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LABORATORY

CATALOGUE
for milk analysis
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We look forward to working with you!

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CONTENTS
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A detailed description by graduate chemist Alfred Toepel
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Determination of fat content in cream, ice cream, cheese, butter, milk powder, etc.
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The butyrometer an overview of the entire product spectrum
:[j[hc_dWj_ede\\WjYedj[djWYY[iieh_[i     )&
Implements and utensils used in the determination of fat content
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9[djh_\k][WYY[iieh_[i       *,
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Some important points about the acquisition
and operation of a Gerber centrifuge
K. Schaefer, graduate engineer, reports
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Anna Politis, graduate engineer, reports
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Filter papers, Sedilab, Aspilac, etc.
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Butter melting beaker, testing spoon, spatula, aluminium foil, crystalline quartz sand,
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One of the main focuses of Funke - Dr. N. Gerber Labortechnik GmbH
K. Schaefer, graduate engineer, W. Spindler, graduate physician
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microscopes, water distillation apparatuses, water baths
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TRADITION
PROGRESS
CONTINUITY
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PRODUCTS:
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fat content/Y[djh_\k][i"mWj[hXWj^i"h[WZ_d]bWcfi"Xkjohec[j[hi
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Founded: 1904 Funke-Dr.N.Gerber Labortechnik GmbH
Managing director: Ringstrae 42
Graduate engineer Konrad Schaefer 12105 Berlin
Authorised signatory: Telephone: (+49-30) 702 006-0
graduate economist Georg Hoernle Fax: (+49-30) 702 006-66
E-mail: kontakt@funke-gerber.de
Website: www.funke-gerber.de

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BUTYROMETRIC DETERMINATION
OF FAT CONTENT ACCORDING
TO GERBERS METHOD
by graduate chemist Alfred Toepel

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PRINCIPLES OF THE METHOD


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APPLICATION
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CHEMICALS NEEDED

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GZfj^gZbZcih/ =VoVgYhnbWda/ =VoVgYgVi^c\/


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&!-&-%!%%(\eZgba & 8'G(*
H'"'+"(%
colourless or only slightly
discoloured and free from
any substances which might
influence the outcome

EaZVhZcdiZ/
The required density corresponds to 90 to 91 % by mass. Stronger or weaker
concentrations are to be avoided. At 65C, more highly concentrated sulphuric acid
attacks the amyl alcohol, producing olefins through dehydration which influence the
result. Weaker concentrations reduce the oxidization effect. Destruction of the fat
globule coating is incomplete which can lead to the formation of lumps.

7cobWbYe^eb

;dgi]ZYZiZgb^cVi^dcd[[ViXdciZciVXXdgY^c\id<ZgWZghbZi]dY
An isomer mixture of 2-methylbutane-1-ol and 3-methylbutance-1-ol

GZfj^gZbZcih/ =VoVgYhnbWda/ =VoVgYgVi^c\/


9Zch^inWZ^'%8
%!-&&%!%%(\ba & McG&%"'%
H')$'*
Boiling boundary: 98 % (by volume) KW;6>>
has to distil at between 128C and
132C at 1 bar.
The amyl alcohol must not contain
any substances which could
influence the result.
A substitute for amyl alcohol can
be used provided that it will bring
about the same test results as
would be achieved with amyl
alcohol.

EaZVhZcdiZ/
The isomers of amyl alcohol have different boiling points: 2-methylbutane-1-ol
at 128C and 3-methylbutane-1-ol at 132C.
Of the 8 known isomers of amyl alcohol, only this mixture is suitable for the
Gerber method.
Contamination with other isomers of amyl alcohol, particularly with the
tertiary amyl alcohol 2-methylbutane-2-ol, produces false results.
The obtained fat content result is too high.

&) AVWdgVidgnXViVad\jZ[dgb^a`VcVanh^h
REQUIRED EQUIPMENT

&#8Va^WgViZYWjingdbZiZgl^i]hj^iVWaZhideeZg^cVXXdgYVcXZl^i]
 9>C&'-(+"6)!9>C&'-(+"6+!9>C&'-(+"6-!9>C"&'-(+"6*

'#F_f[jj[9>C&%'-("e\ehc_badgf_f[jj[9>C&'-(,"6[dgb^a`

(#F_f[jj[9>C&'-(,"7dg&%bac[Wikh_d]jWf[dgikbf^kh_YWY_Z

)#F_f[jj[9>C&'-(,"8\eh'cbWcobWbYe^eb

*#9[djh_\k][\ehZ[j[hc_d_d]\WjYedj[dj_dc_ba"]ZViVWaZ!l^i]gebXdjciZg#
L]Zc jhZY jcYZg V [jaa adVY! i]^h XZcig^[j\Z bjhi WZ XVeVWaZ d[ egdYjX^c\ V
XZcig^[j\Va [dgXZ d[ (*%  *% \ dc i]Z ^ch^YZ d[ i]Z WjingdbZiZg hideeZg l^i]^c
'b^cjiZhVii]Zbdhi#L^i]VgdiVi^dcgVY^jhd[Z#\#'+%!*Xbjeidi]Z^ch^YZd[
i]ZWjingdbZiZghideeZg!l]^X]^hi]ZY^hiVcXZWZilZZci]Zed^cid[idgfjZVcYi]Z
WjingdbZiZghideeZg!i]^hXZcig^[j\VaVXXZaZgVi^dc^hgZVX]ZYViVgdiVi^dcheZZY
d[&&%%-%b^c&#

+#IZbeZg^c\YZk^XZh[dgWjingdbZiZgh!Z#\#V+*'8lViZgWVi]
L^i]V]ZViZYXZcig^[j\Z!VXZcig^[j\ZWjh]^c\XVcWZjhZYidViiVX]i]ZWjingdbZiZg
^cidi]ZlViZgWVi]#I]ZgZVY"d[[iZbeZgVijgZbjhiWZ+*'8#

PREPARATION OF THE TEST SPECIMEN


I]Zb^a`^ci]ZheZX^bZcWdiiaZ^h]ZViZYjeid'%8VcYi]dgdj\]anb^mZYi]gdj\]
\ZciaZh]V`^c\#I]^h^hYdcZidWg^c\VWdjiVcZkZcY^hig^Wji^dcd[[ViVcYidegZkZci
[gdi]^c\VcYi]Z[dgbVi^dcd[WjiiZg#
Milk fat is lighter than water and creams if it is left standing. A fat-rich layer accumu-
lates on the surface. Stirring and careful shaking restore the original distribution.

>[i]ZaVnZgd[XgZVbXVccdiWZZkZcanY^hig^WjiZY^ci]^hlVn!i]Zb^a`h]djaYWZhadlan
]ZViZY id (*")%8 VcY \Zcian hl^gaZY VgdjcY jci^a V ]dbd\Zcdjh [Vi Y^hig^Wji^dc ^h
VX]^ZkZY#I]Zb^a`^hi]ZcXddaZYid'%8WZ[dgZWZ^c\YgVlc^cidi]Ze^eZiiZ#
Foam breaks the fat globule coating. The milk may begin to turn into butter when stirred
and uniform distribution of fat is no longer possible.
The fat liquefies at 35-40 and the distribution process is speeded up.

6[iZgi]ZiZbeZgVijgZ]VhWZZchZi!i]Zb^a`XVchiVcY[dg(id)b^cjiZhidVaadlVcn
edX`Zihd[V^gidY^heZghZ#
The volumeters are calibrated at 20C. Any variations in temperature will influence the
volume. Air pockets reduce the density and hence the mass of milk measured.

AVWdgVidgnXViVad\jZ[dgb^a`VcVanh^h &*
CONDUCTING A TEST = WORK PROCEDURES
I]ZhVbZb^a`heZX^bZcbjhiWZiZhiZYil^XZ#

&# EaVXZ ' WjingdbZiZgh ^cid V XaVbe WjingdbZiZg hiVcY#


L^i]i]ZV^Yd[VbZVhjg^c\iVe!^cigdYjXZ&%bad[hjae]jg^XVX^Y
^cidi]ZWjingdbZiZgl^i]djilZii^c\i]ZcZX`d[i]ZWjingdbZiZg
hZZ;^\#&#

'# 8VgZ[jaan ijgc i]Z WdiiaZ l^i] i]Z b^a` heZX^bZc jeh^YZ Ydlc
i]gZZ dg [djg i^bZh# I]Zc ^bbZY^ViZan e^eZiiZ &%#,* ba d[ b^a`
^cid i]Z WjingdbZiZg ^c hjX] V lVn i]Vi i]Z WjingdbZiZg cZX`
YdZh cdi \Zi lZi VcY i]Z b^a` YdZh cdi b^m l^i] i]Z hjae]jg^X
VX^Y# Id Yd hd! aZVc i]Z i^e d[ i]Z e^eZiiZ aViZgVaan Vh YZZean
Vhedhh^WaZV\V^chii]ZlVaad[i]ZWjingdbZiZghdi]Vii]Zb^a`
[dgbhVaVnZgdcided[i]Zhjae]jg^XVX^YhZZ;^\#'#
When the Gerber method was first introduced, 11.0 ml of milk were used.
By reducing the quantity of milk 10.75 ml, the determined fat content more
closely matches the results of the reference method. If the butyrometer
neck is wetted with milk, residues may cling to it.
A clear dividing line between the acid and the milk, without a brownish-
coloured edge, is the sign of good layering.

(# &bad[VbnaVaXd]da^he^eZiiZYdcidi]Zb^a`!dg^cigdYjXZY Wn


bZVchd[VbZVhjg^c\iVe#
Due to the low density of amyl alcohol, the two liquids do not mix.
;^\#& EgdiZXi^kZ\aVhhZhVcYgjWWZg\adkZhbjhiWZldgc
l]Zc]VcYa^c\hjae]jg^XVX^Y
)# I]Z WjingdbZiZg ^h hZVaZY l^i] V hideeZg l^i]dji b^m^c\ i]Z
a^fj^Yh#
As a rule, the lower end of the stopper comes into contact with the liquid.

*# I]ZWjingdbZiZg^heaVXZY^ci]ZWjingdbZiZgijWZl^i]i]ZWjaW
ed^ci^c\YdlclVgYh#H]V`Zi]ZWjingdbZiZgk^\dgdjhanjci^ai]Z
ilda^fj^YhVgZi]dgdj\]anb^mZY#@ZZendjgi]jbWgbanegZhhZY
Ydlcdci]ZWjingdbZiZghideeZgl]^aZYd^c\hd#Ijgci]ZWjin"
gdbZiZgjeVcYYdlchZkZgVai^bZh^cdgYZgidZcVWaZi]Zhjae]j"
g^XVX^YgZbV^c^c\^ci]ZWjaWidY^heZghZhZZ;^\#(#
When the liquids are mixed, a consid-
erable amount of heat is given off. The
gas built up in this way can cause the
stopper to shoot out, or the butyrometer
to break.
The butyrometer tube is used as
a safety precaution. Instead of using a
butyrometer tube, the butyrometer can
be wrapped in a cloth.
Too lax shaking of the butyrometer or
holding it unnecessarily in a slanted
;^\#( position inhibits quick mixing and
<_]$( '&$-+cbe\c_baWh[f_f[jj[Z_djej^[Xkjohe# therefore the rapid oxidation of the en-
I]ZWjingdbZiZg^hh]V`Zc^ci]Z
c[j[h ijWZegdiZXi^kZ\d\\aZhVcY tire specimen, thus ruining the careful
gjWWZg\adkZhbjhiWZldgc work done layering the liquid.

&+ AVWdgVidgnXViVad\jZ[dgb^a`VcVanh^h
;^\#* I]ZWjingdbZiZghVgZWgdj\]iidi]ZZmVXigZVY^c\
;^\#) ;^aa^c\i]ZXZcig^[j\Z
iZbeZgVijgZ^cVlViZgWVi]

+#>bbZY^ViZanV[iZgi]Zb^mijgZ]VhWZZch]V`ZcVcYijgcZYjeh^YZ
Ydlc V [Zl i^bZh! i]Z WjingdbZiZgh! hi^aa ]di VcY l^i] i]Z hide"
eZgh ed^ci^c\ YdlclVgYh! VgZ eaVXZY ^c WjX`Zih ^ch^YZ i]Z ]ZViZY
<ZgWZg XZcig^[j\Z hZZ ;^\# )! l]ZgZWn i]Z WjingdbZiZgh bjhi WZ
eaVXZYZmVXiandeedh^iZZVX]di]Zg#
7Z[dgZ]VcY! i]Z Xdajbc d[ [Vi h]djaY WZ hZi Vi i]Z ]Z^\]i d[ i]Z
ZmeZXiZYaZkZad[[ViXdciZciWnijgc^c\i]ZhideeZg#
6[iZg hZii^c\ i]Z i^bZ dc i]Z XZcig^[j\Z! i]Z XZcig^[j\Z ^h hiVgiZY#
6[iZggZVX]^c\VXZcig^[j\Va[dgXZd[(*%*%\!l]^X]^hgZVX]ZY
VhVgjaZV[iZg&b^cjiZ!i]ZXdggZhedcY^c\heZZYd[&&%%*%geb
h]djaYWZbV^ciV^cZY[dg)b^cjiZh#
I]ZXZcig^[j\ZbjhiWZiiZYl^i]Vc^ciZgadX`^c\a^Y#6[iZgi]Zi^bZ
hZi[dgi]ZXZcig^[j\Z]VhWZZcgZVX]ZY!i]ZgdidgWgV`Z^hVjidbVi^"
XVaanVeea^ZY#

,# I]Z WjingdbZiZgh VgZ cdl gZbdkZY [gdb i]Z XZcig^[j\Z! iV`^c\
XVgZcdiidi^aii]Zb!VcYVgZeaVXZYl^i]i]ZhideeZgh[VX^c\Ydlc"
lVgYh[dg*b^cjiZh^cVlViZgWVi]]ZViZYid+*8hZZ;^\#*#
It is important to maintain an exact temperature so as to obtain accurate
results. Only a read-off at 65C will ensure an exact result. If the
temperature is too low, the volume of the column is reduced and a fat ;^\#+ BZVhjgZYkVajZhXVcWZgZa^VWanVcYVXXjgViZangZVY
d[[l^i]i]ZV^Yd[VhV[ZingZVY^c\aVbe
content reading that is too low will be indicated.

AVWdgVidgnXViVad\jZ[dgb^a`VcVanh^h &,
RESULT AND DEGREE OF ACCURACY
-# 6[iZggZbdk^c\i]ZWjingdbZiZg[gdbi]ZlViZgWVi]!^ih]djaYWZ]ZaYkZgi^XVaan
ViV]Z^\]il]ZgZi]ZbZc^hXjhd[i]ZXdajbcd[[Vi^hViZnZaZkZa#L^i]i]Z]Zae
d[i]ZhideeZg!bVg`i]ZYZbVgXVi^dca^cZWZilZZci]ZgZh^YjVab^mijgZVcY[Vi
dcVl]daZhjWY^k^h^dcd[i]ZWjingdbZiZghXVaZVcYgZVYd[[i]Z]Z^\]id[i]Z
[ViXdajbcVii]ZadlZhied^cid[i]ZbZc^hXjh#>[i]ZgZVY^c\iV`Zhiddadc\!i]Z
WjingdbZiZgbjhiWZeaVXZYWVX`^cidi]ZlViZgWVi]hZZ;^\h#+VcY,#

>[i]ZbZc^hXjhd[i]Z[ViXdajbc^hcdiViZnZaZkZa!VeVgVaaVmZggdggZhjaih#

BZc^hXjh :nZ

;^\#,

)!%" )!%"

(!." (!."

(!-" (!-"

;^\#,V/)!%"gZVY^c\ ;^\#,W/(!.*"gZVY^c\

I]ZgZhjaih]djaYWZgZVYd[[id]Va[VhXVaZed^ci!^#Z#id%#%*#>i^hcdiedhh^WaZid
dWiV^cVbdgZVXXjgViZgZhjail^i]l]daZb^a`WjingdbZiZgh#>[i]ZbZc^hXjhidjX]Zh
i]Z\gVYjVi^dcbVg`!i]Zci]ZgZhjai^hidWZgZXdgYZYVhhjX];^\#,V#

>[ i]Z bZc^hXjh ^ciZghZXih i]Z \gVYjVi^dc bVg`! i]Zc i]Z adlZg kVajZ ^h iV`Zc
;^\#,W#

I]ZY^[[ZgZcXZWZilZZci]ZgZVY^c\h[gdbi]ZildWjingdbZiZghbjhicdiWZ\gZViZg
i]Vc%#&%!^#Z#i]ZgZegdYjX^W^a^inVbdjcihid%#&%#

L]ZcgZXdgY^c\i]ZgZhjai!ndjbjhiVYYi]ZcdiZ[ViXdciZciVXXdgY^c\idi]Z<ZgWZg
bZi]dY#
>[i]ZildheZX^bZchY^[[ZgWn%#&!i]ZbZVckVajZd[Wdi]gZVY^c\h^hiV`Zc#

HeZX^bZc&/)#'%qHeZX^bZc'/)#(%qGZhjai/)#'*[ViXdciZci

=dlZkZg!^[i]ZildgZVY^c\hVgZ )#'%VcY )#'* [ViXdciZci!i]ZadlZg kVajZ d[


)#'%^hgZXdgYZYdci]Zeg^cX^eaZi]Vi^i^hWZiiZgidZggdci]Zh^YZd[XVji^dc#

&- AVWdgVidgnXViVad\jZ[dgb^a`VcVanh^h
:[j[hc_dWj_ede\j^[\WjYedj[dj_d^ece][d_p[Zc_baWYYehZ_d]je=[hX[hic[j^eZ

IgZViZYb^a`^h]dbd\Zc^oZYidVkd^YXgZVb^c\#I]^h^ckdakZhgZYjX^c\i]ZY^[[ZgZci"
h^oZY[Vi\adWjaZhidVcZVganZfjVaY^VbZiZgd[&id'b^XgdbZiZgh#I]^hXdch^YZgVWan
YZXgZVhZh i]Z hZeVgVi^c\ Z[[ZXi d[ i]Z XZcig^[j\^c\ egdXZhh# >c dgYZg id XdbeaZiZan
hZeVgViZd[[i]ZgZaZVhZY[Vi!i]ZheZX^bZcbjhiWZXZcig^[j\ZY[dgVadc\ZgeZg^dY
d[i^bZ#

EgdXZhhhiZeh&id-[dgi]ZiZhi^c\d[cdc"]dbd\Zc^oZYb^a`VgZXVgg^ZYdjiVcYi]Z
gZhjai^hgZXdgYZY#

I]Zc!i]ZWjingdbZiZg^hdcXZV\V^c]ZViZYid+*8^cVlViZgWVi][dgViaZVhi*b^"
cjiZhVcYhjWhZfjZcianXZcig^[j\ZYV\V^c[dg*b^cjiZh#I]ZgZhjai^hgZVYd[[^ci]Z
hVbZlVnVhWZ[dgZ#

>[i]ZkVajZdWiV^cZYV[iZgi]ZhZXdcYXZcig^[j\^c\^hbdgZi]Vc%#%*]^\]Zgi]Vci]Z
kVajZV[iZgi]ZghiXZcig^[j\^c\!i]Zci]ZgZ]ZVi^c\VcYXZcig^[j\^c\^hidWZgZeZViZY
VbVm^bjbd[ildi^bZh#

=dlZkZg!^[i]^hkVajZ]Vh^cXgZVhZYWndcan%#%*dgaZhhl^i]gZheZXiidi]Zghi
kVajZ!i]Z]^\]ZhiiZhikVajZVeea^Zh#

:mVbeaZ/
After the first centrifuging, the two values were read off at 3.55 % and 3.60 %.
After the second centrifuging, the two values were 3.60 % and 3.65 %. The homogenised
milk fat content is stated to be 3.65 %.
Should the difference still be greater than 0.05 % after the two last repetitions, i.e. after
the 3rd and 4th centrifuging, the results of this test are to be discarded.

AVWdgVidgnXViVad\jZ[dgb^a`VcVanh^h &.
BUTYROMETRIC DETERMINATION OF THE
FAT CONTENT OF VARIOUS DAIRY PRODUCTS
FOREWORD: The butyrometric determination of the fat content in milk has been and is
being replaced at a progressive rate by other routine tests (with appliances
such as LactoStar, for instance). However, milk products such as cheese,
ice cream, etc. either cannot be tested with such appliances or can only be
tested after elaborate specimen preparation. For these products, butyro-
metric methods are a good alternative for routine analysis.

1.0 FIELD OF APPLICATION


9ZiZgb^cVi^dcd[[ViXdciZci^cb^a`VcYkVg^djhYV^gnegdYjXih#

2.0 VOLUMES
JcaZhhhiViZYdi]Zgl^hZ!i]Z[daadl^c\fjVci^i^Zhd[X]Zb^XVahVcYiZhiheZX^bZch
VgZjhZY/

Hjae]jg^XVX^Y/  &%#%ba'%8 '8


6bnaVaXd]da/  &#%ba'%8 '8
B^a`dgYV^gnegdYjXi/ &%#,*ba'%8 '8

3.0 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE


BUTYROMETRIC DETERMINATION OF FAT CONTENT:

3.1 ... IN MILK (ACCORDING TO GERBERS METHOD):


EZg[ZXian XaZVcZY b^a` WjingdbZiZgh! bdhi ^bedgiVcian [gZZ d[ [Vi gZh^YjZh! VgZ aaZY
^ci]Z[daadl^c\dgYZg/&%bad[hjae]jg^XVX^YYZch^in/&#-&- $"%#%%(\$ba!&%#,*ba
d[b^a`!VcY&bad[VbnaVaXd]da#I]Zb^a`VcYVbnaVaXd]daVgZidWZaaZY^caVnZgh
hdi]Vii]ZnYdcdib^mWZ[dgZh]V`^c\#6[iZghZVa^c\i]ZWjingdbZiZg!i]ZXdciZcihVgZ
i]dgdj\]anb^mZYWnh]V`^c\VcYijgc^c\i]ZWjingdbZiZgjeh^YZYdlchZkZgVai^bZh#
I]gdj\]XVgZ[jaVY_jhibZcid[i]ZhZVa^c\hideeZg!i]ZXdciZcihd[i]ZWjingdbZiZgVgZ
gZ\jaViZY^chjX]VlVni]Vii]ZhXVaZ^h[jaaWjicda^fj^YZciZghi]ZWjaW#I]ZWjingd"
bZiZg^hXZcig^[j\ZY^ci]Z]ZViZYXZcig^[j\Z!VcYi]ZciZbeZgZY^cV+*8lViZgWVi][dg
*b^cjiZh#I]ZY^k^Y^c\a^cZWZilZZci]Zhjae]jg^XVX^Yb^mijgZVcYi]Z[ViXdajbc^hhZi
ViV[jaahXVaZa^cZVcYi]ZjeeZgZcYd[i]Z[ViXdajbc^hgZVYd[[Vii]ZadlZgbZc^hXjh#

3.2 ... IN HOMOGENISED MILK


As above, except that the specimens are centrifuged three times, for 5 minutes each time.
In between centrifugings, the butyrometers are heated in a 65C water bath for 5 minutes
(for more detail, see page 19).

3.3 ... IN SKIM MILK AND WHEY


Use of skim milk butyrometers with narrowed scales according to Sichlers method.
7jingdbZiZghVgZXZcig^[j\ZYil^XZVcYeaVXZY^cV+*8lViZgWVi][dg*b^cjiZh^c
WZilZZcXZcig^[j\^c\h#

3.4 ... IN CONDENSED MILK (UNSWEETENED)


I]ZXdcYZchZYb^a`^h]ZViZYid*%8VcYVaadlZYidXddaV\V^c#I]Zc^i^hb^mZYl^i]
lViZg^cV&/&gVi^d#I]^hY^aji^dc^hi]ZciZhiZYa^`Zb^a`VXXdgY^c\id<ZgWZghbZi]dY#
;ViXdciZci2gZVY"d[[kVajZm'#

'% AVWdgVidgnXViVad\jZ[dgb^a`VcVanh^h
3.5 ... IN BUTTERMILK (MOHR AND BAURS MODIFICATION)
I]Z WjingdbZiZg ^h aaZY l^i] &% ba d[ hjae]jg^X VX^Y YZch^in/ &#-(% $" %#%%( \$ba#
>chiZVYd[&%#,*ba!&%bad[WjiiZgb^a`VcY'#%bad[VbnaVaXd]daVgZe^eZiiZY^c#6[iZg
hZVa^c\! i]Z WjingdbZiZg ^h h]V`Zc VcY ^bbZY^ViZan XZcig^[j\ZY [dg &% b^cjiZh# I]^h
egZkZcihVccdn^c\WadX`V\Zh#I]ZgZVY^c\^hiV`ZcV[iZgiZbeZg^c\i]ZheZX^bZcVi+*8
$"'8#;ViXdciZci2gZVY"d[[kVajZm&#%,*#

3.6 ... IN POWDERED MILK ACCORDING TO TEICHERTS METHOD


Use of powdered milk butyrometer according to Teicherts method.
I]ZWjingdbZiZg^haaZYl^i]&%bad[hjae]jg^XVX^YYZch^in/&#-&- $"%#%%(\$ba#,#*ba
d[lViZgVcY&bad[VbnaVaXd]daVgZaVnZgZYdcid^i#'#*\d[edlYZgZYb^a`VgZlZ^\]ZY^cV
lZ^\]^c\WdViVcYigVch[ZggZY^cidi]ZWjingdbZiZgi]gdj\]V[jccZa!jh^c\V]V^gWgjh]#6["
iZghZVa^c\!i]ZWjingdbZiZg^hi]dgdj\]anh]V`Zc!VcY^ciZgb^iiZcianeaVXZY^cV+*8lViZg
WVi]hZkZgVai^bZh#>i^hXZcig^[j\ZYil^XZ!*b^cjiZhZVX]i^bZ!^ci]Z]ZViZYXZcig^[j\ZVcY
i]ZkVajZ^hgZVYd[[V[iZgi]ZWjingdbZiZg^heaVXZY^ci]ZlViZgWVi][dg*b^cjiZh#

3.7 ... IN CREAM ACC. TO ROEDERS METH. (WEIGHING METH.)


Use of cream butyrometer according to Roeders method.
*\d[XgZVbVgZlZ^\]ZYdji^cidi]Z\aVhhWZV`Zgh^ijViZY^ci]ZhideeZgVcYigVch[ZggZY
^cidi]ZWjingdbZiZg#Hjae]jg^XVX^YYZch^in/&#*'' $"%#%%*\$ba^hedjgZYi]gdj\]i]Z
jeeZgdeZc^c\d[i]ZWjingdbZiZgjci^a^igZVX]Zh_jhidkZgi]ZjeeZgZY\Zd[i]Z\aVhh
WZV`Zg#6[iZghZVa^c\!i]ZWjingdbZiZg^heaVXZY^cV,%8lViZgWVi]VcYh]V`ZcgZeZVi"
ZYanjci^ai]ZegdiZ^c^hXdbeaZiZanY^hhdakZY#Hjae]jg^XVX^Y^hedjgZY^cjci^a^igZVX]Zh
i]ZWZ\^cc^c\d[i]ZhXVaZ!&bad[VbnaVaXd]da^hVYYZYVcYi]ZWjingdbZiZg^hhZVaZY!
h]V`Zc!VcYeaVXZY^ci]Z,%8lViZgWVi][dgVcdi]Zg*b^cjiZh#I]Zc!^i^hXZcig^[j\ZY
[dg*b^cjiZhVcYiZbeZgZY^cV+*8lViZgWVi]#I]ZgZVY^c\^hiV`ZcVi+*8!i]Z[Vi
XdajbcVY_jhiZYidi]ZoZgded^ci!i]ZkVajZgZVYd[[Vii]ZadlZgbZc^hXjh#

3.8 ... IN CREAM ACC. TO SCHULZ-KLEYS METH. (WEIGHING METH.)


Use of cream butyrometer according to Schulz-Kleys method.
&%bad[hjae]jg^XVX^YYZch^in/&#-&- $"%#%%(\$ba!*bad[lViZg!XV#*\d[XgZVb
bZVhjgZYWnY^[[ZgZci^ValZ^\]^c\jh^c\Vhng^c\ZdglZ^\]^c\e^eZiiZViiVX]ZYidi]Z
hXVaZ!VcY&bad[VbnaVaXd]daVgZhjXXZhh^kZan^cigdYjXZY^cidi]ZWjingdbZiZg#6[iZg
hZVa^c\!i]ZXdciZcihVgZb^mZYWnh]V`^c\VcYijgc^c\i]ZWjingdbZiZgjeh^YZYdlc
VcYXZcig^[j\ZY[dg*b^cjiZh^ci]Z]ZViZYXZcig^[j\Z#I]ZkVajZ^hgZVYd[[V[iZg*
b^cjiZhd[iZbeZg^c\^cV+*8lViZgWVi]#CdiZ/YdcdiVaadlbdgZi]Vc&*b^cjiZh
ideVhhWZilZZcVYY^c\i]ZlViZgVcYh]V`^c\i]ZheZX^bZcYjZidi]Zedhh^W^a^ind[
VYZXgZVhZ^ci]Z]ZVid[gZVXi^dcVhVgZhjaid[i]ZVYY^i^dcd[lViZg#I]ZY^hhdaji^dc
egdXZhhbjhiWZXdbeaZiZYl^i]^c+%hZXdcYh#
;ViXdciZci2gZVY"d[[kVajZm*$XgZVbcZilZ^\]i#

3.9 ... IN CREAM ACC. TO KOEHLERS METH. (MEASURING METH.)


Use of cream butyrometer according to Koehlers method.
&%bad[hjae]jg^XVX^YYZch^in/&#-&- $"%#%%(\$ba!*#%*bad[XgZVb!*bad[lViZg!
VcY&bad[VbnaVaXd]daVgZedjgZY^cijgc^cidi]ZXgZVbWjingdbZiZg#L]Zcjh^c\V
XgZVbhng^c\Z!^ibjhiWZg^chZYhZkZgVai^bZhl^i]lViZgWZ[dgZi]Z*bad[lViZgVgZ
^cigdYjXZY#I]ZWjingdbZiZg^hhZVaZY!h]V`Zc!XZcig^[j\ZY[dg*b^cjiZh!VcYi]Zci]Z
kVajZ^hgZVYd[[V[iZgiZbeZg^c\i]ZheZX^bZc^cV+*8lViZgWVi]#I]ZkVajZ^hgZVY
d[[[gdbi]ZoZgded^ci#

AVWdgVidgnXViVad\jZ[dgb^a`VcVanh^h '&
3.10 ... IN CHEESE ACC. TO VAN GULIKS METH. (WEIGHING METH.)
(see ISO 3433) Use of the cheese butyrometer according to Van Guliks method.
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a^`WjingdbZiZg!XadhZYVii]ZhXVaZZcY!(\ $"%#'\d[X]ZZhZVgZVYYZYWnbZVch
d[VlZ^\]^c\WdViVcY]V^gWgjh]!VcYi]Zci]ZaaZgdeZc^c\^hhZVaZY#EVhinX]ZZhZ
hVbeaZhbjhiWZlZ^\]ZYdji^cidi]ZeZg[dgViZY\aVhhWZV`Zgl]^X]VXXdbeVc^Zh
i]Z KVc <ja^` WjingdbZiZg VcY ^cigdYjXZY ^cid i]Z WjingdbZiZg# I]Z hZVaZY Wjin"
gdbZiZg^heaVXZY^cV,%8"-%8lViZgWVi]l^i]i]ZhXVaZed^ci^c\jelVgYhVcY
h]V`ZcgZeZViZYanjci^ai]ZX]ZZhZ^hY^hhdakZY#6[iZglVgYh!&bad[VbnaVaXd]da^h
VYYZY![daadlZYWnhjae]jg^XVX^Yjci^a^iVeegdm^bViZangZVX]Zhi]Z&*bVg`d[
i]ZhXVaZ#I]ZcXadhZi]ZWjingdbZiZg!b^mi]ZXdciZcih!iZbeZg[dg*b^cjiZh^cV
+*8lViZgWVi]!VY_jhii]Z[ViXdajbcidi]ZoZgded^ciVcYgZVYd[[i]ZVWhdajiZ[Vi
XdciZci#I]ZgZVY^c\^hiV`Zc[gdbi]ZadlZgZcYd[i]ZbZc^hXjh#

3.11 ... IN ICE CREAM ACC. TO KOEHLERS METH.


(MEASURING METH.)
Use of the ice cream butyrometer according to Koehlers method.
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WZVabdhiXdbeaZiZangZbdkZYWnZkVXjVi^dc#
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lViZg!VcY&bad[VbnaVaXd]daVgZ^cigdYjXZY^cijgc^cidi]Z^XZXgZVbWjingdbZiZg#
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3.12 ... IN ICE CREAM ACC. TO ROEDERS METH. (WEIGHING METH.)


Use of ice cream butyrometer according to Roeders method.
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Y^hhdakZY#&bad[VbnaVaXd]da^hVYYZY!VcYi]Zchjae]jg^XVX^Y^hedjgZY^cjci^a
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3.13 ... IN BUTTER ACC. TO ROEDERS METH. (WEIGHING METH.)


Use of butter butyrometer according to Roeders method.
*\d[WjiiZgVgZlZ^\]ZYdji^cidi]Z\aVhhWZV`Zgh^ijViZY^ci]ZhideeZgVcYigVch[ZggZY
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jeeZgdeZc^c\d[i]ZWjingdbZiZgjci^a^igZVX]Zh_jhidkZgi]ZjeeZgZY\Zd[i]Z\aVhh
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ZYanjci^ai]ZegdiZ^c^hXdbeaZiZanY^hhdakZY#Hjae]jg^XVX^Y^hedjgZY^cjci^a^igZVX]Zh
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'' AVWdgVidgnXViVad\jZ[dgb^a`VcVanh^h
3.14 ... IN MAYONNAISE ACC. TO ROEDERS METH. (WEIGHING METH.)
Use of butter butyrometer according to Roeders method.
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3.15 BUTYROMETRIC DETERMINATION OF THE FAT CONTENT OF


MEAT AND SAUSAGE ACC. TO GERBERS METHOD (VAN GULIK)
According to the recommended methodology of Pohja and Associates.

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(+ AVWdgVidgnXViVad\jZ[dgb^a`VcVanh^h
THE NEW GENERATION OF INSTRUMENTS

Chemical milk analysis device with fully automatic cleaning


and rinsing system and zero point calibration for the fast and
accurate testing of milk

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* The reproducibility equals +0.02 % in the 0% to 8 % fat range.


In the higher ranges of 8 % to 40 % fat, the reproducibility equals 0.2 %

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AVWdgVidgnXViVad\jZ[dgb^a`VcVanh^h **
KJELDAHLS NITROGEN DETERMINATION METHOD
Anna Politis, graduate engineer of nutrition technology and of biotechnology, reports

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&' \ d[ ediVhh^jb hjae]ViZ! & ba d[ XdeeZg hjae]ViZ The addition of potassium sulphate serves to increase the boiling tempera-
hdaji^dc'#'!VWdji*%!&\d[i]Z]ZViZYVcYb^mZY ture of the sulphuric acid and the addition of copper sulphate serves as an
b^a`hVbeaZVcY'%bad[hjae]jg^XVX^YVgZ^cigdYjXZY oxidation catalyst. They are also available as Kjeldahl tabs (art. no. 4230/4231).
^cid V Y^\Zhi^dc Vh` i]Z ZmVXi Vbdjci d[ b^a` If the process is executed with tabs, then 5 0.1 g of milk are mixed with
bjhiWZYZiZgb^cZYid%#&b\VcYgZXdgYZYWZXVjhZ 20 ml of sulphuric acid and 2 Kjeldahl tabs and left to sit for 5 min. Then the
^i l^aa aViZg WZ i]Z WVh^h [dg i]Z c^igd\Zc XVaXjaVi^dc# temperature program can be carried out.
HZZ XVaXjaVi^dc# I]Z Y^\Zhi^dc Vh` ^h b^mZY During the heating of the sample, foam is not allowed to climb higher
XVgZ[jaan# then 4 - 5 cm below the flask opening.
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The sulphuric acid is added in such a way that any copper sulphate
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solution, potassium sulphate or milk which may have adhered to the flask
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neck is flushed down. If the flask is sealed airtight, it can also be stored
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for later digestion.
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cZjigVa^hZYVc\ZgdjhkVedjgh#HZaZXi^c\i]Z[daadl^c\ preliminary tests with samples high in protein and fat.
iZbeZgVijgZegd\gVb^hgZXdbbZcYZY/ Substantial crystallisation is a sign of too little sulphuric acid and can
lead to low protein values. It is therefore advisable to reduce the loss of
&EgZ]ZVii]Z]ZVi^c\WadX`Vi'%%8[dg&%b^c# sulphuric acid by minimising the amount sucked.
'=ZVii]ZhVbeaZid'%%8[dgVeegdm#(%b^c# Before the hot digestion flasks can be taken from the digestion block, it
(8dci^cjZVi)'%8[dgVeegdm#.%b^c[dg must be ensured that no condensed fluid has collected in the extraction
 Y^\Zhi^dcViVXVeVX^ind[&%8$b^c# apparatus. If it has, the suction volume must be increased and the
condensed liquid removed.
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The undiluted digestion should not be stored in the flask for a long
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period of time (overnight) for any reason. There is a risk that the sample
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will solidify and it is difficult to bring it into solution form again. After
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the sample is cooled down and dilluted with 70 ml of water, there is no
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problem to keep it overnight.
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AVWdgVidgnXViVad\jZ[dgb^a`VcVanh^h *,
KJELDAHLS NITROGEN DETERMINATION METHOD

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I]ZVbdjcid[lViZgVcYhdY^jb]nYgdm^Y!i]ZgZVXi^dci^bZ!i]ZY^hi^aaVi^dc The water distiller must be set up on a stable


i^bZ!i]Z]ZVidjiejid[i]ZkVedjg\ZcZgVidgVcYi]ZhjXi^dci^bZ[dgi]Z laboratory bench with an even, horizontal
gZbV^chY^hi^aaZYdjid[hVbeaZVgZegd\gVbbVWaZ#L^i]i]Zejh]d[VWji" support which is located near a cold wa-
idc!i]ZYZh^gZYbZcj^h[djcYVcYWnejh]^c\i]ZWjiidcV\V^c^i^hhZaZXiZY# ter supply and a drain. The water pressure
6cdi]Zgejh]X]Vc\Zhi]ZkVajZVcYVcVaejh]hVkZh^i# must be at least 0.5 bar.
Before starting the operation, all hoses
I]ZY^hi^aaVi^dcVeeVgVijhbjhiWZYZ\VhhZY^[^i]VhcdiWZZcjhZY[dgVadc\ must be connected and the coolant en-
i^bZdg^[^i^hWZ^c\jhZY[dgi]Zghii^bZ#IdYdi]^h!dei^dch!VcYi]Zc gaged. The storage tank must be correctly
Y^gZXi^cejiVgZhZaZXiZY#I]Zc!='D^chVbeaZ^hhZaZXiZYVcYi]Z`cdW positioned and the fluid level checked. The
^h]ZaYYdlcjci^alViZggjch^cidi]ZY^\Zhi^dcVeeVgVijh#CZmi!CVD=^h water vapour discharge hose must be in-
X]dhZcVcYi]ZWjiidc^hejh]ZYYdlcjci^ahdYVanZgjch^cidi]ZY^\Zhi^dc troduced into the digestion flask. The water
kZhhZa#;^cVaan!i]ZbZcjZmigVXi^dcEgd^hhZaZXiZYWnejh]^c\cZmiVcY distiller is equipped with a safety gate.
i]ZdeZgVi^c\`cdW^hejh]ZYYdlcjci^ai]ZX]Zb^XVahVgZhjX`ZY[gdb
During the first distillation, the water va-
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pour comes into contact with cold pipes
and glass parts. This leads to increased
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build-up of condensation which can in turn
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lead to excessive sample dilution and
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liquid volume in the digestion vessel.
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A trial run is therefore essential. The dis-
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charge of water vapour with a temperature
i]ZegdXZhh#I]ZegdXZhhh]djaYcdiWZZcYZYjci^ai]ZgZ^h&Xbd[Y^hi^aaViZ
of approx. 106C creates loud noises. This
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is no cause for alarm.
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kZhhZa# The distillation is conducted until a distil-
lation volume of 150 ml is obtained.
6[iZgYZ\Vh^c\VcYi]ZiZhigjc!i]ZY^hi^aaVi^dcd[i]ZhVbeaZ^hXVgg^ZYdji# About 2 minutes before the end of the dis-
6*%%ba:gaZcbZnZgVh`[dgi]ZWdg^XVX^Yhdaji^dc^heaVXZYjcYZgi]Z tillation, the Erlenmeyer flask is lowered
Y^hi^aaVi^dcVeeVgVijhdjiaZie^eZ#L^i]i]ZhiVgibZcjdei^dc!i]ZY^hi^aaV" in such a way that the end of the discharge
i^dcegdXZhh^hWZ\jc#>i^hgZXdbbZcYVWaZidgjci]Z[daadl^c\Y^hi^aaVi^dc pipe is no longer submerged in the acid
egd\gVb/ solution. The pipe must be flushed with
 water. This water is collected in the Erlen-
7^YZhilViZg/,%ba*hZX meyer flask.
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iZgb^cViZh! i]Z Y^\Zhi^dc Vh` ^h gZbdkZY [gdb i]Z VeeVgVijh! i]Z
Y^hi^aaVi^dc]dhZ^hjh]ZYl^i]Y^hi^aaZYlViZgVcYi]Z:gaZcbZnZgVh`
XdciV^c^c\i]ZhVbeaZ^hVahdgZbdkZY[gdbi]ZVeeVgVijh#

*- AVWdgVidgnXViVad\jZ[dgb^a`VcVanh^h
3 J_jhWj_ed'c_d
C=)='7D( =8aC=)8a =(7D(

I]ZWdg^XVX^YVWhdgei^dchdaji^dcl]^X]XdciV^chi]Z^c" The mixture of methyl red and bromcresol green (see 2.5,
Y^XVidg ^h i^igViZY l^i] %#& B hiVcYVgY ]nYgdX]adg^X VX^Y# 2.6) serves as the indicator. The indicator is responsible for
I]Z]nYgdX]adg^XVX^Y^hVYYZYjci^ai]ZghiigVXZd[e^c` the colour change and signals the end of the titration.
XdadgVi^dcVg^hZh#I]ZkdajbZd[i]Z]nYgdX]adg^XVX^YXdc" The neutral background improves the accuracy and
hjbZY^hgZVYd[[dci]ZWjgZiiZVi%#%*ba#6c^aajb^cViZY reproducibility of the results. This means that the titrations
Y^hX XVc hZgkZ Vh V cZjigVa WVX`\gdjcY VcY ZcVWaZh i]Z are always carried out under optical conditions that are as
jhZgidYZiZgb^cZi]ZXdadjgX]Vc\ZVXXjgViZanVii]ZZcY similar to each other as possible.
d[i]Zi^igVi^dc#

8b_dZjh_Wb
I]Z Wa^cY ig^Va ^h XVgg^ZY dji ^c i]Z hVbZ lVn Vh The blind trial is important for the calculation of the
VWdkZ#I]ZhVbeaZ^hgZeaVXZYl^i]*bad[lViZg nitrogen content of the sample.
VcY%#-*\d[hjXgdhZ#I]ZkdajbZd[]nYgdX]adg^X
VX^YXdchjbZYYjg^c\i^igVi^dc^hgZXdgYZY#

9WbYkbWj_edWdZWdWboi_i

I]Zc^igd\ZcXdciZci!\^kZc^c\d[c^igd\ZceZg&%%\d[ Kjeldahls digestion method is not specific to amino acids


i]ZegdYjXi!^hXVaXjaViZYjh^c\i]Z[daadl^c\cjbZg^XVa and proteins and includes all organically bonded nitrogen.
ZfjVi^dc/ Other non-protein compounds are also are digested and
collected (NPN: non-protein nitrogen). However, the pro-
&!)%%,K"Kd8h portion of these compounds is very small and is disregarded
Lc2 in the calculation.
Li If the non-protein containing nitrogen should also be es-
tablished, then method must be executed in accordance
Md0i]Zc^igd\ZcXdciZcid[i]ZhVbeaZ with DIN EN ISO 8968-4. If only the protein nitrogen should
be determined, then the milk proteins must first be sepa-
L0 i]ZkdajbZd[]nYgdX]adg^XVX^YXdchjbZYYjg^c\
rated. 50.1 ml of milk diluted with 50.1 ml of water is
i^igVi^dcd[i]ZhVbeaZ
washed in stages with in total 60 ml of 15 % (w/v) trichlo-
Le0i]ZkdajbZd[i]Z]nYgdX]adg^XVX^YXdchjbZYYjg^c\ roacetic acid in accordance with DIN EN ISO 8968-5, the
i^igVi^dcd[i]ZWa^cYig^VahZZWa^cYig^Va proteins are precipitated and finally filtered out into a hard
9i0i]ZZmVXibdaVg^ind[i]Z]nYgdX]adg^XVX^Y!\^kZcid paper filter. The filtrate contains the components of the
[djgYZX^bVaeaVXZh non-protein nitrogen and the filtered-out precipitate con-
Mj0i]ZbVhhd[i]ZiZhihVbeaZ^c\gVbh!\^kZcl^i]^c tains the protein nitrogen. The filter with the precipitate is
%#&\gVb put into a digestion vessel and Kjeldahls nitrogen deter-
mination method is carried out as described above. The
protein content is calculated by multiplying by a factor of
IdXVaXjaViZi]ZegdiZ^cXdciZcid[i]ZhVbeaZ!i]ZLc 6.38.
kVajZbjhiWZbjai^ea^ZYWn+#(-#
The value 6.38 is specific to milk and dairy products and was
established because milk proteins have a nitrogen content
CeZ[bYWbYkbWj_ed
of 15.65 % (100:15.65 = 6.38).
>[i]Z@_ZaYV]aYZiZgb^cVi^dcn^ZaYhVc^igd\ZcXdciZcid[
**!VegdiZ^cXdciZcid[(#*gZhjaih**m+#(-#

AVWdgVidgnXViVad\jZ[dgb^a`VcVanh^h *.
KJELDAHLS NITROGEN DETERMINATION METHOD

7bj[hdWj_l[i"hWf_Zc[j^eZi
I]ZgZ ^h V [VhiZg lVn id ZmZXjiZ @_ZaYV]ah bZi]dY i]Vc i]Z Caution! The addition of hydrogen peroxide
hiVcYVgY egdXZhh# >c VXXdgYVcXZ l^i] >HD -.+-"(! hbVaaZg b^a` causes an intense reaction.
hVbeaZhVgZjhZY'\!ZmVXianlZ^\]ZYl^i]^c&b\#'\d[i]Z
hVbeaZ!VXViVanhiiVWaZiXdch^hi^c\d[*\@'HD)!%#&%*\8jHD)*='D
The blind trial is executed with 2 ml of water
VcY %#&%* \ I^D'! &% ba d[ .- hjae]jg^X VX^Y! VcY V [Zl Ygdeh
and 0.25 g of sucrose. The effectiveness of the
d[ Vci^[dVb V\Zci (% h^a^Xdc XdbedjcY VgZ ^cigdYjXZY ^cid
decomposition is tested with 0.08 g of tryptophan
V '*% ba Y^\Zhi^dc Vh`# I]Z XdciZcih VgZ b^mZY XVgZ[jaan!
or 0.06 g of lysine hydrochloride.
* b^cjiZh VgZ VaadlZY id eVhh VcY i]Zc * ba d[ (%  ]nYgd\Zc
eZgdm^YZVgZVYYZYVii]Zh^YZd[i]ZVh`#I]ZhVbeaZ^haZ[iid
h^i [dg &%"&* b^cjiZh WZ[dgZ Y^\Zhi^dc# I]Z ]ZVi^c\ WadX` ^h
egZ]ZViZY id )%%8 [dg &% b^cjiZh VcY i]Z hVbeaZ ^h ]ZViZY Vi
)%%8 [dg +% b^cjiZh# 6[iZglVgYh! i]Z hVbeaZ ^h XddaZY id gddb
iZbeZgVijgZVcYY^ajiZYl^i]*%bad[lViZg#**bad[(%CVD=
VcY*%bad[)Wdg^XVX^YVgZjhZYidVWhdgWi]ZY^hi^aaViZ#=8A
%#%*B^hjhZY[dgi^igVi^dc#%#'bad[Vb^mijgZd[%#%(bZi]na
gZY VcY %#&,  WgdbXgZhda \gZZc ^c .*  Zi]Vcda hZgkZh Vh i]Z
^cY^XVidg#

Ced_jeh_d]j^[fheY[ii

I]ZVXXjgVXnd[i]ZegdXZhhh]djaYWZgZk^ZlZYgZ\jaVgan#6adhh In order to monitor the effectiveness of the de-


d[c^igd\Zch]djaYWZiZhiZY[dg#6hVhVbeaZ!%#&'\d[Vbbdc^" composition, 0.18 g of tryptophan or 0.16 g or
jb hjae]ViZ PC=)'HD)R VcY %#-* \ d[ hjXgdhZ VgZ jhZY ]ZgZ# lysine hydrochloride and 0.67 g of sucrose are
used. 98 % of the nitrogen content must be re-
@_ZaYV]ah bZi]dY ^h XVgg^ZY dji jcYZg i]Z hVbZ XdcY^i^dch Vh
covered. If that is not the case, either the decom-
l^i] cdgbVa hVbeaZh VcY i]Z eZgXZciV\Z d[ c^igd\Zc XdciZci
position temperature or time is insufficient or the
bjhiWZWZilZZc..#%VcY&%%#I]ZYZiZgb^cVi^dcl^i]Vb" sample is charred.
bdc^jb hjae]ViZ ^h d[ jhZ ^c YZiZXi^c\ c^igd\Zc adhhZh Yjg^c\
YZXdbedh^i^dcdgY^hi^aaVi^dcVcYY^[[ZgZcXZh^cXdcXZcigVi^dch^c
i]Zi^igVi^dcV\Zci#

:[j[hc_d_d]j^[d_jhe][dYedj[dje\ZW_hofheZkYji

I]ZgZ[ZgZcXZhiVcYVgYegdXZhhXVcVahdWZVYVeiZY[dgdi]Zgb^a`egdYjXih#I]ZdcanY^[[ZgZcXZ^ci]ZbZi]dY^hi]Z
hVbeaZVbdjci#I]ZhVbeaZbjhih]dlVegdiZ^cVbdjcid[%#&*"%#(%#>i^hi]ZgZ[dgZVYk^hVWaZidjhZi]Z[daadl^c\
hVbeaZVbdjcih/

8dcYZchZYb^a`/ (\
EdlYZgZYh`^bb^a`/&\
L]Zn/ &%\
8gZVbX]ZZhZ/ (\

I]ZbZi]dY^hXVgg^ZYdji^ci]ZhVbZlVnVhi]ZhiVcYVgYegdXZhh#

+% AVWdgVidgnXViVad\jZ[dgb^a`VcVanh^h
A`[bZW^bZ_][ij_edWffWhWjkiA.
=ZVi^c\WadX`VcY\aVhhZmigVXi^dchnhiZb[dg-
hVbeaZh![dgXdccZXi^c\idi]Z7Z]gdhd\hjXi^dc
hiVi^dc#Hj^iVWaZ[dg'*%baY^\Zhi^dcVh`h#
I]Z[gdcih^YZd[i]ZhVbeaZgVX`^hXdkZgZY#HiVWaZ
VcYgdWjhiXdchigjXi^dc#I]ZWadX`XVh^c\VhlZaaVh
i]ZZmigVXi^dc]ddY^hbVYZd[VX^Y"egdd[!gjhi"[gZZ
hiV^caZhhhiZZa#

Egd\gVbbVWaZ[dgjeid
&%Y^[[ZgZciiZbeZgVijgZhiZeh#
BVm^bjbiZbeZgVijgZ)*%8!
i^bZVY_jhibZcigVc\Z%"...b^c
'(%K!*%=o!lZ^\]i/'-`\

4200 )-%m*&%m,+*bblmYm]

:_][ij_edWia
4201 '*%ba

IkYj_edijWj_ed8[^heie])l^i]XddaZg
:migVXihV\\gZhh^kZVX^YkVedjghYjg^c\Y^\Zhi^dc#
>ci]ZegdXZhh!VcjehigZVbild"hiV\ZYegZ"aiZg
ZYjaXdgViZhVcYegZX^e^iViZhi]Zidm^XhjWhiVcXZh#

'(%K!*%$+%=o!
lZ^\]i/ &-`\
XjXi^dcejbe/ )%a$]

4203 -%m()%m)%%bblmYm]

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A`[bZW^bZ_ij_bbWj_edWffWhWjkiI#)
WZ]^cYVhV[ZinhXgZZc!
VjidbVi^XlViZgkVedjgegdYjXi^dc!
bVcjVadgVjidbVi^XVYY^i^dcd[='D!CVD=#
egd\gVbbVWaZY^hi^aaVi^dci^bZVcYgZVXi^dci^bZ!
VjidbVi^XhjXi^dcd[hVbeaZgZbV^ch!
VjidbVi^Xj^YaZkZahjgkZ^aaVcXZd[i]ZhidgV\ZiVc`#

'(%K!Xdda^c\lViZgjhV\Z/(A$b^c!
lZ^\]i/(*`\

4210 )&%m+,*m)&%bblmYm]

7kjecWj_Yj_jhWjehIJ?
I]Zi^igVi^dchiVi^dcXdch^hihd[VWjgZiiZl^i]V
Y^\^iVaY^heaVnVcYVbV\cZi^Xhi^ggZgl^i]VXjhidb"i
]daYZg[dgVc:gaZcbZnZgVh`#GZhjaiVXXjgVXnVcY
gZegdYjX^W^a^inVgZZc]VcXZYYjZidVk^Zl^c\h]^ZaY
l]^X]hZgkZhVhVcZjigVaWVX`\gdjcY#

'(%K!*%$+%=o!lZ^\]i/(#*`\

4220 ((%m'%%m+%%bblmYm]

A`[bZW^bJWXiAJ'
Xdch^hi^c\d[*\d[ediVhh^jbhjae]ViZ!
4230 %#*\d[XdeeZghjae]ViZ

A`[bZW^bJWXiAJ(
Xdch^hi^c\d[*\d[ediVhh^jbhjae]ViZ!%#&%*\d[XdeeZg
4231 hjae]ViZ!%#&%*\d[i^iVc^jbY^dm^YZ

+' AVWdgVidgnXViVad\jZ[dgb^a`VcVanh^h
pH VALUE MEASUREMENT
Anna Politis, graduate engineer of nutrition technology and of biotechnology, reports

I]Ze=kVajZ^hVbZVhjgZbZcid[i]Z= VXi^k^in#H^beaneji!^i^hVbZVhjgZbZcid[
i]ZXdcXZcigVi^dcd[VX^Ye=,dgWVhZe=,#I]Z[dgbVaYZc^i^dclVh[dgbj"
aViZYWnX]Zb^hiHdZgZchdc/

  e=2"ad\V= 

I]Ze=kVajZ^hi]ZcZ\Vi^kZYZXVYVaad\Vg^i]bd[i]ZVXi^k^ind[egdidchV= ^cbda$a#
I]^h kVajZ ^h bZVhjgZY Wn bZVch d[ V e= bZiZg l^i] V hj^iVWaZ ZaZXigdYZ ^c VX"
XdgYVcXZl^i]9>C(-)%)"8*#e=bZiZghbZVhjgZi]ZediZci^VaY^[[ZgZcXZWZilZZc
bZVhjg^c\ZaZXigdYZhVcYgZ[ZgZcXZZaZXigdYZh#6XXdgY^c\idi]ZCZgchiZfjVi^dc!
i]Z ediZci^Va Y^[[ZgZcXZ X]Vc\Zh Wn *. bK eZg e= jc^i# I]Z e= bZiZg bjhi WZ
XVa^WgViZYgZ\jaVgan[gdbi^bZidi^bZ#I]ZXVa^WgVi^dc^hXVgg^ZYdjiWnbZVchd[
hiVcYVgYWj[[Zghdaji^dchl^i]YZcZYe=kVajZh#
9jg^c\ V ' ed^ci XVa^WgVi^dc! i]Z oZgd ed^ci ^h hZi Wn Vc VYY^i^kZ XdggZXi^dc l^i]
i]ZWj[[Zghdaji^dce=2,#HjWhZfjZcian!i]ZZcYkVajZZ#\#e=2)#%&^hhZidkZgV
bjai^ea^XVi^kZXdggZXi^dcigVchXdcYjXiVcXZ#=dld[iZci]ZbZiZgh]djaYWZXVa^"
WgViZYYZeZcYhdc]dlZmVXii]ZbZVhjgZbZcihh]djaYWZVcYkVg^Zh[gdbbZiZg
idbZiZg#>[i]Ze=bZiZg^hcdi^cXdchiVcijhZ!^ih]djaYWZXVa^WgViZYWZ[dgZZkZgn
bZVhjgZbZci#>[i]ZZaZXigdYZ^hXdci^cjdjhan^ci]ZhidgV\Za^fj^Y!^iYdZhci]VkZ
id WZ XVa^WgViZY Vh [gZfjZcian# ;dg ZVX] XVa^WgVi^dc! '% ba d[ Wj[[Zg hdaji^dc VgZ
cZZYZY#Hdaji^dchh]djaYcdiWZjhZYbdgZi]VcdcXZ#I]ZWdiiaZhXdciV^c^c\i]Z
Wj[[Zghdaji^dcbjhiWZhZVaZY^bbZY^ViZanV[iZgjhZ#6a`Va^cZXVa^WgVi^dchdaji^dch
VgZbdgZhZch^i^kZ#I]Z^ge=kVajZhX]Vc\ZWZXVjhZi]ZnVWhdgW8D'[gdbi]ZV^g#
6hZVaZYWdiiaZd[Wj[[Zghdaji^dc`ZZeh[dghZkZgVabdci]hidildnZVgh#7ZilZZc
XVa^WgVi^dchdgbZVhjgZbZcih!i]ZhZchdgbjhiWZg^chZYl^i]Y^hi^aaZYlViZgWji
cdil^eZYd[[#:mXZhhYgdehXVcWZYVWWZYVlVnl^i]Vhd[iXadi]#

I]Ze=kVajZ^hiZbeZgVijgZ"YZeZcYZci0i]ZgZ[dgZi]ZiZbeZgVijgZbjhiValVnh
WZgZXdgYZYVadc\l^i]i]ZZcignd[i]Ze=kVajZ#CdlVYVnhbdhie=bZiZghVgZ
Zfj^eeZY l^i] V iZbeZgVijgZ bZVhjg^c\ jc^i# I]^h Vaadlh i]Z iZbeZgVijgZ ^c"
jZcXZidWZXdbeZchViZYYjg^c\i]ZbZVhjgZbZci#

6e=bZiZggZfj^gZhgZ\jaVgbV^ciZcVcXZidbZVhjgZdei^bVaan#

L^i]ZaZXigdYZhl^i]gZaaVWaZZaZXigdaniZ!i]Zj^YaZkZad[i]ZZaZXigdaniZhdaji^dc
bjhiWZX]ZX`ZY#I]ZaZkZad[i]ZgZ[ZgZcXZZaZXigdaniZbjhiValVnhWZV[ZlXb
VWdkZi]Zj^YaZkZad[i]ZbZVhjgZbZcihdaji^dc#>[cZXZhhVgn!i]Z@8ahdaji^dc(B
bjhiWZgZaaZYV[iZggZbdk^c\i]ZhZVadkZgi]ZaaZg]daZ#9jg^c\jhZ!i]ZgZaa
]daZ[dg@8>h]djaYValVnhWZdeZc!di]Zgl^hZi]Zhdaji^dcXVccdiWZY^[[jhZYdji#
>[i]ZZaZXigdYZ^hcdadc\ZgcZZYZY!^ih]djaYWZfj^X`ang^chZY!i]ZgZaa]daZ[dg
@8>h]djaYWZhZVaZYVcYi]ZZaZXigdYZh]djaYWZhidgZY^ci]Z(B@8ahdaji^dchd
i]Vi^iYdZhciYgndji#

9jg^c\igVchedgiVcYhidgV\Z!@8ahdaji^dcXVcaZV`djid[i]ZegdiZXi^kZXVe!dji
d[l]^X]XgnhiVaa^hZYl]^iZediVhh^jbX]adg^YZ^h[dgbZY#I]^hhVaiYZedh^i]Vhcd
Z[[ZXidcbZVhjg^c\VXXjgVXnVcYXVcWZZVh^anlVh]ZYd[[l^i]lViZg#>[i]ZZaZX"
igdYZ^hYg^ZYdji!i]Zc^ibjhiWZhdV`ZY^c&BA=8aVcYhjWhZfjZciangZVXi^kViZY
[dghZkZgVa]djgh^c(B@8a#

AVWdgVidgnXViVad\jZ[dgb^a`VcVanh^h +(

H]djaYXdchiVciYZk^Vi^dchWZYZiZgb^cZYYjg^c\bZVhjgZbZcih!i]ZZaZXigdYZbjhiWZ
X]ZX`ZY[dgedhh^WaZXdciVb^cVi^dc#9ZeZcY^c\dci]ZineZd[XdciVb^cVi^dc!Y^[[ZgZci
XaZVc^c\bZVhjgZhVgZgZXdbbZcYZY#

To clean off fat or oil deposits, the membrane must be degreased with cotton which has
been soaked in acetone or soap solution.

If protein has settled on the diaphragm, the electrode is soaked in HCI/Pepsin solution for
approx. 1-2 hours.

In case of a silver sulphide contamination, the electrode is to be set in a thiocarbamide


solution and left to soak.

To remove inorganic films, the electrode is dipped into 0.1 M HCl or 0.1 M NaOH. With
40-50C solutions, cleaning is more effective.

After every cleaning procedure, the electrode is to be set in a 3M KCl solution about a
quarter of an hour a new conditioning and subsequently calibrated once again.

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INSERTION/IMMERSION SENSORS

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FREEZING POINT DETERMINATION
DcZd[i]ZbV^c[dXjhZhd[;jc`Z"9g#C#<ZgWZgAVWdgiZX]c^`<bW=
K. Schaefer, graduate engineer, W. Spindler, graduate physician report

HISTORY

The German chemist Beckmann, known for the thermometer named after him, began
using the freezing point of milk in as early as 1895 to detect if it had been adulterated
with water. The American Hortvet worked intensively with this method in 1920 and im-
proved some of its essential features. The first thermistor cyroscopes were brought
to the market in the 1960s. However, they had to be operated entirely by hand. At the
beginning of the 1970s, the first automatic thermistor cyroscopes became available.
With this development it was possible to determine the freezing point automatically at
the push of a button.

A decisive step in the improvement of thermistor cryo-


scopy was displayed at the FoodTec tradeshow in
1984: Funke-Gerber introduced the first device with
automatic calibration. This successful and intensive
development work reached a new peak at the Food-
Tec in 1988, where Funke-Gerber presented a fully
automatic freezing point determination mechanism
with a capacity of 220 samples per hour.

With the introduction of an indirect freezing point


measurement device (e.g. LactoStar) for routine
analysis, interest was focused primarily on reference
devices which are able to determine freezing points
in accordance with the applicable standards and
regulations. These devices must satisfy the strictest
requirements with regard to measuring accuracy.
For this reason Funke-Gerber developed a program-
mable cryoscope with a resolution of 0.1 m C. This
instrument has proven its accuracy and reliability in
countless laboratories all over the world. The product
range has been expanded with a multi-sample device
(CryoStarautomatic). Since January 2007, these instru-
ments have been equipped with a graphic colour dis-
play. This makes it possible to show the entire freezing
curve, in particular the process of the plateau search,
with a patented screen presentation.

.% AVWdgVidgnXViVad\jZ[dgb^a`VcVanh^h
THE FREEZING POINT:
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MEASURING PRINCIPLE:
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MEASURING PROCEDURE:
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POSSIBLE SOURCES OF ERROR IN THE MEASUREMENT PROCESS
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8970  a&2+*bb! Y&2 **!*bb!Y'2(&!*bb
Y&
 (+&cb a 2&)%bb! a 2 '*!*bb! a 2'*!*bb
) ( '
8971  a&2.%bb! Y&2 ,%!*bb!Y'2'.#*bb

 +&&cb a 2&-%bb!
)
a(2'-!*bb! a'2)%!*bb
8972  a&2&&'bb!Y&2 -)#,bb!Y'2'.#*bb

'&&&cb a 2'(%bb! a 2 '-!*bb! a 2)-!*bb


) ( '
8973  a&2&*)bb!Y&2&%%!*bb!Y'2'.#*bb

(&&&cb a 2',%bb! a 2 ',!*bb! a 2,*!*bb


) ( '
8974  a&2&+-bb!Y&2&(+!*bb!Y'2'.#*bb

M_Z[d[Ya[Zh[W][djXejjb[i
6G\aVhh!l]^iZl^i]hiVcYVgYeda^h]VcYhideeZg

  +&cbCH')$'% a 2 -,!&bb! a 2&,!-bb! a 2 &,!)bb


) ( '
8980  a&2 *(!&bb!Y'2&)!-bb!Y&2 )*!)bb

 '&&cbCH'.$'' a 2 .+!&bb! a 2')#*bb! a 2  -#)bb


) ( '
8981  a&2+(#&bb!Y'2'-!*bb!Y&2 *(!)bb

 (+&cbCH()$(* a 2&)'!&bb! a 2'-!*bb! a 2 '-!)bb


) ( '
8982  a&2 -+!&bb!Y'2()!*bb!Y&2&)'!)bb

 +&&cbCH)*$)% a 2&+,!&bb! a 2(&!*bb! a 2 '+!)bb


) ( '
8983  a&2&&%!&bb!Y'2)(#-bb!Y&2 -,!)bb

'&&&cbCH+%$)+ a 2'%%!&bb! a 2)*!*bb! a 2 (%!)bb


) ( '
8984  a&2&'*!&bb!Y'2*-!*bb!Y&2&%.!)bb

(&&&cbCH+%$)+ a 2'**!&bb! a 2*%!*bb! a 2 )&!)bb


) ( '
8985  a&2&+)!&bb!Y'2*-!*bb!Y&2&()!)bb

DWhhemd[Ya[Zh[W][djXejjb[i
6G\aVhh!l]^iZl^i]hiVcYVgYeda^h]VcYhideeZg

  +&cbCH&)$&* a)2 ,,bb! a 2&*!*bb! a 2 &'bb


( '
8990  a&2 *%bb! Y'2&(!*bb!Y&2 )'bb

 '&&cbCH&)$&* a 2&%*bb! a 2'*!*bb! a 2  ,bb


) ( '
8991  a&2 +%bb!Y'2&(!*bb!Y&2 *'bb

 (+&cbCH&.$'+ a 2&(*bb! a 2'*!+bb! a 2 (%bb


) ( '
8992  a&2 -%bb!Y'2&,#+bb!Y&2 ,&bb

 +&&cbCH')$'% a 2&+*bb! a 2),!+bb! a 2 (*bb


) ( '
8993  a&2&%%bb!Y'2''!+bb!Y&2 -,bb

'&&&cbCH'.$'' a 2'%*bb! a 2(*!+bb! a 2 )'bb


) ( '
8994  a&2&'-bb!Y'2'-!+bb!Y&2&%-bb

(&&&cbCH'.$(' a 2'+*bb! a 2(*!+bb! a 2 ,%bb


) ( '
8995  a&2&+%bb!Y'2'.!+bb!Y&2&(%bb

&') AVWdgVidgnXViVad\jZ[dgb^a`VcVanh^h
9kbjkh[jkX[i
9JG6C\aVhh!higV^\]ig^b

9050 &+m&+%bb!&%%e^ZXZh

9kbjkh[jkX[i
l^i]>HDi]gZVYVcYhXgZlXVe
6G\aVhh!hiZg^a^hVWaZ

9054 &+m&%%bb!&%%e^ZXZh
9056 &+m&+%bb!&%%e^ZXZh

J[ijjkX[i
9JG6C\aVhh

9080 l^i]djig^b!&+m&+%bb!&%%e^ZXZh
9081 l^i]g^b!&+m&+%bb!&%%e^ZXZh

J[ijjkX[Xhki^
l^i]ldda]ZVY

9090 aZc\i]/'(%bb

M[_]^_d]Z_i^[i
h]dgiYZh^\c!l^i]`cdWa^Y

9120 (*m(%bb
9121 *%m(%bb

AVWdgVidgnXViVad\jZ[dgb^a`VcVanh^h &'*
:_]_jWbXkh[jj[jof['&
l^i]djiWdiiaZ
XZgi^ZYXdc[dgb^injeid&%%ba!
hbVaaZhiVY_jhibZci^ciZgkVa&%a#
9190 WdiiaZ/hZZVgi#cd#-.,(

:[i_YYWjeh"\aVhh!ineZCdkjh!
9201 ViVc\Zl^i]`cdWa^Y!'*%bb!
9211 :[i_YYWjehfbWj["edgXZaV^c

MWi^Xejjb[i
edanZi]naZcZ
Y'

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a' a(

& ' )
9230  a(2&*!*bb! a'2',!*bb!a&2 +(bb

 (+&cb Y 2*.!*bb!Y 2&.#*bb!a 2&(.bb


& ' )
9231
a)

 a(2&*!*bb! a'2(.!*bb!a&2 -*bb


a&

 +&&cb Y 2,)!*bb!Y 2&-!*bb!a 2&,*bb


& ' )
9232  a(2&*!*bb! a'2)*!+bb!a&2&&*bb

'&&&cb Y 2.)!*bb!Y 2'&#*bb!a 2''%bb


& ' ) Y&
9233  a(2'+!*bb! a'2).!*bb!a&2&)*bb

&'+ AVWdgVidgnXViVad\jZ[dgb^a`VcVanh^h
Y'

<kdd[bi
edanZi]naZcZ

a'
a(
9235 Y'2 )%bb!Y&2 .#*bb!a(2 +(bb!a&2((bb!a'2 (%bb

a&
9236 Y'2 ,%bb!Y&2&&#,bb!a(2&%.bb!a&2**bb!a'2 *)bb

9237 Y'2&%%bb!Y&2&(#-bb!a(2&**bb!a&2-%bb!a'2 ,*bb Y&

9238 Y'2&'%bb!Y&2&*#(bb!a(2&,*bb!a&2-*bb!a'2 .%bb

9239 Y'2&)%bb!Y&2&+#,bb!a(2&,%bb!a&2+*bb!a'2&%*bb

J[ijjkX[hWYai
EEeaVhi^X![dg\aVhh&+%m&+bb!
hiZg^a^hVWaZjeid&'&8

9255 &'hVbeaZh
9256 ')hVbeaZh

J[ijjkX[hWYa
9257 (+hVbeaZh!l^gZ!eaVhi^XXdViZY

9300 BWXehWjehob_\j

AVWdgVidgnXViVad\jZ[dgb^a`VcVanh^h &',
Bof^Wdijh_fi
^ceaVhi^XhXgZl_Vg

9360 e=&&&
9361 e=(#.+#.
9362 e=)#.,#.
9363 e=+#..#.
9364 e=%&)

?dZ_YWjehfWf[h
[dgYZ\gZZd[[gZh]cZhhd[b^a`!9jeaZm

9365 e=,#.&&!&%%e^ZXZh

8kh[jj[ijWdZ

9400 EaViZhiVcY!'&%m&(%m,*%bb
9401 Ig^edYhiVcY!'&%m&(%m,*%bb

&'- AVWdgVidgnXViVad\jZ[dgb^a`VcVanh^h
9405 :ekXb[ieYa[j

:ekXb[ieYa[j
9406 gdiViVWaZ

IjWdZYbWcf
l^i]djihdX`Zi

9407 '*bb
9408 +%bb

IjWdZh_d]
9409 l^i]hdX`Zi!&+%bb

8kh[jj[YbWcf
l^i]hdX`Zi

9410 h^c\aZ
9411 YdjWaZ

BWXehWjehoYbeYa
9440 %"+%b^c#

BWXehWjeholWYkkcfkcf%Yecfh[iieh
ZaZXig^XVa!XVcWZjhZYVhVkVXjjbdgegZhhjgZejbe
bVm#djieji&+A$b^c#!
9470 bVm#deZgVi^c\egZhhjgZ(#*WVg

AVWdgVidgnXViVad\jZ[dgb^a`VcVanh^h &'.
Fhefehj_ed_d]Z[l_Y[iZ_]_jWb
[dgV\\gZhh^kZVX^YhVcYWVhZh!
l^i]djiWdiiaZ

&&%ba/%#%*ba!
9484 l^i]i]gZVYVYVeiZg/6'*!6'-!6('!6(-!6)%

'#*'*ba/%#&ba!
9485 l^i]i]gZVYVYVeiZg/6('!6(-!6)%

LWh_WXb[fhefehj_ed_d]Z[l_Y[i
[dgV\\gZhh^kZVX^YhVcYWVhZh!
l^i]djiWdiiaZ

&&%ba/%#'ba!
9487 l^i]i]gZVYVYVeiZg/6'*!6'-!6('!6(-!6)%

'#*'*ba/%#*ba!
9488 l^i]i]gZVYVYVeiZg/6('!6(-!6)%

H[fbWY[c[djfWhji\ehfhefehj_ed_d]Z[l_Y[i

7ZWfj[h[nj[hdWbj^h[WZ
('bb[dgWdiiaZi]gZVY6'*bb
('bb[dgWdiiaZi]gZVY6'-bb
)*bb[dgWdiiaZi]gZVY6('bb
)*bb[dgWdiiaZi]gZVY6(-bb
('bb[dgWdiiaZi]gZVYH)%bb
9489 )*bb[dgWdiiaZi]gZVYH)%bb

C_Yheb_jh[f_f[jj[i
kVg^VWaZkdajbZVY_jhibZci!l^i]Y^hedhVWaZi^eh

9495  &% &%%a


9498 &%%&%%%a

F_f[jj[j_fi
9510  & '%%anZaadl!&%%%e^ZXZh
9511 *%&%%%aWajZ!&%%%e^ZXZh

&(% AVWdgVidgnXViVad\jZ[dgb^a`VcVanh^h
AVWdgVidgnXViVad\jZ[dgb^a`VcVanh^h &(&
ALPHABETICAL INDEX

:[iYh_fj_ed 7hj$de$ FW][ :[iYh_fj_ed 7hj$de$ FW][

7XXZhhdg^Zh[dg8gndHiVg,&*% ,&*&",&-- .-".. 7jingdbZiZgijWZh!deZc (,++"D *)


6XXZhhdg^Zh[dg]jb^Y^inbZVhjg^c\YZk^XZ
BA7*%*+,% *+,&!*+,'!*+,(!*+,) ,+ 9Va^WgVi^dchiVcYVgY62%#%%%8 ,&+* ..
6XXZhhdg^Zh[dgAVXid;aVh](*(% ,&*&!(*&+!(*+( )*!.- 8Va^WgVi^dchiVcYVgY62%#)%-8 ,&-+ ..
6XXZhhdg^Zh[dgAVXidHiVg(*(% ,&*&!(*&&!(*&+!(*+( ,+ 8Va^WgVi^dchiVcYVgY72%#%**,8 ,&++ ..
6XXZhhdg^Zh[dgG9"-*,%% *,%&!*,%'!*,%(!*,%) ,, 8Va^WgVi^dchiVcYVgY72%#+%%8 ,&-, ..
6XXZhhdg^Zh[dgHjeZgKVg^d (+(&"(+((!(+-*"(+-, )+!*' 8Vc^hiZg (*&& ))
6XXZhhdg^Zh[dgL7)(-(,%,!(,%-  8Ve[dgb^a`hVbeaZWdiiaZ-%ba (%)( &%
 (,&,"(,&-!(,',!(,(,!(,),!(,*)!(,++ *) 8Ve[dggZ[ZgZcXZYg^ZgheZX^bZcgZXZeiVXaZ *,%( ,,
6X^Y^iniZhiZg ),%* +. 8Zcig^[j\ZCdkVHV[Zin (+,% ),
6YVeiZg[dgegdedgi^dc^c\YZk^XZh .)-. &(% 8Zcig^[j\ZHjeZgKVg^d (+-% )-"*'
6aXd]dadbZiZg +,&%!+,&& -) 8Zcig^[j\ZijWZVXXdgY^c\id;g^ZhZhbZi]dY (+(- ),
6a`Va^cZe]dhe]ViVhZ ,-'%!,-'&!,-'' &%& 8Zcig^[j\Z!hV[ZinXZcig^[j\Z (+-%"A *'
6ajb^c^jb[d^a *),% ,( 8]VbWZg[dgi]^caVnZgX]gdbVid\gVe]n *+%, ,)
6ajb^c^jbheZX^bZcY^h] 8]ZZhZWZV`Zg!eZg[dgViZY (('&!(('&"%%& ('
[dg]jb^Y^inbZVhjg^c\YZk^XZ *+,&!*+,) ,+ 8]ZZhZWjingdbZiZgVXXdgY^c\idKVc<ja^`hbZi]dY ('(% '.
6iiVX]bZci[dgAVXid;aVh]]dhZejbe (*(%"%'(6 )* 8]ZZhZig^Zg (&'%!(&'&!(&''!(&') &%!&&
6iiVX]bZci[dgAVXidHiVg]dhZejbe (*&%"%'(6 )) 8^gXjaVg\aVhhWgZaiZg[dg]jb^Y^inbZVhjg^c\YZk^XZ *+,' ,+
6jidXaVkZedgiVWaZWZcX]VjidXaVkZ -*)&!-*)' &%, 8aZVc^c\V\Zci[dgAVXidHiVg!AVXid;aVh] (*+( ))!)*
6jidbVi^Xi^aibZVhjgZHjeZg^dg ()'%!()'& () 8aZVc^c\V\Zci[dgh^c\aZgdYZaZXigdYZ ))'% +,
8aZVc^c\Wgjh][dgWjingdbZiZgWdYn ((') ((
8VWXdX`WdiiaZh ('*)!('*+!('*- (% 8aZVc^c\Wgjh][dgWjingdbZiZgcZX` (('* ((
7VWXdX`WjX`Zi (+(' )+ 8aZVc^c\Wgjh][dgb^a`hVbeaZWdiiaZ (%-% &%
7VXiZg^VXdjciZg8dadcnHiVg -*%%$-*%' &%+ 8aZVc^c\Wgjh][dge^eZiiZh (),% (*
7V\XaVheh[dg7V\B^mZg (&)( && 8aZVg\aVhheaViZ[dg8dadcnHiVg -*%* &%+
7V\B^mZg (&(.!(&) && 8BIiZhia^fj^Y ,.(%$,.(& &%&
7ViiZgn$edX`Zie=bZiZg )(&*!)(&,!))*% +* 8da^ijWZ -&'% &%'
7ZV`Zgh --%%"--&* &'% 8da^ijWZhiVcY[dg*)hVbeaZh -&)% &%'
7jX`Zih[dg69E>ijWZh (+(( )+ 8dadcnHiVgWVXiZg^VXdjciZg -*%%$-*%' &%+
7j[[Zghdaji^dch )(.%!)(.&!)(.'!))+%!))+&!))+' ++!+, 8dadjgY^hX[dggZhVojg^cZiZhih *&+& ,'
7jchZcWjgcZg ***% ,( 8dcgbVi^dchiVcYVgY82"%#*&'8 ,&-- ..
7jgZiiZXaVbel^i]hdX`Zi .)&%!.)&& &'. 8dccZXi^c\XVWaZ&'K98[dg8gndHiVg ,&*. .-
7jgZiiZhiVcY .)%%!.)%& &'- 8dciVXie^c[dg8dadcnHiVg -*%( &%+
7jgZiiZ!Y^\^iVa .&.% &'+ 8dciVXie^c[dgeViZcihZVa;>7J (',% (&
7jgg^adde -(-%!-(-& &%* 8dciVXie^c[dgeViZcihZVa<:G76A (',& (&
7jiiZgWZV`Zgl^i]ild]daZh (('( (' 8dciVXie^c[dgeViZcihZVaCDKD (',' (&
7jiiZgWjingdbZiZgVXXdgY^c\idGdZYZghbZi]dY (''% '. 8dcigdai]ZgbdbZiZg ,%,%!,%,& -,
7jiiZgXjiiZg *+%* ,) 8dda^c\WVi]a^fj^Y ,&+. ..
7jiiZgbZai^c\WZV`Zg *)%%!*)%& ,' 8dda^c\X]VbWZgi]ZgbdbZiZg ,%+% -,
7jiiZgiZhi^c\heddc *)*% ,' 8dkZg\aVhh[dgb^XgdhXdeZ -)%& &%*
7jiiZgig^Zg (&(%!(&(& && 8gZVbVcY^XZXgZVbWjingdbZiZg (&-.!(&. ',
7jiiZgb^a`iZhiZg ++*% -( 8gZVbWZV`Zg!jceZg[dgViZY[dgWjingdbZiZgh (('% ('
7jingdbZiZgWjX`Zi[dgHjeZgKVg^dC 8gZVbWjingdbZiZgVXXdgY^c\id@dZ]aZghbZi]dY
 (+(&!(+(&"&'!(+(&"')!(+(&"(+ )+  ('%.!('&%!('&&!('&'!('&(!('&) '-
7jingdbZiZghiVcY (((%!(((& (( 8gZVbWjingdbZiZgVXXdgY^c\idGdZYZghbZi]dY
7jingdbZiZgijWZh[dglViZgWVi]hL7)(+ (,&, *)  ('%%!('%&!('%'!('%( '-
7jingdbZiZgijWZh!XadhZY (,++"< *) 8gZVbWjingdbZiZgVXXdgY^c\idHX]jao"@aZnhbZi]dY ('%- '-

&(' AVWdgVidgnXViVad\jZ[dgb^a`VcVanh^h
8[p[_Y^dkd] 7hj$Dh$ I[_j[ 8[p[_Y^dkd] 7hj$Dh$ I[_j[

8gndHiVg>[gZZo^c\ed^ciYZiZgb^cVi^dcYZk^XZ ,&*% .- <aVhheaViZ[dgY^hX]Vg\Zk^hXdbZiZg +*'& -&


8gndHiVgVjidbVi^X[gZZo^c\ed^ciYZiZgb^cVi^dcYZk^XZ ,&+% .- <aVhhhi^ggZg *)(% ,'
8gnhiVaa^cZfjVgiohVcY *)+%!*)+&!*)+'!*)+(!*)+) ,(
8jaijgZXjai^kVi^c\Veea^VcXZ  >Vc\^c\Xna^cYZg +-'% -*
 -+&%!-+&&!-+&'!-+&(!-+&)!-+&*!-+&+!-+&, &%, =VgYlVgZhiVcYVgY^hVi^dc (*&+ ))
8jaijgZijWZh .%*%!.%*)!.%*+ &'* =ZVY6[dg(+WjnigdbZiZgWjX`Zih (+-* *'
8jgYWjingdbZiZg%"'% (')% '. =ZVY7[dg-Bd_dcc^ZgijWZh (+-+ *'
8jkZiiZX]VbWZg -,%' &%. =ZVY8[dg+hdajW^a^in^cYZmijWZh (+-, *'
8jkZiiZh -,%* &%. =ZVi^c\XVW^cZih +%%%"+%%'!+%%-!+%%. -%
=dbd\Zc^hVi^dce^eZiiZ (+(. ),
:V^gni]ZgbdbZiZg ,%%&!,%(&!,%)& -+ =dhZejbe[dgAVXidVh] (*(%"%'( )*
9ZakdiZhi +*,%!+*,& -& =dhZejbe[dgAVXidHiVg (*&%"%'( ))
9Zakd"IZhi^chZgi[dglViZgWVi]hL7)(+ (,*) *) =jb^Y^inbZVhjg^c\YZk^XZ *+,% ,+
9Zh^XXVidg .'%& &'+ =jb^Y^in$iZbeZgVijgZbZVhjg^c\YZk^XZ ,&&* --
9Zh^XXVidgeaViZ .'&& &'+ =nYgdbZiZg[dgVbnaVaXd]da +,'% -)
9^\^iVahZXdcYi]ZgbdbZiZg ,&'% -- =nYgdbZiZg[dgWd^aZglViZg ++.% -)
9^\^iVai]ZgbdbZiZg[dgXdciVXi"[gZZbZVhjgZbZcih ,&&. -- =nYgdbZiZg[dgWjiiZgb^a`hZgjb ++)%!++)& -(
9^aji^dcVh` -'.%!-'.& &%( =nYgdbZiZg[dgXdcYZchZYb^a` +++%"+++& -(
9^aji^dce^eZiiZh -(%%!-(%&!-(%'!-(%( &%( =nYgdbZiZg[dgb^a` ++'%"++'' -'
9^eeZg (%(%!(%(& . =nYgdbZiZg[dghjae]jg^XVX^YiZg +,(%!+,(& -)
9^hX]Vg\Zk^hXdbZiZg +*'% -& =nYgdbZiZg[dgkVg^djha^fj^Yh +,)%"+,)( -)
9^hedhVWaZeaVhi^XWV\[dg7V\B^mZg (&)& && =nYgdbZiZg[dgnd\jgiVcYX]dXdaViZb^a` ++,% -(
9djWaZhdX`Z .)%*!.)%+ &'. =nYgdbZiZg[dgWg^cZ$7ZVjb ++-%!++-& -)
9djWaZ"ZcYZYheVijaV *))% ,'
9g^\Vah`^heVijaV -(*% &%* ?XZXgZVbVcYXdcYZchZYb^a`WjingdbZiZg (&-%!(&-& ',
9gnbViiZgXVaXjaVidg *(+% ,' >cXjWVidgh +%(*"+%(- -%
9jg]VbijWZ -&(% &%' >cY^XVidgeVeZgh .(+* &'-
>c[gVgZYWjgcZg **,& ,(
;gaZcbZnZgVh`h --&,"--(( &'& >cdXjaVi^dcl^gZ -(,% ,(
:migVXi^dcijWZVXXdgY^c\idBd_dcc^ZghbZi]dY (-,%!(-,& ** >chZgi^dc$^bbZghdchZchdgh )(*%!)(+%!)(+&!)(,% ++
>chZgi^dc$^bbZghdchZchdgh ,&''!,'&(!,&')!,&'* -.
<ZaieZcgZaa[dgXdciVXie^c -*%) &%+
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;^aiZg[dggZ[ZgZcXZYg^Zg *,%) ,,
;^aiZgeVeZgh ).&% ,& AVehZcWZg\XVe -'%& &%(
;^aiZgh!gdjcY ).&& ,& @8ahdaji^dc ))%% ++
;adlbZiZg[dggZ[ZgZcXZYg^Zg *,%- ,- @_ZaYV]aYZXdbedh^i^dcVeeVgVijh@- )'%% +&
;ddYhij[[WjingdbZiZgVXXdgY^c\idGdZYZghbZi]dY ('*% '. @_ZaYV]aYZXdbedh^i^dcVh` )'%& +&
;gZZ[ViWjingdbZiZg ('*' '. @_ZaYV]aY^hi^aaVi^dcVeeVgVijhH"( )'&% +'
;gZZo^c\ed^ciYZiZgb^cVi^dc ,&*%!,&+ .- @_ZaYV]aZmigVXi^dchiVi^dc7Z]gdhd\( )'%( +&
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;gZZo^c\ed^ciYZiZgb^cVi^dcYZk^XZ8gndHiVg6jidbVi^X ,&+% .-
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