DESIGN DIAGRAMS AND FORMULAE FOR

U-SHAPED BELLOWS

M. HAMADA & Y. INOUE

Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Yamah-Kami, Suita, Osaka, Japan

T. NAKATANI

Plant and Machinery Design Ofice, Hitachi Shipbuilding % Engineering Co. Ltd,
Sakurajima Kitano-cho, Konohana, Osaka, Japan
&
M. MORIISHI

Kokura Works, Sumitomo Metal Industries Ltd, Konomi-cho, Kokurakita, Kitakyushu, Japan

(Received: 15 August, 1975)

ABSTRACT

The U-shaped bellows is a type of expansion joint very widely used in pipelines. This
paper presents some design diagrams and design formulae for such a bellows in a
manner intended to enable the pipeline designer to evaluate more easily the elastic
characteristics; maximum stress, elongation and reaction stress.

NOMENCLATURE

ai = coefficient
E = Youngs Modulus
If = .height of corrugation (see Fig. 1)
h = parameter, = H/P
P = pitch of corrugation
P = parameter, = P/R,
Q = internal pressure
R, = internal radius
T = thickness
X = axial reacting force
A = elongation (or contraction) per one pitch
1 = parameter = P/(R, + H)
315
Znt. J. Pres. Ves. &Piping (4) (1976)--a Applied Science Publishers Ltd, England, 1976
Printed in Great Britain
 316 M. HAMADA, Y. INOUE, T. NAKATANI, M. MORIISHI

/~ = parameter -- P2/(2Ro + H)T

a r -- maximum stress difference

I T

Fig. 1.
H

Notation.

INTRODUCTION

The U-shaped bellows is one type of expansion joint which, owing to the smallness
of occupied space, is very widely used in pipelines at the present time. In spite of
this widespread use, however, design information is limited,1 design frequently
being based on some approximate formulae. The present paper reviews the design
formulae, including more accurate forms, and presents these in diagrams and
design rules suitable for practical application.
The problem of the U-shaped bellows subject to axial force and internal pressure
can be treated as a problem of symmetric deformation of an axisymmetric shell.
Such problems can be solved rather easily by numerical methods such as the finite
difference method 2 or the finite element method. 3 In this paper, the finite difference
method is applied and the maximum stress difference, the elongation (or the
contraction) and the reacting force are calculated.

DESIGN DIAGRAMS

The method of analysis of the problem of the U-shaped bellows subject to internal
 DESIGN DIAGRAMS AND FORMULAE FOR U-SHAPED BELLOWS 317

pressure and axial elongation used in this paper is based on the finite difference
method for axisymmetric shells proposed by Sepetoski et al.2
In the calculations, it has been assumed that the thickness of the bellows is
constant everywhere, and that Poisson's ratio of the material is 0.3.
The problem is divided into two cases--the case when the bellows is subject to
only axial elongation, and the case when it is subject to only internal pressure.
These two cases are treated separately. It is to be noted that the maximum stress
differences for these two cases do not always occur at the same place. They must not,
therefore, be simply added to obtain the true maximum stress difference for
loading of both axial elongation and internal pressure. However, the simple sum
of the maximum stress differences for the above-mentioned two cases gives a stress
value on the safe side to the true one, and it is found that the difference between
these two values is always somewhat small. It is, therefore, recommended that the
former be used as an approximate value to the latter. With regard to the reacting
axial force, it is clear that the sum of those for the two cases gives the true value of
the reacting force for both loads.

I"0 ~ ' ~ J ~ " . T/%:0030

.,,Ro.OOO
k\\-Of o:oo,o

oo51- T,~ooOOOSo"/ ~ - ~ . ~ ~ ~ ~

O
I 0 2 L ~
OI 02 03 04 05 06 07 0.8 09
P/Ro
Fig. 2 (a) to (e). Maximum stress difference for zero internal pressure.
Fig. 2(a). H/P = 0-8.

The results are shown in Figs. 2-5. The curves plotted in Fig. 2(a) to (e) give the
calculated results for the maximum stress difference for the first case (axial elonga-
tion only) whilst Fig. 3(a) to (e) gives the axial reacting force for this case. Figure 4(a)
to (e) shows the maximum stress difference for the second case (internal pressure
only), the axial reaction force being shown in Fig. 5. In each case separate diagrams
are shown for different values of the H / P ratio.
318 M. HAMADA, Y. INOUE, T. NAKATANI, M. MORI1SHI

1.0
, ~ , ,~ T/%:oo3o

05
,\\x "\\,"x~ / -r/Ro:OO,5
",X', ',",.'2 / ,,.o:OO,O
.~oI<
OI
"x x ~, ~
~.',,,.,~..,.~ :.,
",x~X~ ' (~ "'x
X-x.,-:.,.,~.,..~x
.~. x X,~.x

~ ~x x ~ ~":'~--X'''X'-,-x x

005

0"02 I I I I 1"~,- 1 ~'----d

Oil 0.2 03 04 0-5 0-6 07 0.8 09
PIRo

Fig. 2(b). HIP -- 0.9.

DESIGN FORMULAE

F o r greater convenience in the a p p l i c a t i o n o f these results to design, it is desirable

to express t h e m in a p p r o p r i a t e formulae, which can be derived by the trial-and-
e r r o r method. Results from analytical researches on the p r o b l e m o f the t o r o i d a l

I0:f ^ ~ -,\
k~\ \xx /T/Ro:0030
k", '\x\xC,x~ / ,,Ro:OO~
~i-V'x 'C'C'L\ /.,,.o:OO~O
lIk\\\x\ \ ....
',, "x.~',:~-r,Ro:OO,O
,.o t\',x ..',, %'~-L~.... ,,.o:OOO,~
~-,.<. I\\\X?\ <,.>4:'~<X.x

I r/Ro:O'OO2Y ~ ~ ~
O.02L I I I I~ I~ I
01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 0.9
P/Ro
Fig. 2(c). H/P= 1.0.
 DESIGN DIAGRAMS AND FORMULAE FOR U-SHAPED BELLOWS 319

I'0
~ x ~\ .r/Ro=O030
x\~\ / r/Ro=OO25
0-5 ~ / TIRo=0020
'\ \\),: ( / ~,~o=OO,~
\X
;.\ x\ C,.%~-'~/..T/Ro-O0o75
> x "x.c" " _

\ \ \ x \ x. x ,~
,..
0. \\^\N 'x~",x x..~..,).x_
~. %, X~. : ,/~X~ ~'X '~X~x~X~.x~X~x
x ~ \ ~ ' x "~x.-x... " . '--X.x'-X.x'X-x x
X "~ x'~, X~x~ ~X~x....x ~X,,..x~X~x
x ~ " ~ . . -~..,. x..x x. -~ X-x x-.x_x-X_x-X-~.,..x~.
005 x-. ~<.,2"x,.. -x. ~ , . -, . . . . X . x ~ ~
rmo=OOO~5 x ~ x- -x x'~'x-~'x'~-,-, " ....... :;Tx~X-~'=~_,~

002
0.1 02 03 0.4 0.5 06 07 0-8 0.9
PIRo

Fig. 2(d). H / P = 1.1.

shell by one of the authors 4 provides useful guidance on the approach to the trial-
and-error method. It is known from these analytical researches that there are two
parameters which govern the symmetrical deformation problems of the toroidal
shell. Corresponding to these two parameters, three design formulae contain two
non-dimensional parameters,/a and )., and one formula contains h and p.
Equation (1) is the design formula for the case of Fig. 2:

I0
'\VA
-':\k T/Ro=0 030
r/Ro=0025
0.5 / r/Ro=0020
x / / T / P - o = OOI5
.~"x Tlgo=O010
~o "~mo: 00075
Y-,'.b,
OI *xx ~x %,x ~

0'05 ~.,. x.~.''x x,.,x---X~x~

~ -X~x~:-x.x.. x x...-X~xj-X.x x
Zx,~"~.~. -x~. ""x~ x ~ X ~ x x~ -x.,.X.~x'-~"-,~_.X
r/Ro=ooo35"
TIRo=I O025/
0.02
0.1 0.2 0.3 0-4 0.5 06 0.7 08 0-9
PIRo

Fig. 2(e). H / P = 1.2.

320 M. HAMADA, Y. INOUE, T. NAKATANI, M. MORIISHI

5x I0-4I~!i
I, 10-3 \

x~

x~
~'x

X~x~
'~x

~x~ x
~X~x~ x

~"x...,x...,x
~x oo
~y,..~,..x.,..x

~x"'~x~

~ x...x~x.,.,~
\ x~ ~X~x~ O0 "-x~
x\ X~x~" ~ x ~ ~ ~ ~
x\ x x~ x~.~.x.,," x""x~
I< ~ I x I0-4
kx ,-., -,--,., o~o--

5x10 -5

I x 10 - 5

5 x 10-6
.3 x 10-6 , ,
01 02 03 04 0'5 06 07 08 O9
P/Ro

Fig. 3 (a) to (e). Reacting force for zero internal pressure.

Fig. 3(a). HIP = 0.8.
2 x l O -3
\ -x "~x
- \ x\ \x\ "x.,,x,,
I x I0 -3

5xlO -4

I x I0 -5

"i~ 5xl0_ 6

IxlO -~

5 x 10-6i
3 xt0-6i
01 02 03 04 0.5 06 07 08 0.9
P I Ro

Fig. 3(b). HIP = 0.9.

 X . x
ERoA ERoA
0
Z
5I 5i 5i 5I 5i 5i 5i
>
0~a
>
o ~/ / / . i /
~'/i-/./
4. = / . 7 J
/ . /= // ' / I ~ J d >,
"11 ~= " / i
olX
,7.,r-.. -~':> = /
: / - I . y.7", I/ ~
/ x _,'I
/ / .-i
c~ /'-~. "/ .'/ j 1 i /
I :Y# ~ :/o =V =? =," =," i / I
i / , =2".~ =7 .;" =/ ." .." i
ol , , 76"- .1_ J J " " >/
=6 ~ d o .Y -- " " "
/ /,,., ,.'s ~> I//I / /~ R 2 2 Z / d" /
/ 1~ J J # # I t
",., / / o \+@ = /# I t / '] >
II
c / /g '~]o - I ! / !
,,? / "~ r ;',~ I ]' z
6 c I I I '\ L= ~ /~ T i
/ #
/ I x.
. \
7
--
<+ ~'o
,.Lo t
~ ='>,
j ..,
d~
/ / / ', ! /> ]<.,?,'~* >
/ I I \r r f'i~ m
I I I ~j= f ~
, m
II/,,s'il o-
i i r 1\ ~ d A r"
: -//,,,, ,i:I, ,,,,
o I I I',,lis I I I \ I J ,i o

L~
322 M. HAMADA, Y. INOUE, T. NAKATANI, M. MORIISHI

I x l O -5 ; \ "~\ ' x

5 x l O ~4:

,<~

IL~ 5 x l O _ [ .oL .,L.x

i x l O -'~

5 x l O -e

15xlO -6
OI 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09
P I Ro

Fig. 3(e). HIP = 1.2.

5xlO 3

IxlO 3

/x x~ x.-W'-~ /
5xlO 2
~-i~
~'\ _x /x ,.x ~. 0.015 x~x~ x ~ ~ ~ .~....,
\ / /~ Ix ~x~ x x~X~
i/x~\ xfx/'x ixjx/x x.x'x~x"%~020 x...x
~x''x''x x"x . ~ .....
i \/ /x ..x" x~X~ x.-X

Ix IO2 ~x x-" ~'," ,x ~ .,,..K~'-O03(:Z.x~X.-x~

F/x / \P / x....x"X x~X...,~ x~X~ x:''"

5xlO

IxlO "J I i J i
OI 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09
P/Ro

Fig. 4 (a) to (e). M a x i m u m stress difference for zero elongation.

Fig. 4(a). HIP = 0"8.

 DESIGN DIAGRAMS AND FORMULAE FOR U-SHAPED BELLOWS 323

5xlO 3
Ro=00025 ~ ~

.x" x>~ oooso /

x
/ r
i / ~x ~ - .. /
IxlO ~ - / .,.x x~.X.," .,, /
~,x /x / 00075 ~ x / - /

/ /x ,,.,..x"- 0010. x ~ ~ ~ "15

5 x 102~

-* x ~ o o l5 ~.--~- .. 2,>.
\/ x/ x ~" ~x~X ~ ..,x...x-...x- ' ~ "

/~\, . Ix/ j x/ / 0020 _x~ x ...,x_X-X

''W"
i' xI~ .,.-x'- ...K,..x-'x- ...x....x--x
.~\\ x/ - x'x ~ 0025 x...'x'*'x ~x..X.**x"*
" ./'
I x 102 x/ ,,,,,x ,,x .,,x''x'- _x.....x
''x-
r ~x/X \ \ x,/X j,X~ x Lx~X
/X" Ix I xtX .,. x,v x

5xlC
sx -'x x~.X ~.x.-"x
**x ~.xl ~x
3xlC ~.f ~.x I I I I I I
0.1 0.2 0.5 0-4 05 06 07 0-8 09
P/Ro

Fig. 4(b). H I P = 0,9.

5xlO 3

..,," " oss/ / _

I ,,- /x O 0 % 0 ~ x ...
,,,o I-/ /"
.
x.,, x
/
.~x ~ .,,

, At" E / / ..~ 0010 ~x~x'- x- - ~ " - -

Z)XIU ~/ x i~ ,~ x.~-- ~
l
i_1(~1 ^ / .x ~ _ _ x,,"- -
/\ #x /x-- ix ~x ~ - - , x _ x ~ X "1
f ~," ,.x x..x 0.0~5 x - x ' * ^ x~X,-'x'*x

' _x/ \ , , , x ~- /x" . x'~^ .~x,*'x'** x~

/ .x^~'~."e ,.x . x -x 0.025 . x ' ' - ~_x... .x''x"
~.~ x" ... f x .~r". __x...x-.'x x....x~.
,, / *^ .~ x ~ x~
Ix102"7 x/x \ \ . x / x .x~ x " ~..1C~''c"
/x x/ .x~\ j.x,.-x ,,.-x" x 0 030
: x/ /x /,~\_x.~
__Xj /X / I X ~" ./~
5 x I0 :,x" x.. x .,.x'* x/x

3xlO x .xq' ...x I I I I I I

0'1 0"2 03 04 05 0'6 07 08 0'9
PIRo

Fig. 4(c). HIP = 1.0.

324 M. HAMADA, Y. INOUE, T. NAKATANI, M. MORIlSHI

5xlO 3 ~ -

// \\

. ~ 0 0050 x ~~~ / /
I/ /" // "~--<'- /
Ix 1031"-x/ x/ x"" 00075 -r"x"" ~-~2x ~ < ~ ' ~ ' ~ / S

,., \ / "x/ .,.~x o.olo,..,,/^ ~.x.x.~. ~ ~_

/(, _x/ ..x 00I5x~x-'X" x,~X~x~x" x.-.-

/ ix\ /x ix,.-x OO20~x.,(- ~_x..x-,~ ~ _x....x-

X ~/~ ~X ~ X,~'~ ~ x "~^ ~x~X~x~

! _~ 7"\_/'~ ..,"~ ..-x-

Ix 102 "~x/ / /x'~-.x.x"x x..X"x'" o o3o
l ~/ . / - I / " # "
~x ,n- / / / ' ~ / / : ( /
., iv / x x JX
/X//X/ xfX
3 x l O , , "x .A'~ " ~ I I I 1 I I
01 02 03 0-4 0-5 0.6 07 0-8 0.9
P%
Fig. 4(d). H/P=I.1.

5131~,%oooo25/-.J/
/x 0 0035.x -.. / /
I ix-~

/ /x" //"- o 0075 ..,r" - ~ ~"<~J",5

ixlO 3 # / /.x ~/OOIO -x''" ~ - /
x _x / x.,,'x ~,x.'x'" ~ x / ~ -
,,( / "x/ _jx-~ oo,s, L . - ' ~ " ~.~-
~-I~ 5x'o2 ' '/ //' ./x-" / \
..~.,-~'-oo2o~.~.~-~
/x x x..-^ .~r
-~ ~
~
_
x ,,/~x /" x...x~ . , ~ x - . " - 0025 .x.,--x''~'"
. .2,K~/,, tx ~x ~ _.....x-- ..~--
/ ./ _/x .,,,;~.-, x..x- ...x.x...x-

/ r'
Ix I0 2 7 x/ x /x _~v
/ x/ / .x"-

0.1 0:2 0.3 - 0.4 0.5 06 07 0.8 0.9

P/Ro

Fig. 4(e). H / P = 1.2.

 DESIGN DIAGRAMS AND FORMULAE FOR U-SHAPED BELLOWS 325

-I00

/
H/P= I 2

-50 -- /H/P= I I
//
/
x , x,x..C_,,%.x..."~.....x,
x"x_ x..-x-"
x~X~x~ - x~ x~ x~X ~

..~P_.F~P~,~'~\ \ \ . . . . . .

x.4X>x,'::.:.,'x
/ xjXI-,
X~'~'~.X--X HIP = 08
-0"5 ,#~.,x-

-0.1 ,I I I I I I I
0.1 0.2 03 0.4 0.5 0.6 07 0-8 09
PIRo

Fig. 5. Reaction force for zero elongation.

trTRo 1
- - = al,tt- -F a 2 --I- aa/J + a 4 ~ 2 + as/-t 3 + a 6 p 4
EA
--I- ,~(a7/J - 1 -I- a 8 + a9/J q- alO~ 2 -.I- a l l / / 3 q- a l 2 [ t 4) (1)

T h e c o e f f i c i e n t s i n e q n . (1) a r e s h o w n in T a b l e 1. T h e r e s u l t s c a l c u l a t e d b y e q n . (1)
a r e i n d i c a t e d b y t h e c r o s s e s m a r k e d in F i g . 2. T h e e r r o r o f t h i s f o r m u l a is less t h a n
10 % f o r m o s t o f t h e p a r a m e t e r r a n g e s h o w n b y t h e c r o s s e s ( t h i s r a n g e c o r r e s p o n d s
t o / ~ < 15), a l t h o u g h a t s o m e p o i n t s it a p p r o a c h e s 20 %. E q u a t i o n (2) is t h e d e s i g n
f o r m u l a f o r t h e c a s e o f F i g . 3:

TABLE 1
COEFFICIENTS IN EQN. (1) (FOR It < 15)

(a) H/P=0.8 (b) H/P=0.9 (c) H/P=I.O (d) H/P=I.1 (e) H/P=I'2
al 7'1282x I0 -1 5"8352 x 10 -1 4 "9914x 10-1 4"463510-1 3"7941 x 10-1
a2 --2"624910 -2 --2"526010 -2 --4 "402610-2 --7"510310-2 --5'0189x10-2
a3 -- 1-9585 10-2 -- 1"6148 10-2 --4.4827 10- 3 1"2273 10-2 8.0767 10 -4
a4 6"168910 -3 5"5053 x 10 -3 3"294610 -3 1"3705 1 0 - 4 2 "3176x10-3
a5 --5.2760 x 10-4 --4.9468 10-4 --3"3433 10-4 --9-6800 10-5 --2.7989 x 10-4
a6 1.4604 x 10-5 1.4225 x 10-5 1.0167 x 10-5 3.899510 -6 9"3644 x 10 -6
a7 1"6016 x 10-1 9.3889 x 10 -2 5"3661 10 -2 --3"0528 10-3 4-3643 10 -2
as - - 3 ' 0 1 8 8 x 1 0 -1 --1"8083x10 -1 --1"230610 -1 5 "730410-3 --1"204410-1
a9 1.5006 10-1 8.7977 x 10-2 6.9276 x 10 -2 --3'346810 -4 7"7804 x 10 -2
a]o --2.7871x10-2 --1.6072x10-2 --1.355210-2 1.4891x10-4 --1.6500x10-2
all 2-1634 x 10-3 1.2360 x 10 -3 1"080610 -3 --2"6171 x 10 -5 1'3963 10 -a
a12 --5"9355x10 -5 - - 3 ' 3 7 3 6 1 0 -5 --3"0109x10 -5 1"1331x10-6 --4'086810-5
326 M. HAMADA~ Y. INOUE, T. NAKATANI, M. MORIISHI

X
-- 23(ajlt - 3 q- a2f1-1 -k- a311 q- aa/t 3 + a s p 5 + a6fl 7)
ER 0 A
q- ,~.4(a7fl-3 q- a811-1 .-k a9,tt Jr- a l O P 3 q- all,tt 5 + a 1 2 P 7) (2)
T h e c o e f f i c i e n t s in e q n . (2) a r e s h o w n in T a b l e 2. T h e r e s u l t s c a l c u l a t e d b y e q n . ( 2 )
a r e i n d i c a t e d b y t h e c r o s s e s m a r k e d in Fig. 3. T h i s f o r m u l a c a n b e a p p l i e d f o r t h e
parameter range shown in the figure which corre s ponds t o / L __< 15, b u t t h e e r r o r
r e a c h e s t o 3 0 - 4 0 ~o f o r T / R o < 0 . 0 0 7 0 , w h e r e t h e d i s c r e p a n c y b e t w e e n t h e s o l i d
line a n d t h e p l o t t e d p o i n t s is a p p a r e n t l y v e r y l a r g e .

TABLE 2
COEFFICIENTS IN EQN. (2) (FOR fl ---~ 15)

(a) H/P=0.8 (b) HIP=0.9 (c) H/P=I.O (d) H/P=I.1 (e) H/P=I.2
al 3"7067 x 10 -1 2'6546 x 10 -1 1'7879X10 1 1"6692X10 1 1.246710-1
a2 1"4518 x 10-3 --6"6921 x 10-3 7.3457 X 10-3 --6.6581X 10-3 --9.0757 x 10-3
a3 1 '5386 X 10 -4 3-9669 X 10 -4 --6"6038 10-4 --2'0415 10 -4 4'5208 ~ 10-5
a4 --6"4622 x 10-6 --9"8629 x 10 -6 1-0601 10 5 4"6987 x 10-6 2"5543 ~ 10-o
a5 5-8380x 10 -8 7-7938 X 10-8 --6-5175x10-8 --3-204410-8 -2.1491,,10-8
a6 --1"5195 x 10 - l o -- 1-8918 X 10 -10 1'3768 x 10 - l o 7"043010 -11 5-3114"~ 10 11
a7 1 "2938 1.0940 9"6503x10 1 7-2237,10 1 7.0098~10 1
a8 5.8947X I0 -2 7.12005< 10 -2 2 ' 7 4 0 0 x 1 0 -2 7.2718~ 10 2 7.2797:,,10 2
a9 --3"9099 X 10 -4 -- 1"2072 10 -3 1"4643x10 -3 -- 3"4309 ~.10 4 7"6795:~10 4
alo 1'0487 x 10 -5 2.2710 10 5 - - 2 . 8 0 6 5 1 0 - 5 --3.037010~ 3-772310
all --9"885310 -8 --1'7166 10 -7 1-8103X10 -7 3'547710 8 - 3 . 1 3 0 7 1 0 - ~
a12 2'6691 x 10 - l o 4'1284 10 - l o --3"9018 10 -10 --9.0785 1 0 -J1 --1.641210-11

Equation (3) is the design formula for the case of Fig. 4:

O'-"~T= 2 - 3 { a l + a 2 ~ 2 + a3/,/4 + a 4 p 6 + 2(a5 + a6fl 2 + a7fl, 4 + a 8 / / 6 )

Q
+ 2 2 ( a p + a l o P 2 + a l l / A 4 -k- a12/,t6)} (3)
The coefficients in eqn. (3) are shown in Table 3 and Table 4. The results calculated

TABLE 3
COEFFICIENTSIN EQN. (3) (FOR2 < ~ < 15)

(a) H/P=0.8 (b) H/P=0.9 (c) H / P : I . O (d) H / P = I . I (e) H/P=I.2

al - - 4 ' 5 7 6 2 1 0 -3 3-9533x10-2 --8.701210-3 --3.6590x10-1 --1.5353x10-1

a2 3.5191 x 10-2 1.4129 x 10-2 5.3026 x 10-2 6.3345 x 10-2 7.0150x 10-2
a3 --6'0044X10 -4 - - 6 ' 3 3 3 0 x 1 0 -4 --1"0541x10 -3 - - 9 ' 4 4 4 3 1 0 -4 --1.2339x10-3
a4 2.1585 x 10-6 2.6100 X 10-6 3.9792 x 10-6 3-5724 10-6 6.3197 x 10-6
a5 5-9281 x 10-1 3.4743 x 10-1 --4.2445 x 10 -1 3"1222 1.2308
a6 5"4478 10 -1 8'4801X 10 -1 7'2864 X 10 -1 8.4819x 10 -1 1.0081
a7 1.4612 X 10-3 1-2437 x 10-3 4.0486 X 10-3 2.8388 x 10-3 4.4373 X 10-3
a8 --8"2723x 10-6 --1.062510-5 --2.0253 10-5 --1"527010-5 --3-4788x10-5
a9 2'2616 2.7972 9_.8754 4'5326 1 '0050 10
alo - - 2 . 9 0 0 0 x 1 0 -1 --7.5595X10 -1 --6-3100 - - 8 . 1 2 1 9 x 1 0 -1 --1.1517
all --2.8008X10-3 --1.8848x10-3 --5-725410 -3 --3.403710-3 --5.9519X10-3
a12 1.2267 x 10 -5 1.4321 10 -5 2.8849 x 10 -5 1.9005 10-5 5.3874 x 10-5
 DESIGN DIAGRAMS AND FORMULAE FOR U-SHAPED BELLOWS 327

TABLE 4
COEFFICIENTS IN EQN. (3) (rOR /~ < 2)

(a) H/P=0.8 (b) H/P=0.9 (c) H/P=I.O (d) H/P=I.I (e) H/P=I.2
al --2"0242 x 10 -2 3.7486 x 10-2 4-9710x 1 0 - 2 3.0394 x 1 0 - 2 --6.3183 x 1 0 - 2
a2 7.3113 x 10 -2 --3.0712 x 1 0 - 2 --5.0058 X 10 -2 --2"2932 X 10-1 --4-2629 X ! 0 - 1
a3 - - 6 . 2 0 2 8 x 1 0 -2 --5.6836x10-3 --6.2050x10-2 8-7004x10-2 3.394310-1
a4 1 . 2 1 1 8 x 1 0 -2 3.0788x10-3 1-84115<,10 -2 --8.1873x10-3 --6.349210-2
a5 3.5829x10 -I --6.2565x10-1 - - 8 . 2 2 6 7 x 1 0 -1 --2.9930x10 1 1.9073
a6 7.4647 x 10 -1 2.4658 3.1596 5.6438 7.7218
a7 4 ' 0 3 7 1 X 1 0 -1 - - 3 " 6 8 4 2 x 1 0 -1 2 . 3 9 4 2 x 1 0 -1 --1.7651 --4.8866
as - - 9 " 7 5 9 9 1 0 -2 1.5317X 1 0 - 2 --1.6966 X 10 -1 1.999310-1 9.2435 10-1
a9 6.4891 10 -1 4.7463 5.1528 1.7239 --1.0933 x 10
al0 2.0997 x 10 -1 --6.7730 --9.5356 - - 1 . 5 0 5 2 x 10 --1.401010
al 1 -- 1.2533 1.9301 6.9329 x 10 - 1 6.4182 1.3505 x 10
a12 2 . 7 3 3 2 1 0 -1 --1.7617 1 0 - 1 3 . 2 0 7 1 x 1 0 -1 --7.703610-1 --2.6997

by eqn. (3) are indicated by the crosses marked on Fig. 4. This formula can be applied
for the parameter range/a < 15. When the value of HIP is small, the accuracy of
eqn. (3) is good, but When its value is large, the error may be larger than 10~.
Finally, eqn. (4) is the design formula for the case of Fig. 5 :
X
Ro2Q - al + (a2 + a3h)p + (a4 + ash + a6h2)p 2 (4)

The coefficients in eqn. (4) are shown in Table 5. This formula can be applied
throughout the parameter range shown in Fig. 5, its error throughout being very
small.
TABLE 5
COEFFICIENTS IN EQN. (4)

al a2 a3 a4 a5 a6
--1.2159x10-2 8.6259x10-2 --3'1384 3.2705x10-1 --8.9142x10-1 --3.3788 x 1 0 - 1

CONCLUSIONS

In this paper, the design diagrams and the design formulae for the U-shaped
bellows are presented as follows:

(i) The relationship between the maximum stress difference and the elongation
(or the contraction) for different values of T/Ro when the internal pressure is zero
are given in Fig. 2(a) to (e), and eqn. (1) with Table 1 for/~ < 15.
(ii) The relationships between the reacting force and the elongation (or the
contraction) for different values of T/Ro when the internal pressure is zero are
given in Fig. 3(a) to (e), and eqn. (2) with Table 2 for/~ < 15 and 0.0075 < T/R o <
0.030.
328 M. HAMADA, Y. INOUE, T. NAKATANI, M. MORIISH1

(iii) The relationships between the m a x i m u m stress difference a n d the internal

pressure when the e l o n g a t i o n is zero are given in Fig. 4(a) to (e) a n d eqn. (3) with
T a b l e 3 for 2 < /z < 15 a n d T a b l e 4 for/~ < 2.
(iv) The relationships between the reaction force a n d the internal pressure when
the e l o n g a t i o n is zero are given in Fig. 5 and eqn. (4) with T a b l e 5 for 0.0025 <
T/Ro < 0.030.

REFERENCES

1. ANON. (M.W. Kellogg Co.). Design of piping systems, John Wiley & Sons Inc, 1964.
2. SEPETOSKI,W. K., I~AgSON, C. E., D~GW~LL, I. W. & ADKINS, A. W. A digital computer
program for the general axially symmetric thin-shall problem, Trans. ASME, Ser. E, 29-4
(1962), pp. 655-61.
3. ZIENKI~WICZ,O. C. The finite element method in structural and continuum mechanics, McGraw-
Hill, 1967.
4. OTA, T. & HAMADA,M. On the strength of toroidal shells (First report: A proposition on the
solutions), Bull. JSME, 6-24 (1963), pp. 638-54; OTA, T., HAMADA,M. & FURUKAWA,M.
On the strength of toroidal shells (Second report: Examples of application of the solutions),
Bull. JSME, 6-24 (1963), pp. 655-65.