ I sss ti the nna S16 Is po orton he nema tine ual te ts, oF onde sz were the propensity const, i noun as Young’ mods, the etic Ios or te maar of lacy. The reader wil recall a hs pra Ira ontant wa bd the wo ietensoal ie mds developed in Chaplet, 5 Nae tat since he stain dimesones, Ea nsf tons er ar rete (Nin) or pounds pe gure sch pi, whih fe he ae a he us of Equation (23) mre apron ened a contin velaronhip 1 oppose 10 aw. AT in eninsig spell hls fr allen an Sader all scumsances (hang relate effet), Examples of nw of ate tthe comervation of mas. the ft and second if themed and [Newton's ws of ation Expr of conse tons ae Fours hea canst, Newton's vnc, e's fw of iii, and Hoske's, Taw tn some ext constrive aos a feed oa pai vs, Nee ‘haces relsionships only ol fora cera ls of mari opratig io sre Timid range. However witha these relonsips ie woul mx be posible to ascenain ses dirnatons,tenpetire dtens, veloc a peed ‘ebutons, nd so fon. The eon for this snp onsite relish re ‘ed ig th tal numberof enon ned in ven ma 9 theft ‘onerous Fer example, tremens! Sess amis, hee fie unknowns ‘hoe displacement, sates and sin, Wid he conte lan, Shee ae a wal officer equations dace equliian eqs, sk sat Pacemee eqtons, and si consti (tessa) elatnsips. The co iy enon ae deriv frame stan placset elie and, hrs tested, la oer wor, sail detemiete poles become solvable y because of hue of ane lve corte reatship ht describes {tema chav The imporanc of conse aos cams Be oe. tied. ok aw inthe oof, (23) of te intel we. A mach ae ene flo i given by 1 = De + 06 20 ue D eed te ail propery mat, the se vet. the Thuis eth slain ves an te nt fr reas vete inte dincestn, Disa6 mat and cck fhe renuiingcluna econ totais 6x I. SpcineD matics ar gen Chaper fr pe es, ae Sia, gmc es, andthe mens! ex sale. teed Slain we deine oye. a ya fl OH Le Fy Fy Ge Se Hal” wa fee et wz = la, Gm, Pm, Py hy He wan Fes, fe Sy fy Sy Sal” ‘5281 We have say revicwed the ses and tin components conan no a However yan ey deserve come “Te nil nen vet resem estes tha af known f exis in a nate elore i lad Tae fine element meted or any mba) enna re the, They ens be speci bythe sna “he sles vestor ema be ares of et roth, rikase,o, most ‘only, empertre change. Various ons of eae reseed in Cape 7 Teeth difretperf ress nays The materia proper wat D symmetric for both foapr an anscpe mater Inthe sowopic ease he aerial Pe) ma ino eo ne ail pis (rath Younes mods End Poisson's vat Surface Trations [surface wasn, oF singly acto, ix Stine a be 2 dtauted exe or ‘urac Ioaing prone. I tise the race cn vector i dete 5 HP 29 hres sya ae the Fes po unit area in hex, yan = isin, reaps, Intwo-dinetnioal appa, we simply take») =. An example ‘of suiace ation sth arose peste (a oe praia) 0 the mar Tid id of ar Noe ata Eq (29) oly aig sacred odeFr the wo-dimemionlsituson depicted ia Fg 10) a a, = a a5 iy rcs the plane ove which the seston ls apps 9 Be Tra ig. On ooplnar irfices oe srs tht ae xk rll Wome the erdinite ate, mo nach snp elatomips ext einen he sa tons Sd the stows aca on te sac, 5 PRINCIPLE OF MINIMUM POTENTIAL ENERGY The principle of minima tl pti nergy 17] ay Be sd follows: ot ofall te pole apace el ft sain he oats Bundy conto (ete peseibldplcemens thon thal satisfies th ets tie ‘uli ess i he isa ptental nergy of the srt os) This has heen poved Haury by Sots! [8 The tt pont nee {5 defined Hee Wo Bethe su of to ret tpn of penal ery that ‘ssc wih the imal potenti enrgy 1 (Lethe socalled stan er3)) ‘Sn ta associated wih the exter ptestal en Ura he eter ores tha acto these Hause, ‘50 at fo omeratie fre ystems he on th xe elegy rng ‘he loaing process mat be gal to the wok done, Wr onthe yan bythe tears oe =U, = + Word Ey S24) comes neu W, sav ‘The principle of inion tal petal nergy rns hat be imu for stole eulivium, Futhemor sine T's futon of anton the stain at “plaerent fio) st une. The smzaton a he al tnt ergy poole in variational eka, In oreo ini le ni tat {hele vrtion of he fal puna enerey Bo zr, ta ‘t= 8U,— Y, = 0 (321 bu, = 8, ‘sam For cannios,acrsan ference fae assed wh 9, and ate. The {ern represent heir variation nthe in neg ar eat of arian BW, = Sule + tbe, + ate Faby + 6 pBeg + Ben) (Ka) Equation S34) can be ween ch wore concily aig the mix eon from Se, 52 w, ere uv 20) tee eres the fin arto fhe rin vector The nan xs. (S- [H) issn be volume iepra! besrne the nteraton so be pero over ihe volume ofthe ody oe state eing male Incoming the arto nthe ork done, BN, bythe extra ores, we mst alow for he fllowing pout hy fore bp a volume). Sarace action san up oN point eas Te ir vavntion of the wok one byte extra fore at 2 la arson in the dspacemen) i en ty BW, = Jib, Bu + 6B + beh + Sots Ba 9B Fat ds + Ef ba fbr fo) (6960) here te fs tm pesos volume interlude second em a sara Umepal As the mac steps, safe ftga ust he eva oly othe ‘race ofthe body cestrctreBlag alyzed. With blp of mats ttn, (350) muy be wena BW, = fyibayba + fyibuysds +S burt, — (698b1 ‘where he toy Fre eto is given by baw oat 30 the suace ution vector sy so isanaml hep oa eto f by fae Ie AP (30) ‘Obviously th ect Cures he est vation nthe displacement vet, (Buf = [oe Be But (39) here dw ate the displaces inthe, tions, respectively. With wep of Es (5-34) and 38). we may wre Eq 3) Sutbero av = fyiou'ivav + fycouyods + © cours, ay Let us ow asim a eur elas materi and elite by invoking the ‘omit (rss sta) east gen by Eq (S28 ed ering the role Pole 518) 0 pet Sle De AV = fy t8e¥ Dey a ~ fyi av + Sebarbav + Syoureds +S oars, ean “This ution looks formal bt he eer need ot dsp. Ths es wl be ‘he Maing poi in So. 7, where i ned to ot the its ele ceric oy esontally all eblems st, ta cae In Problemy 8-19 the eater x sed 1 show tel pal ete fl ‘must be ven by H = fyelDe dv = Jyerdega + fyelay av ~Sutoar~ fous Su oe “he fit the tars spent be in cae 3 4 Eo he sins the Sel usin andthe presses espetively The lattes ese! te wk done on he stature bythe ye. the sac to athe pit oe reper Example 52 se the penile of miinum al pret energy to determi he eatonship tween the elongation A and an ul fe in ual Sees err of ‘ifm cossectoral ae 4, length nd da of sass) E One end of the burs tained and he loa appl wo th esa shown i Fig sin Figure 11 ai sts ete of gh a) ne condo (ded ai fe Solution Although iis posibe stat wih a, (A) st eles this cramp owe Eq.) cree by king ° N= wean ~ pa Teel ese the ssi energy he econ th work ne By he on ad Pi moving Ssows 8. Noung bate = MLB = ne(3) ar Since we want determine the longo for eqiiom an ene the that nines ne compute dT. net the rut 0 er, le fo 3. an st a ashich ory wellknown et Int, this st abuse i the ts for Thulin in Chaper 3 wher tbe dc proach was ilsttd. Problem 5-20, the reader skew ow th th pottial negy ban fact ben mimi ty examining te spn on TAS" 7 ‘5.4, PRINCIPLE OF VIRTUAL DISPLACEMENTS. “The principle of vinuldpacemens i actly pecialcse f the mote ene oni viral wrk Reval omelemedury hans hater isthe roc. ‘St adspicenen ad te component ofthe ec inte detion of he spun, nal wort agit wo cer none ays (1) when the foresee tn the Glace re ial imagine) or 2) en he lace ment se el land the forces ae vital. The prniple of viel placements apples othe Former andthe principe of ra frcer tthe ater Onesttt oe icp ‘of viral displacements he following I the work doe by the extra fase. ‘vara oytm i cl he nce in aa ney of espe for ‘ny at of adie virtual planar, then the sem neguliboum. By inisable vial diplcerens we mean thee thal sn the presctbd di pltcemen bounduyctoian bata erie atray, Before actualy devel Sane tis pcp, et ws sae in single erp Example 53 ‘seth rile of vil pices rie an expression forthe longton Aina naval reve meer of coon ernesetoal area Ay ength fy an eli ls i's a Pole ef nd whe ie er eal ‘Spletly estan shown nF Solution Frm Fig 11 cen hat he wook dove by he fre is #3. Noe ta thi ino gion by P72 beste the ad Pi sate ob ts fll value dang the fang (and elongation proces. Noe futher Ht te vial ispacemen ‘nel airy an spose fat convenct taken equ the acl lngtion 3 Sin. the ies i th stam energy sven by ORV oF whew «= AL tas been wed. The pipe of vital displacements hat ae(2)° s = wereupon soving for 3, we get aot ; ich apn te deed wel AS meno a Bag 3 SELLS STO i team Solin ape 7: Let us ow develop she appropiate mutha fom of the pile of ew digplaement, Far reasons tht wil boore event th ed ofthis eto, [ews denote he inal sleet in the and = discos as 3 Br nd be. rspcinely Tes Be emphasized that ur des nt repeee the vain inv butnsead the vial dpacoment dese above. We must eognize ‘ho he vata plasements wil cae viral staiig wih the ital Stains {fe deol sy By et Leto ator come th extra ads est of buy foe bse tacione an N pit nas defied as 2 a (s36) od an Gael A an “he prinipl virus plasms may om ese memati 9 8 Joly Bg oy Bey + 9286. +O Bey + Me Bes Bead a = Je 4 8,87 + 8 BOA + fo, BU + 5B Be dS + Sawer port nao me coil a mas frm as Sutera = Syurnan + curses + awit, ise hii dil he uh enya 0), ih wt tains by ppt wim pl ey. Egan 3 Sake {10 le for fh evan can, enn ali nn ‘etoon comin soon rater i pice ae tes rw irae, wean (8-0 lr) ema sy deste. aie Stow sc tu syns a a souls ww In ah ‘Comite lath, Oboe Ey 0) ped she cae ‘nr nih some esp gn ty Ey Toa en Eft sa)es son tat the roils of minum pil cnrey and of vial dis ‘places give ental resus the vital splacsnet a is) aa {ocd with he vation im the plas (an sa) and vice et The reson for rpesenting te fist vais o each plc inthe se mae {B's sina doplaceneat shoul! sow te dbviow, In effec. we have proven the ‘Suslence of the principles of minimum pa energy a of vt Sspae 55. THE FINITE ELEMENT Basis, 1 Secs. 53 and S4 the pacino inimam al peal ery anf vital splaenents were ws elo ery import elonsip ann the tra Sess lad sins) andthe exteral ads Both apockes pve italy the Same rest nny event volume an tle stg aoe tht hk thes formidable. However. by using th ion be aalyed i «muro ‘tal ite lemons, 2 shan fe Pi 1 the neato may be pred it lative eae for expe foletoay = ¥ fytserea tsa) ((eceeceeceereres) 7 feeefomepemnfee} fers) DOD Figure 612 Diceseain non, dtr nin ih he - ine Sybarsas = 3 Soaursus oss) where an see a reminder ht he trations are oe perora oner Ti clement ome and lemon boundary, respeciely. Note a he els om the ammoverapig komt ae nis, le othe fo cian he cers tr teil by region. Ax we fa een sveral Gmc Pfr, thes toton st uly cae inte mater! aniline esse we ingly oma tt repent he ssrbage ep. Exp (Sl) an (S43) ld over the etic tayo epon a the en abr wt y th analyst sah St slestin fe body) th te ees rt ho dona leat Losier dv = [ytoar av + fyleareds + Sout, ae) whereas be interpreta o be the pin oud ating at cach ad fhe mn radon wo any er imped kad acting within he lem Te nations {Sree theeemea wm and cement boundary sure peste ‘nical odes where mo exert 10 be appli fom one lene il eancel (Gung the assemblage sep ha fom the alin cent) at Stace the same noes, Thee ste coments old fo the uae ttn em (se Sec: Sater words, albaugh the tel ovr Ss aoazeo sn gone ‘nthe ele! tounariesfor lemon, the oto oth sage mal Tere vector wil be sen toe efectvely tenn The reason fi thi ht te ‘Seaton rr the neightorng element il aay eof he sae mae ater the opposite sign by Newton's tr aw) len an extra fa sep sppbed thee Retin a Fig $2, sen th the tome nea cnet maybe wed ‘estvey in onesie rola. the eno angular lemon o> ‘Simonson and annymei) yobs. andthe foun abel clement isthre-dimersnal bles, lathe next et, the shape ftom ati No ‘esloped in ems ofthe shape fonction 8 Ny kasi with ech of he 5.6. THE SHAPE FUNCTION MATRIX Recall rom Chapter ah eld aie inthe init lement th oily represented by an ineroating polyoma ns pecewtne cota has. Let ‘sre the present dcuson oappists ha regueoly Cc sch 3 plane replies asym ses, thee diesel sess ou tt trace pate hein or ll mali. T ik! arlene siffoes ese inte element mth ae always the dplcemens an‘Two.Node Lineal Element ests to even wt hapene in Caper where 2 cl eld vrtle ‘as reposted oe dimension id tlic elemtat. I we a0 inert his ‘lar eld yrble oe be dspacemet the ease af oe-imeriona! ens Srl, we my ake he neplaug polyoma! toreresent his placement within pil element Infact By. (547) fed th ava iplacemon fanny arcu aed parame to seca Ite ns th ae we Bae ag) = 4 and ae js) = We we an ind Ns) ad) teh a = Naam + Many 8) Were w and athe dsplceens a nos (andj, especie In Chap ¢ ‘se found convient open this st es n the ma fon we Ne sa) N=IN@ Noo) 50 da, he vector of ata unknowns 5 ar sn Because the assed dplsemen aneton is nese inthe shape fection a Ne Na = 0 Nig) = 1 Co) “Three Node Tiangular Element Ina similar fashion. i seems easasbe represent the x componca of dspace ‘ein wo-mensional and async) robles 3s weatartoy es ihe tees ang anes fm i 12 ewe. Nt tte ont plenty pan mt foe dace CL Gem ct te san Te. ape ne ‘oi tale cet tr seo ve Nessim + Nei + Miles ws mere ap and are the x coponets ofthe nl placenta MN "sce sage nc, Bosse we st hat ns 9) = A HS) “2 wc) = met shld tse any sti that Near) = 1 Bhan =O MND Nisa) = 0 Nena Nagas) <0 (SSI Misow = 0 Mbund Moron, Deswse the assumed fein for given by Bq, ($3) 8 nei ac aha fnciny temives man aioe net ix andy. Tn t6o- ‘ncslnal poten they component of Space vst aso be considered peatortar oo wher tres be constant ar nau However, bess he condone [ete hy By. 89) musa ol forthe ycompanet of aplcene = Nassim + Nfs + Nc san whee ad ar the ycomponsnts of pod displacements Lets. nw die wand aa wee (501 so bagi ae ws) hat we may wee wane co shore Nom 0 oa [ a = “The shape uneton mit is weno Be fs 2 % 6, ine cach ae hs 160 Apres eed he tan somponet of discret) andthe eee Ns thee odes Apis shape fonction Tt fr nade is plod nthe lane in Fig 18, Note how Ns) ves fom any at nde #0 Zr a was J and ins lincar ton Te ee should ake an ten pl Wj) and Ns) ‘nse fashion (ce Problem 322),