CATALOGUE
for milk analysis
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CONTENTS
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A detailed description by graduate chemist Alfred Toepel
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Determination of fat content in cream, ice cream, cheese, butter, milk powder, etc.
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The butyrometer an overview of the entire product spectrum
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Implements and utensils used in the determination of fat content
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Some important points about the acquisition
and operation of a Gerber centrifuge
K. Schaefer, graduate engineer, reports
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Anna Politis, graduate engineer, reports
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Filter papers, Sedilab, Aspilac, etc.
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Butter melting beaker, testing spoon, spatula, aluminium foil, crystalline quartz sand,
Bunsen burner, separating funnel, thin layer chromatography, etc.
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One of the main focuses of Funke - Dr. N. Gerber Labortechnik GmbH
K. Schaefer, graduate engineer, W. Spindler, graduate physician
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microscopes, water distillation apparatuses, water baths
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Dr. Ulrich Leist, DRRR GmbH, reports
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TRADITION
PROGRESS
CONTINUITY
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Partners in dairy farming since 1904
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PRODUCTS:
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Founded: 1904 Funke-Dr.N.Gerber Labortechnik GmbH
Managing director: Ringstrae 42
Graduate engineer Konrad Schaefer 12105 Berlin
Authorised signatory: Telephone: (+49-30) 702 006-0
graduate economist Georg Hoernle Fax: (+49-30) 702 006-66
E-mail: kontakt@funke-gerber.de
Website: www.funke-gerber.de
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BUTYROMETRIC DETERMINATION
OF FAT CONTENT ACCORDING
TO GERBERS METHOD
by graduate chemist Alfred Toepel
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APPLICATION
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CHEMICALS NEEDED
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The required density corresponds to 90 to 91 % by mass. Stronger or weaker
concentrations are to be avoided. At 65C, more highly concentrated sulphuric acid
attacks the amyl alcohol, producing olefins through dehydration which influence the
result. Weaker concentrations reduce the oxidization effect. Destruction of the fat
globule coating is incomplete which can lead to the formation of lumps.
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An isomer mixture of 2-methylbutane-1-ol and 3-methylbutance-1-ol
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The isomers of amyl alcohol have different boiling points: 2-methylbutane-1-ol
at 128C and 3-methylbutane-1-ol at 132C.
Of the 8 known isomers of amyl alcohol, only this mixture is suitable for the
Gerber method.
Contamination with other isomers of amyl alcohol, particularly with the
tertiary amyl alcohol 2-methylbutane-2-ol, produces false results.
The obtained fat content result is too high.
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REQUIRED EQUIPMENT
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Foam breaks the fat globule coating. The milk may begin to turn into butter when stirred
and uniform distribution of fat is no longer possible.
The fat liquefies at 35-40 and the distribution process is speeded up.
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The volumeters are calibrated at 20C. Any variations in temperature will influence the
volume. Air pockets reduce the density and hence the mass of milk measured.
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CONDUCTING A TEST = WORK PROCEDURES
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YdZh cdi \Zi lZi VcY i]Z b^a` YdZh cdi b^m l^i] i]Z hjae]jg^X
VX^Y# Id Yd hd! aZVc i]Z i^e d[ i]Z e^eZiiZ aViZgVaan Vh YZZean
Vhedhh^WaZV\V^chii]ZlVaad[i]ZWjingdbZiZghdi]Vii]Zb^a`
[dgbhVaVnZgdcided[i]Zhjae]jg^XVX^YhZZ;^\#'#
When the Gerber method was first introduced, 11.0 ml of milk were used.
By reducing the quantity of milk 10.75 ml, the determined fat content more
closely matches the results of the reference method. If the butyrometer
neck is wetted with milk, residues may cling to it.
A clear dividing line between the acid and the milk, without a brownish-
coloured edge, is the sign of good layering.
*# I]ZWjingdbZiZg^heaVXZY^ci]ZWjingdbZiZgijWZl^i]i]ZWjaW
ed^ci^c\YdlclVgYh#H]V`Zi]ZWjingdbZiZgk^\dgdjhanjci^ai]Z
ilda^fj^YhVgZi]dgdj\]anb^mZY#@ZZendjgi]jbWgbanegZhhZY
Ydlcdci]ZWjingdbZiZghideeZgl]^aZYd^c\hd#Ijgci]ZWjin"
gdbZiZgjeVcYYdlchZkZgVai^bZh^cdgYZgidZcVWaZi]Zhjae]j"
g^XVX^YgZbV^c^c\^ci]ZWjaWidY^heZghZhZZ;^\#(#
When the liquids are mixed, a consid-
erable amount of heat is given off. The
gas built up in this way can cause the
stopper to shoot out, or the butyrometer
to break.
The butyrometer tube is used as
a safety precaution. Instead of using a
butyrometer tube, the butyrometer can
be wrapped in a cloth.
Too lax shaking of the butyrometer or
holding it unnecessarily in a slanted
;^\#( position inhibits quick mixing and
<_]$( '&$-+cbe\c_baWh[f_f[jj[Z_djej^[Xkjohe# therefore the rapid oxidation of the en-
I]ZWjingdbZiZg^hh]V`Zc^ci]Z
c[j[h ijWZegdiZXi^kZ\d\\aZhVcY tire specimen, thus ruining the careful
gjWWZg\adkZhbjhiWZldgc work done layering the liquid.
&+ AVWdgVidgnXViVad\jZ[dgb^a`VcVanh^h
;^\#* I]ZWjingdbZiZghVgZWgdj\]iidi]ZZmVXigZVY^c\
;^\#) ;^aa^c\i]ZXZcig^[j\Z
iZbeZgVijgZ^cVlViZgWVi]
+#>bbZY^ViZanV[iZgi]Zb^mijgZ]VhWZZch]V`ZcVcYijgcZYjeh^YZ
Ydlc V [Zl i^bZh! i]Z WjingdbZiZgh! hi^aa ]di VcY l^i] i]Z hide"
eZgh ed^ci^c\ YdlclVgYh! VgZ eaVXZY ^c WjX`Zih ^ch^YZ i]Z ]ZViZY
<ZgWZg XZcig^[j\Z hZZ ;^\# )! l]ZgZWn i]Z WjingdbZiZgh bjhi WZ
eaVXZYZmVXiandeedh^iZZVX]di]Zg#
7Z[dgZ]VcY! i]Z Xdajbc d[ [Vi h]djaY WZ hZi Vi i]Z ]Z^\]i d[ i]Z
ZmeZXiZYaZkZad[[ViXdciZciWnijgc^c\i]ZhideeZg#
6[iZg hZii^c\ i]Z i^bZ dc i]Z XZcig^[j\Z! i]Z XZcig^[j\Z ^h hiVgiZY#
6[iZggZVX]^c\VXZcig^[j\Va[dgXZd[(*%*%\!l]^X]^hgZVX]ZY
VhVgjaZV[iZg&b^cjiZ!i]ZXdggZhedcY^c\heZZYd[&&%%*%geb
h]djaYWZbV^ciV^cZY[dg)b^cjiZh#
I]ZXZcig^[j\ZbjhiWZiiZYl^i]Vc^ciZgadX`^c\a^Y#6[iZgi]Zi^bZ
hZi[dgi]ZXZcig^[j\Z]VhWZZcgZVX]ZY!i]ZgdidgWgV`Z^hVjidbVi^"
XVaanVeea^ZY#
,# I]Z WjingdbZiZgh VgZ cdl gZbdkZY [gdb i]Z XZcig^[j\Z! iV`^c\
XVgZcdiidi^aii]Zb!VcYVgZeaVXZYl^i]i]ZhideeZgh[VX^c\Ydlc"
lVgYh[dg*b^cjiZh^cVlViZgWVi]]ZViZYid+*8hZZ;^\#*#
It is important to maintain an exact temperature so as to obtain accurate
results. Only a read-off at 65C will ensure an exact result. If the
temperature is too low, the volume of the column is reduced and a fat ;^\#+ BZVhjgZYkVajZhXVcWZgZa^VWanVcYVXXjgViZangZVY
d[[l^i]i]ZV^Yd[VhV[ZingZVY^c\aVbe
content reading that is too low will be indicated.
AVWdgVidgnXViVad\jZ[dgb^a`VcVanh^h &,
RESULT AND DEGREE OF ACCURACY
-# 6[iZggZbdk^c\i]ZWjingdbZiZg[gdbi]ZlViZgWVi]!^ih]djaYWZ]ZaYkZgi^XVaan
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d[i]ZhideeZg!bVg`i]ZYZbVgXVi^dca^cZWZilZZci]ZgZh^YjVab^mijgZVcY[Vi
dcVl]daZhjWY^k^h^dcd[i]ZWjingdbZiZghXVaZVcYgZVYd[[i]Z]Z^\]id[i]Z
[ViXdajbcVii]ZadlZhied^cid[i]ZbZc^hXjh#>[i]ZgZVY^c\iV`Zhiddadc\!i]Z
WjingdbZiZgbjhiWZeaVXZYWVX`^cidi]ZlViZgWVi]hZZ;^\h#+VcY,#
>[i]ZbZc^hXjhd[i]Z[ViXdajbc^hcdiViZnZaZkZa!VeVgVaaVmZggdggZhjaih#
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)!%" )!%"
(!." (!."
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dWiV^cVbdgZVXXjgViZgZhjail^i]l]daZb^a`WjingdbZiZgh#>[i]ZbZc^hXjhidjX]Zh
i]Z\gVYjVi^dcbVg`!i]Zci]ZgZhjai^hidWZgZXdgYZYVhhjX];^\#,V#
>[ i]Z bZc^hXjh ^ciZghZXih i]Z \gVYjVi^dc bVg`! i]Zc i]Z adlZg kVajZ ^h iV`Zc
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L]ZcgZXdgY^c\i]ZgZhjai!ndjbjhiVYYi]ZcdiZ[ViXdciZciVXXdgY^c\idi]Z<ZgWZg
bZi]dY#
>[i]ZildheZX^bZchY^[[ZgWn%#&!i]ZbZVckVajZd[Wdi]gZVY^c\h^hiV`Zc#
HeZX^bZc&/)#'%qHeZX^bZc'/)#(%qGZhjai/)#'*[ViXdciZci
&- AVWdgVidgnXViVad\jZ[dgb^a`VcVanh^h
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IgZViZYb^a`^h]dbd\Zc^oZYidVkd^YXgZVb^c\#I]^h^ckdakZhgZYjX^c\i]ZY^[[ZgZci"
h^oZY[Vi\adWjaZhidVcZVganZfjVaY^VbZiZgd[&id'b^XgdbZiZgh#I]^hXdch^YZgVWan
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d[i^bZ#
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gZhjai^hgZXdgYZY#
I]Zc!i]ZWjingdbZiZg^hdcXZV\V^c]ZViZYid+*8^cVlViZgWVi][dgViaZVhi*b^"
cjiZhVcYhjWhZfjZcianXZcig^[j\ZYV\V^c[dg*b^cjiZh#I]ZgZhjai^hgZVYd[[^ci]Z
hVbZlVnVhWZ[dgZ#
>[i]ZkVajZdWiV^cZYV[iZgi]ZhZXdcYXZcig^[j\^c\^hbdgZi]Vc%#%*]^\]Zgi]Vci]Z
kVajZV[iZgi]ZghiXZcig^[j\^c\!i]Zci]ZgZ]ZVi^c\VcYXZcig^[j\^c\^hidWZgZeZViZY
VbVm^bjbd[ildi^bZh#
=dlZkZg!^[i]^hkVajZ]Vh^cXgZVhZYWndcan%#%*dgaZhhl^i]gZheZXiidi]Zghi
kVajZ!i]Z]^\]ZhiiZhikVajZVeea^Zh#
:mVbeaZ/
After the first centrifuging, the two values were read off at 3.55 % and 3.60 %.
After the second centrifuging, the two values were 3.60 % and 3.65 %. The homogenised
milk fat content is stated to be 3.65 %.
Should the difference still be greater than 0.05 % after the two last repetitions, i.e. after
the 3rd and 4th centrifuging, the results of this test are to be discarded.
AVWdgVidgnXViVad\jZ[dgb^a`VcVanh^h &.
BUTYROMETRIC DETERMINATION OF THE
FAT CONTENT OF VARIOUS DAIRY PRODUCTS
FOREWORD: The butyrometric determination of the fat content in milk has been and is
being replaced at a progressive rate by other routine tests (with appliances
such as LactoStar, for instance). However, milk products such as cheese,
ice cream, etc. either cannot be tested with such appliances or can only be
tested after elaborate specimen preparation. For these products, butyro-
metric methods are a good alternative for routine analysis.
2.0 VOLUMES
JcaZhhhiViZYdi]Zgl^hZ!i]Z[daadl^c\fjVci^i^Zhd[X]Zb^XVahVcYiZhiheZX^bZch
VgZjhZY/
'% AVWdgVidgnXViVad\jZ[dgb^a`VcVanh^h
3.5 ... IN BUTTERMILK (MOHR AND BAURS MODIFICATION)
I]Z WjingdbZiZg ^h aaZY l^i] &% ba d[ hjae]jg^X VX^Y YZch^in/ &#-(% $" %#%%( \$ba#
>chiZVYd[&%#,*ba!&%bad[WjiiZgb^a`VcY'#%bad[VbnaVaXd]daVgZe^eZiiZY^c#6[iZg
hZVa^c\! i]Z WjingdbZiZg ^h h]V`Zc VcY ^bbZY^ViZan XZcig^[j\ZY [dg &% b^cjiZh# I]^h
egZkZcihVccdn^c\WadX`V\Zh#I]ZgZVY^c\^hiV`ZcV[iZgiZbeZg^c\i]ZheZX^bZcVi+*8
$"'8#;ViXdciZci2gZVY"d[[kVajZm&#%,*#
AVWdgVidgnXViVad\jZ[dgb^a`VcVanh^h '&
3.10 ... IN CHEESE ACC. TO VAN GULIKS METH. (WEIGHING METH.)
(see ISO 3433) Use of the cheese butyrometer according to Van Guliks method.
6[iZgedjg^c\&*bad[hjae]jg^XVX^YYZch^in/&#*'' $"%#%%*\$ba^cidi]ZKVc<j"
a^`WjingdbZiZg!XadhZYVii]ZhXVaZZcY!(\ $"%#'\d[X]ZZhZVgZVYYZYWnbZVch
d[VlZ^\]^c\WdViVcY]V^gWgjh]!VcYi]Zci]ZaaZgdeZc^c\^hhZVaZY#EVhinX]ZZhZ
hVbeaZhbjhiWZlZ^\]ZYdji^cidi]ZeZg[dgViZY\aVhhWZV`Zgl]^X]VXXdbeVc^Zh
i]Z KVc <ja^` WjingdbZiZg VcY ^cigdYjXZY ^cid i]Z WjingdbZiZg# I]Z hZVaZY Wjin"
gdbZiZg^heaVXZY^cV,%8"-%8lViZgWVi]l^i]i]ZhXVaZed^ci^c\jelVgYhVcY
h]V`ZcgZeZViZYanjci^ai]ZX]ZZhZ^hY^hhdakZY#6[iZglVgYh!&bad[VbnaVaXd]da^h
VYYZY![daadlZYWnhjae]jg^XVX^Yjci^a^iVeegdm^bViZangZVX]Zhi]Z&*bVg`d[
i]ZhXVaZ#I]ZcXadhZi]ZWjingdbZiZg!b^mi]ZXdciZcih!iZbeZg[dg*b^cjiZh^cV
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'' AVWdgVidgnXViVad\jZ[dgb^a`VcVanh^h
3.14 ... IN MAYONNAISE ACC. TO ROEDERS METH. (WEIGHING METH.)
Use of butter butyrometer according to Roeders method.
&\d[bVndccV^hZ^hlZ^\]ZYdji^cid\aVhhWZV`Zgh^ijViZY^ci]ZhideeZgVcYigVch"
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BUTYROMETER
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KJELDAHLS NITROGEN DETERMINATION METHOD
Anna Politis, graduate engineer of nutrition technology and of biotechnology, reports
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&' \ d[ ediVhh^jb hjae]ViZ! & ba d[ XdeeZg hjae]ViZ The addition of potassium sulphate serves to increase the boiling tempera-
hdaji^dc'#'!VWdji*%!&\d[i]Z]ZViZYVcYb^mZY ture of the sulphuric acid and the addition of copper sulphate serves as an
b^a`hVbeaZVcY'%bad[hjae]jg^XVX^YVgZ^cigdYjXZY oxidation catalyst. They are also available as Kjeldahl tabs (art. no. 4230/4231).
^cid V Y^\Zhi^dc Vh` i]Z ZmVXi Vbdjci d[ b^a` If the process is executed with tabs, then 5 0.1 g of milk are mixed with
bjhiWZYZiZgb^cZYid%#&b\VcYgZXdgYZYWZXVjhZ 20 ml of sulphuric acid and 2 Kjeldahl tabs and left to sit for 5 min. Then the
^i l^aa aViZg WZ i]Z WVh^h [dg i]Z c^igd\Zc XVaXjaVi^dc# temperature program can be carried out.
HZZ XVaXjaVi^dc# I]Z Y^\Zhi^dc Vh` ^h b^mZY During the heating of the sample, foam is not allowed to climb higher
XVgZ[jaan# then 4 - 5 cm below the flask opening.
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The sulphuric acid is added in such a way that any copper sulphate
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solution, potassium sulphate or milk which may have adhered to the flask
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neck is flushed down. If the flask is sealed airtight, it can also be stored
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for later digestion.
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iZbeZgVijgZegd\gVb^hgZXdbbZcYZY/ Substantial crystallisation is a sign of too little sulphuric acid and can
lead to low protein values. It is therefore advisable to reduce the loss of
&EgZ]ZVii]Z]ZVi^c\WadX`Vi'%%8[dg&%b^c# sulphuric acid by minimising the amount sucked.
'=ZVii]ZhVbeaZid'%%8[dgVeegdm#(%b^c# Before the hot digestion flasks can be taken from the digestion block, it
(8dci^cjZVi)'%8[dgVeegdm#.%b^c[dg must be ensured that no condensed fluid has collected in the extraction
Y^\Zhi^dcViVXVeVX^ind[&%8$b^c# apparatus. If it has, the suction volume must be increased and the
condensed liquid removed.
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The undiluted digestion should not be stored in the flask for a long
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period of time (overnight) for any reason. There is a risk that the sample
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will solidify and it is difficult to bring it into solution form again. After
6[iZgY^\Zhi^dc!i]ZhVbeaZhVgZgZbdkZY[gdbi]Z
the sample is cooled down and dilluted with 70 ml of water, there is no
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problem to keep it overnight.
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KJELDAHLS NITROGEN DETERMINATION METHOD
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Y^XVidg ^h i^igViZY l^i] %#& B hiVcYVgY ]nYgdX]adg^X VX^Y# 2.6) serves as the indicator. The indicator is responsible for
I]Z]nYgdX]adg^XVX^Y^hVYYZYjci^ai]ZghiigVXZd[e^c` the colour change and signals the end of the titration.
XdadgVi^dcVg^hZh#I]ZkdajbZd[i]Z]nYgdX]adg^XVX^YXdc" The neutral background improves the accuracy and
hjbZY^hgZVYd[[dci]ZWjgZiiZVi%#%*ba#6c^aajb^cViZY reproducibility of the results. This means that the titrations
Y^hX XVc hZgkZ Vh V cZjigVa WVX`\gdjcY VcY ZcVWaZh i]Z are always carried out under optical conditions that are as
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KJELDAHLS NITROGEN DETERMINATION METHOD
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I]ZgZ ^h V [VhiZg lVn id ZmZXjiZ @_ZaYV]ah bZi]dY i]Vc i]Z Caution! The addition of hydrogen peroxide
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and 0.25 g of sucrose. The effectiveness of the
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decomposition is tested with 0.08 g of tryptophan
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or 0.06 g of lysine hydrochloride.
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pH VALUE MEASUREMENT
Anna Politis, graduate engineer of nutrition technology and of biotechnology, reports
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To clean off fat or oil deposits, the membrane must be degreased with cotton which has
been soaked in acetone or soap solution.
If protein has settled on the diaphragm, the electrode is soaked in HCI/Pepsin solution for
approx. 1-2 hours.
To remove inorganic films, the electrode is dipped into 0.1 M HCl or 0.1 M NaOH. With
40-50C solutions, cleaning is more effective.
After every cleaning procedure, the electrode is to be set in a 3M KCl solution about a
quarter of an hour a new conditioning and subsequently calibrated once again.
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INSERTION/IMMERSION SENSORS
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FREEZING POINT DETERMINATION
DcZd[i]ZbV^c[dXjhZhd[;jc`Z"9g#C#<ZgWZgAVWdgiZX]c^`<bW=
K. Schaefer, graduate engineer, W. Spindler, graduate physician report
HISTORY
The German chemist Beckmann, known for the thermometer named after him, began
using the freezing point of milk in as early as 1895 to detect if it had been adulterated
with water. The American Hortvet worked intensively with this method in 1920 and im-
proved some of its essential features. The first thermistor cyroscopes were brought
to the market in the 1960s. However, they had to be operated entirely by hand. At the
beginning of the 1970s, the first automatic thermistor cyroscopes became available.
With this development it was possible to determine the freezing point automatically at
the push of a button.
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MEASURING PRINCIPLE:
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MEASURING PROCEDURE:
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9489 )*bb[dgWdiiaZi]gZVYH)%bb
C_Yheb_jh[f_f[jj[i
kVg^VWaZkdajbZVY_jhibZci!l^i]Y^hedhVWaZi^eh
F_f[jj[j_fi
9510 & '%%anZaadl!&%%%e^ZXZh
9511 *%&%%%aWajZ!&%%%e^ZXZh
&(% AVWdgVidgnXViVad\jZ[dgb^a`VcVanh^h
AVWdgVidgnXViVad\jZ[dgb^a`VcVanh^h &(&
ALPHABETICAL INDEX
&(' AVWdgVidgnXViVad\jZ[dgb^a`VcVanh^h
8[p[_Y^dkd] 7hj$Dh$ I[_j[ 8[p[_Y^dkd] 7hj$Dh$ I[_j[
AVWdgVidgnXViVad\jZ[dgb^a`VcVanh^h &((
:[iYh_fj_ed 7hj$de$ FW][ :[iYh_fj_ed 7hj$de$ FW][
&() AVWdgVidgnXViVad\jZ[dgb^a`VcVanh^h
8[p[_Y^dkd] 7hj$Dh$ I[_j[ 8[p[_Y^dkd] 7hj$Dh$ I[_j[
AVWdgVidgnXViVad\jZ[dgb^a`VcVanh^h &(*
NOTICES
&(+ AVWdgVidgnXViVad\jZ[dgb^a`VcVanh^h
AVWdgVidgnXViVad\jZ[dgb^a`VcVanh^h &(,
NOTICES
&(- AVWdgVidgnXViVad\jZ[dgb^a`VcVanh^h