Steel catenary risers use this curve theory, as well. Used to connect the
seafloor to production facilities above, as well as connect two floating production
platforms, steel catenary risers are common on TLPs, FPSOs and spars, as well as
fixed structures, compliant towers and gravity structures. While this curved riser
can withstand some motion, excessive movement can cause problems.
Objectives
The riser system must be arranged so that the external loading is kept within
acceptable limits with regard to:
Tension
Bending
Torsion
Compression
Interference
Dr. R. Venkatesh, Department of Ocean 9
Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Madras
RISERS ANALYSIS & DESIGN
The first step in riser design is to develop to address the pipeline approaches
towards the platform in close co-operation with the Client.
Next for each individual pipeline a routing for the riser through the jacket
bracing has to be established.
The riser must be routed close enough to the main jacket legs or bracing
members such that it can be supported at regular intervals.
Routing the riser alongside a main leg allows supports to be spaced at almost
any desired interval.
Large diameter risers sometimes only need to be supported at plan bracing
elevations.
Smaller diameter risers may have to be housed in (or outside) a caisson in
order to provide adequate support. In developing a layout all bends in the riser
should be bent at a five diameters bend radius or more, to permit pigging
operations.
The protection of the risers in the splash zone is particularly important as the
risers must be protected against possible boat impact. Either the riser must be
protected in the splash zone or routed behind a jacket structural member.
Risers should never be supported from a member susceptible to ship impact
damage.
Routing must also bear in mind that risers will be inspected annually and they
should thus not be routed too far inside the structure such that diver access
will be difficult.
Following the piper Alpha disaster it is prudent to route the risers as far away
from the living quarters as possible. This is to prevent the consequence of jet
fires.
Intelligent Pigging
Flexible joints
Flexible joints allow limited angular motion of the riser. In some cases, these
flexible joints may be a series of ball joints.
Pressure compensated flexible joints should be used to decrease the torque
required to deflect the joint.
The forces acting on the joint push the inner ball against the outer casing,
causing the joint to bind.
To decrease the required torque hydraulic fluid is injected to spread apart and
lubricate the moving parts. With the large area involved, relatively small
pressure are required.
Slip joints
Buoyancy modules
Buoyancy modules can be attached to the riser to decrease the tension required
at the surface.
These modules may be thin-walled air cans or fabricated syntactic foam
modules that are strapped to the riser.
These buoyancy modules require careful design and the material for their
construction needs to be selected appropriately so as to ensure that they have a
long-term resistance to water absorption.
The end fittings provide the important function of ensuring that the riser loads
(in tension, bending and torsion) are satisfactorily resisted whilst ensuring that
a comprehensive sealing system is attached both radially and axially.
The adequacy of terminations must be determined through careful detailed
design, prototype as well as through in-service experience.
Bending stiffener
This is normally located at the bottom and top connections. The purpose is to
provide additional resistance to over-bending of the riser at critical points (such
as the ends of the riser, where the stiffness is increased to infinity).
Design Codes
API 16Q for drilling riser
API 2RD for production riser attached to floating systems
API 17B for flexible pipes
ISO 13628-5 for steel tube umbilical
API 17A: Design and operation of subsea production systems
API 17B: Flexible pipe
API 17C: Through flow line systems
API 17D: Subsea wellhead and Christmas tree equipment
API 17E: Subsea production control umbilical
API 17G: Design and operation of completion/work over riser systems
API 17I: Installation of subsea umbilical
API 17J: Un-bonded flexible pipe
API 17K: Bonded flexible pipe
Apply larger diameter pipes and/or doubler plates for anode supports
Use welding rather than bolting
Employ half round pipes for grout distribution ring
Arrange the routing of attachments away from the pile sleeves
Check recent project design briefs on this subject
Parts of Riser:-
Parts of Riser:-
Parts of Riser:-
Parts of Riser:-
Parts of Riser:-
Various analysis tools are available for riser design, examples of these are:
GENERAL
The design of the risers shall be based on the Institute of Petroleum
Pipeline Safety Code (Latest Edition) which is Part 6 of IP Model Code
of Safe Practice, and IP6 Supplements including revisions. (Other
codes shall also be applicable as per project / client standards.
With the exception of the hoop stress check, all calculations are to be
based on nominal wall thickness.
The hoop stress is to be checked using minimum thickness defined as
12% less than nominal thickness for diameters less than or equal to
18" and 5% less than nominal for diameters greater than or equal to
20".
All stress criteria are to be satisfied for all points on the riser.
The most important features for the finite element modeling are listed
below:
Beam or bar element based on small strain theory.
Description of non-linear material properties.
Unlimited rotation and translation in 3D space.
Stiffness contribution from material properties as well as
geometric stiffness.
Allowing varying cross-sectional properties.
The results from the finite element analysis are listed below:
Nodal point co-ordinates;
Curvature at nodal points;
Axial forces, bending moment, shear forces and torsion.
Plots
System geometry;
Force variation along lines;
Pipe wall forces;
Geometry during variation of parameters;
Response time series;
Vessel motion transfer function;
Animation of the dynamic behavior of the complete system
including support vessel and exciting waves.
Tables
Support forces;
Pipe wall forces;
Velocities and accelerations from wave and vessel motion time series;
The maximum hoop stress (h) (IP-6 Section 4.2.2) should not exceed
60% of the specified minimum yield stress (y), and is calculated by:
= 0.60
Where
P = Design Pressure
ro = Outside Radius
tmin = Minimum Wall Thickness
The minimum wall thickness is equal to the nominal thickness minus the
thickness tolerance and the thickness corrosion. The hoop stress may be
increased to 0.90 y for the hydrostatic pressure condition.
Dr. R. Venkatesh, Department of Ocean 39
Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Madras
RISERS ANALYSIS & DESIGN
= . 2 + . 2 + 2 1 0.072
Where
MA = Torque
MB = In-plane Bending Moment
MC = Out of plane Bending Moment
ii = In-plane intensification factor
io = Out of plane intensification factor
Z = Section Modulus
All moments are due to the pressure and temperature expansion of the riser. The
displacements and forces at the riser to spool piece flange shall be taken into
account.
Dr. R. Venkatesh, Department of Ocean 40
Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Madras
RISERS ANALYSIS & DESIGN
(2+2)
= + 1
Where
3
Fa = Axial Force
A = Pipe metal Cross sectional Area
= + 0.54
. 2 2
=
(2 2)
Where
ro = Out of plane Bending Moment
ri = In-plane intensification factor
Dr. R. Venkatesh, Department of Ocean 41
Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Madras
RISERS ANALYSIS & DESIGN
SLUG LOADINGS
Contractor shall consider the effects of slug induced loadings in the
design of the risers. Loadings and design procedures, including fatigue,
shall be agreed with Client.
= 0.9
Where
L = Longitudinal Stress
S = Max. Direct Stress due to 100yr Storm waves and currents
= 2 + 2 + 2 + 32 0.9
Where
It is noted that the allowable Von Mises stresses in the DNV pipeline &
riser code are somewhat different; a full set allowable stresses is given
in the table below.
Service Cycles
Fifty shutdown and start-up cycles each year shall be assumed when
assessing the fatigue due to cyclic internal pressure and temperature
loading. Note that pressure hoop stress may exhibit the largest direct
stress range over most of the riser, rather than longitudinal stresses.
Wave Loading
Based on DnV
DYNAMIC AMPLIFICATION
Dynamic amplification can only be assessed accurately if the
acceleration versus time history is specified or calculated using a time-
domain analysis of the pile driving process. In the absence of a detailed
analysis a uniform dynamic amplification factor (DAF) should be applied
of:
1.5 < DAF < 2.0.
Dr. R. Venkatesh, Department of Ocean 49
Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Madras
RISERS ANALYSIS & DESIGN
The reference life method of fatigue analysis enables the relatively simple calculation of fatigue life given
that certain parameters pertaining to the Bass Strait wave envelopes are known and do not vary.
An arbitrary stress range is input into the formula which has a unique reference fatigue life. A stress range
of 690 MPa has been chosen as the reference.
DESIGN PARAMETERS
* Recommended actual "induced pretension" should include a 10% increase on the design
bolt pretension to allow for inaccuracies in bolt tensioning equipment and a further 10%
increase for bolt relaxation if bolts are tightened one at a time. The recommended "induced
bolt pretension" should not exceed 0.72Fy (396 MPa).
DESIGN LOADINGS
Types of Forces on Clamps
LOADS
The design loads shall be taken as the
worst combination.
Clamp Configuration - The most suitable
configuration of clamp and support stub
should be selected taking into
consideration:
the degree of restraint required
amount of adjustment required
ease of installation
See Figure on next slide for typical clamp
configurations.
Component Loads - for design purposes,
the loads acting on the clamp configuration
are to be resolved about the major axes of
each component. Refer to Figure (this
slide) for details of force components.
Either a) or b) above may govern the allowable bolt tension, although b) will usually only be
critical when the clamped member is in tension exceeding 110 MPa.
The bolt design procedure will be divided into two basic parts:
Frictional Resistance - Bolt force required to prevent clamp sliding;
Radial Contact Pressure - Bolt force required to ensure that contact
pressure is maintained at all points along the clamp.
Frictional Resistance
There can be six components of external load acting on the clamp (see
slide 61). However, only four of these components affect the required
frictional resistance. These are:
Torsion
Transverse shear (combined with torsion)
Longitudinal shear
Pull-off force
The above loads are used to calculate the bolt force required to prevent
clamp sliding. The pull-off force is included here since it causes a net
reduction in contact pressure, thus reducing the frictional resistance.
The safety factor (SF) to be used in these calculations is 1.5.
In addition to the above, axial tension in the clamped member will
reduce the member diameter thus reducing the radial contact pressure
and the frictional resistance. This effect shall be considered in the
calculation of the bolt force required to prevent clamp sliding.
This is a conservative formulation which does not account for the contribution
of frictional resistance from the bottom half of the clamp.
LONGITUDINAL SHEAR
F3= SF P
LONGITUDINAL MOMENT
TRANSVERSE MOMENT
TRANSVERSE SHEAR
Pull-Off
Fc = F5 + F6 + F7 + F8 + F9
It is recommended that all welds, except those fixing the side plates to
the shell, be full strength butt welds. (refer next slide)
Clamp Strength
This should be less than the allowable bending moment across the width of each
shell.
NOTE
In most cases the tubular will deform at relatively low bolt loads and the critical
bending moments on the shell will be due to the full bolt load and the contact
pressure.
References :