Analysis

No. 266, July 2014

A NEW SOCIETY IN PAKISTANI BALOCHISTAN

Zofia Mroczek

The western province of Pakistan, Balochistan, has been torn by separatist insurgencies since its annexation
into the new born Muslim state in 1948. As the current conflict, which exploded in 2005, has now become less
intensive, military actions have also changed their character. There is no open war in the traditional sense but
there are new problems, like enforced disappearances, kill and dump operations, death squads, extrajudicial
and target killing, which strike Balochistan. A famous phrase of the former president Pervez Musharraf
addressed to the militants: "you won't even know what hit you" (Pakistan: the Worsening Conflict in
Balochistan, International Crisis Group, Asia Report no 119) has got a disturbingly literal interpretation.


Zofia Mroczek is Consultant at FAO
ISPI2014

1
The opinions expressed herein are strictly personal and do not necessarily reflect the position of ISPI.
The ISPI online papers are also published with the support of Cariplo



Who are Baloch nationalists?

According to the government, only 7% of the province is actually troubled,
and that is due to the terror imposed on the population by some backward
sardars1 protecting their own privileges2. On the contrary, the unrest is
definitely much more than Islamabad claims. It is not just the tribes but
all Baloch people are fighting [for their rights], and most of them are
ordinary Baloch Abdul Rauf Mengal, a parliamentarian from the
Baloch nationalism has a
Balochistan National Party, says3.
dual basis. On one hand, it
developed as a tribal
However, not the whole of Baloch society, and not all to the same extent, identity repressed by a
adhere to the nationalist movement and reach for weapons. There is an force perceived as foreign.
entire myriad of more or less radical groups: parties demanding autonomy, Specific character of a
militants struggling for national liberation and ordinary people searching tribal society is reflected in
for justice and a decent life. the strong reaction to the
Baloch nationalism has a dual basis. On one hand, it developed as a tribal attacks on the collective
identity repressed by a force perceived as foreign. Specific character of a identity. The individual is
tribal society is reflected in the strong reaction to the attacks on the not at the center, it is the
collective identity. The individual is not at the center, it is the community community that counts
that counts. So when threatened in its integrity, a tribal society is
threatened also in its raison detre, and reacts with a major compactness:
the nationalism4.

However, divisions among the tribes are deep and they do not have a
tradition of their own sovereign state5. [Unlike] the Awami League, which
led a Bengali nationalist movement cutting across all the classes, the NAP
[National Awami Party] in Balochistan is a mere assortment of Baloch
and Brohi tribal leaders. On the lingual basis Brohis have as much in
common with the Balochis as Tamils have with Pashtuns, Feroz Ahmad
commented in 19996.
On the other hand, a new Baloch nationalism has emerged with the
emancipation of the Baloch middle class and intelligentsia7. These people
were often educated outside the province, where they acquired modern

1 Tribal leaders
2 Pakistan: the Worsening Conflict in Balochistan, International Crisis Group, Asia
Report no.119, 14 settembre 2006, p. 23
3 Ibidem, p. 10

4 M.I. LAIF M.A. HAMZA, Ethnic Nationalism in Pakistan: A Case Study of Baloch

Nationalism during Musharraf Regime, Journal of Pakistan Vision, vol. 1, no. 1, 2000,
p. 68
5 F. GRARE, Balochistan. The state versus the Nation, The Carnegie Papers, South

Asia, April 2013, p. 8

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6 A. FEROZ, Ethnicity and Politics in Pakistan, London, Oxford University Press, 1999,

p. 173
7 M.I. LAIF, M.A. HAMZA, (2000), p. 67

ideas but also developed a sense of belonging to the homeland. They

wanted to bring these ideas back home but found themselves excluded
from high positions in administration or in the army, which they deserved
due to their education.
Gradually, the relatively unified middle class took command over the
nationalist movement in what is considered a process of its
detribalization. One of the better known leaders of the movement, Dr.
Islamabad, by targeting
Allah Nazar Baloch, says: I agree that tribal system has lost its
the middle class and the
significance in today's world. The current tribal system is not the one our
youth, destroys human
ancestors practiced8. The middle-class is also much less prone to make
potential which is vital for
separate agreements with the government (as it would happen frequently
the development of the
with the sardars).
Baloch society and the
province as a whole. Young
Traditionally restless tribal areas in the North-East of the province were educated people are not
heavily struck at the beginning of the conflict so that the flashpoints only marginalized by the
moved towards the urban centers in the South-West, where the middle federal policies but also
classes were ready to embrace insurgent ideas9. The profile of the militant heavily radicalized and
has changed as well: he has become modern, tribal-free and younger: the may spend their best years
majority is probably under 30. They come from the cities like Kech, in mountains with
Panjgur, Gwadar, Quetta, Khuzdar, Turbat, Kharan, Lasbela or even kalashnikovs
Karachi. This is where the Frontier Corps concentrate their forces10.
Islamabad, by targeting the middle class and the youth, destroys human
potential which is vital for the development of the Baloch society and the
province as a whole. Young educated people are not only marginalized by
the federal policies but also heavily radicalized and may spend their best
years in mountains with kalashnikovs.

Toward radicalization?
Motivation and goals have changed as well. People are desperate and have
lost confidence in the sense of political solutions. Continuing Motivation and goals have
disappointments, such as lacking power devolution, extractive policy, changed as well. People
military pressure and all kinds of abuse, lead to statements like: When are desperate and have
nobody wants to hear our voice, we're forced to make them hear it through lost confidence in the sense
violence or the young people have taken up the arms; they are fighting of political solutions.
for their rights. They think they can't get through a political struggle. If Continuing
this still continues, if we can't get our rights through political means, we disappointments, such as
too will take up the gun [] we are now tired. This is our last struggle11. lacking power devolution,
Some leaders set their sights on independence and have very precise extractive policy, military

pressure and all kinds of
8 baluchsarmachar.wordpress.com/2013/09/our-struggle-is-for-national-independence- abuse
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and-its-not-class-based-dr-allah-nazar/, 12.09.2013
9 F. GRARE, (2013), p. 9

10 Ibidem

11 Pakistan: the Worsening..., cit, p. 12

political plans. A prominent political activist of the Baloch Republican

Party's Womens Wing, Banuk Hooran Baloch, delineates exact borders of
the desired state: we demand independence for greater Balochistan
which includes Rajanpur, Dera Ghazi Khan (currently in Punjab),
Jaccobabad, Karachi (currently in Sindh) and Iranian occupied
Balochistan and our struggle will continue until we free greater
Balochistan12.
Certainly, these are not the mainstreaming voices, but the fact that they
The escalation of the
appear in a public debate proves that there are serious radicalization
attacks against the
flashpoints within society.
pipelines and the episodes
of violence can be observed
The escalation of the attacks against the pipelines and the episodes of since 2002. Initially, the
violence can be observed since 2002. Initially, the armed group would armed group would
organize attacks against everything that symbolized the 'colonial' state's organize attacks against
policy, like pipelines, railway, electricity network or military cantonment, everything that
provoking heavy retaliations13. The salient feature of these actions was symbolized the 'colonial'
that they were not causing many casualties, at least not among civilians. state's policy, like
If the victims were usually Punjab, it could be explained by the ethnic pipelines, railway,
composition of the military forces assigned to quell the insurrection. electricity network or
However, with time and with the increase in turmoil, the militants started military cantonment,
to target also Punabi civilians: teachers, policemen, employees working on provoking heavy
pipelines or in Gwadar, and even Chinese engineers engaged in projects retaliations
sponsored by China. For instance, in 2004 a car bomb killed three Chinese
engineers and wounded 9 en route to Gwadar14.

Threatening and physically eliminating Punjabi employees, both from

public administration or private companies, is supposed to have a
symbolic meaning of fighting the Punjabi domination over the province.
Instead, it has a critical impact on the Baloch society which is an indirect
victim of this practice: Balochistan cannot provide its own staff for schools
and other public structure and has to rely on better qualified specialists
from Punjabi. Targeting Punjabis discourage them to come to work in
Balochistan15. If that is a goal of the militants in order to counter
migration from other provinces, it should be also considered that
encouraging ethnic hate may undermine social relations for decades.

Baloch come out of shadow

12 baluchsarmachar.wordpress.com/2012/08/04/i-joined-politics-to-struggle-for-thr-
liberation-of-my-nation-banuk-hooran-baloch/, 04.08.2012
13 M.I. LAIF M.A. HAMZA, (2000), p. 74
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14 J.R. MURTHA, The strategic Importance of Balochistan, thesis for the Naval

Postgraduate School of Monterey, California, June 2011, p. 49

15 C.C. FAIR, Balochistan, US House of Representatives, Commitee on Foreign Affairs,

Oversight and Investigations Subcommitee, 8 Febraury 2012, p. 8

Islamabad has always tried to divert attention from the conflict and to
stifle the stream of news from the province. The policy of misinformation
caused within years a surprising unawareness of what was actually going There are numerous
on there. The government would downplay the scale of unrest, as an army websites and blogs, often
spokesman said: It is not an insurgency...The Baloch militants are run by a Baloch diaspora
employed people [mercenaries]. There is no [nationalist or other in different parts of the
ideological] motivation16. Thus, many Pakistanis, especially the left, were world, from Sweden to
convinced by the official version promoted by Islamabad. Canada. They have
Gradually, this wall of silence started to erode and in spite of many risks, different view points but
influx of information has been intensifying. Extremely poor conditions of all declare to be impartial
the education and communication infrastructures have not impeded and to raise awareness on
Baloch society to become very active even on international forums. an international level and
Nowadays, the situation in Balochistan can be relatively easily monitored report the atrocities
but impartiality and plausibility of the information remain to be verified. against Baloch people

There are numerous websites and blogs, often run by a Baloch diaspora in
different parts of the world, from Sweden to Canada. They have different
view points but all declare to be impartial and to raise awareness on an
international level and report the atrocities against Baloch people[...]17.
Initiatives on a bigger scale have been undertaken, too. Baloch would
resort to the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization18 and the
United Nations Human Rights Council in Geneva. Appeals have been also
made to the USA for interrupting its military assistance to Pakistan and
for American intervention.
Defence of the human
Laic nationalists rights and democracy in a
The completely secular character of this sites and initiatives is a salient quite Western way is in the
feature. Defence of the human rights and democracy in a quite Western first place, often colorized
way is in the first place, often colorized by the nationalism, moderate or by the nationalism,
radical. The availability of the English version, the inspiration of the UN moderate or radical. The
Declarations of Human Rights, the concept of nation and other values availability of the English
commonly shared in the Western world, are explicit. They lack references version, the inspiration of
to the global jihad or any kind of anti-Western solidarity of the Muslim the UN Declarations of
world. Even the radical site Baluch Sarmachar, with its war cry: Human Rights, the concept
of nation and other values
commonly shared in the
Western world, are explicit

16R.G. WIRSING, Baloch nationalism and geopolitics of energy resources: the changing
context of separatism in Pakistan, Strategic Studies Institute for the U. S. Government,
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April 2008, p. 32
17 balochwarna.com/xcenter/about/us/about-balochwarna/1,1.html, 15.02.2013
18 http://www.unpo.org/article/15484

Long live free and united Balochistan, Struggle and Victory, invokes just If religion can be promoted
freedom. If we type in its search engine words like Allah, the results refer to a national/ethnic unity
to Dr. Allah Nazar Baloch, most popular middle-class leader and to Dera factor even in traditionally
Allah Yar- area of Jaffarabad district. If we do the same thing with the tolerant societies, in
word 'jihad' the first result is an article The enemies of civilized world Baloch case it is less
announced Jihad against Baloch Nation, and others in this vein19. probable because it is a
In the case of Balochistan, the religious factor does not count because the persecutor, the state, who
conflicting sides are both Sunni. If religion can be promoted to a uses religion as a form of
national/ethnic unity factor even in traditionally tolerant societies, in oppression. In a logical
Baloch case it is less probable because it is a persecutor, the state, who way, therefore, Baloch,
uses religion as a form of oppression. In a logical way, therefore, Baloch, whose culture was never
whose culture was never particularly religious, do not feel like invoking particularly religious, do
Islam in their struggle. not feel like invoking Islam
in their struggle
Social mobilization
Another peculiarity is that the repression can indirectly encourage a social
mobilization, a raise of awareness of the identity, and a new-gained
confidence to defend one's rights. Certainly, this could be a very tricky path
since the collusion with extremist religious movements or xenophobic forms
of the nationalism is easy. As mentioned before, the former is less probable
given the alliance of conservative Islamist and the state. The latter,
however, has already come true in many cases. An ethnic tincture that
The parties like Baloch
appears in some aspects of the militancy is a proof of this worrying process.
Republican Party, Baloch
It is important to remember that probably not all the blogs written by the Youth Wing, Baloch
well-educated young people from London are read on regular basis by the National Movement and
poorly educated people in Baloch mud houses. Nonetheless, the injustice other new and traditional
and violence affecting all Baloch every day, push them to search for organizations, call for
solidarity within their community and to go on the streets. Consequently, strikes, hunger strikes or
information and ideas go around. demonstrations, and
The parties like Baloch Republican Party, Baloch Youth Wing, Baloch
achieve actual results.
National Movement and other new and traditional organizations, call for
They appeal in the first
strikes, hunger strikes or demonstrations, and achieve actual results.
place for an end to
They appeal in the first place for an end to abductions and extrajudicial
abductions and
killings, which are particularly painful for the community. They are
extrajudicial killings,
addressed primarily to the UN, like the one organized by the Voice of
which are particularly
Baloch Missing People on the Eid Day in Quetta (August 2013) with
painful for the community
people carrying large photos of their abducted relatives20. During these
events, clashes with the police take place frequently.
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19 sarmachar baluchsarmachar.wordpress.com/
20 Ibidem

The presence of women at

demonstrations is another
Women step up for their rights
feature worth being
The presence of women at demonstrations is another feature worth being raised. Since the first to be
raised. Since the first to be abducted or to be killed are men, the ones who abducted or to be killed
mourn and protest are in the majority of cases mothers, wives, sisters. are men, the ones who
Although Baloch tradition is much less bounded by Islamic laws, it mourn and protest are in
remains deeply patriarchal and gender restrictive. Baloch women have the majority of cases
never had a decisive role in society and would spend most of their time at mothers, wives, sisters
home looking after family. Nevertheless, the unrest, military operations
and abductions have had a dramatic impact on the traditional social
structure. Men disappear and the trauma caused by this change the
ingrained social code. Frequently, women are the only ones left to
maintain broken families. By going to work and interacting with the
authorities when trying to get information about the missing, they
emancipate themselves. This is a common phenomenon for repressed and
Baloch women have never
warring societies, as a World Bank study states: Conflicts create
had a decisive role in
households headed by widows who can be especially vulnerable to
society and would spend
inter-generational poverty. Second-round impact can provide
most of their time at home
opportunities for women in work and politics triggered by the absence of
looking after family.
men21.
Nevertheless, the unrest,
There are a lot of stories of women who have moved into action, like military operations and
Zarina Baloch, who after the forced disappearance of her cousin, a political abductions have had a
activist, and after finding him dead two years later, started to take part in dramatic impact on the
rallies on a regular basis: I was in Karachi when I heard the news that traditional social
the mutilated body has been found in Turbat. I don't have words. What structure. Men disappear
can I do? I heard there is a protest by BHRO [Baloch Human Rights and the trauma caused by
Organization] the next day, so I have to join that protest and I joined. I this change the ingrained
even spoke to many news channels and told them that my brother has social code
been killed. I got his mutilated body22.
Banuk Hooran Baloch is the organizer of the Womens Wing of Baloch
Republican Party. According to her, women are obliged to: fight for
liberation shoulder-to-shoulder with Baloch brothers because if we [the
Baloch women] remain ignorant about the struggle and don't play our role
today then the history will never forgive us23. Not only do women
demonstrate holding photos of 'Baloch martyrs', but they even reach

21 M.BUVINIC M. DAS GUPTA U. CASABONNE P. VERWIMP, Violent conflict

and Gender Inequality. An Overview, Policy Research Working Paper 6371, The World
Bank, February 2013, abstract page, see also C. MULLER - M VOTHKNECHT, Group
violence, Ethnic Diversity and Citizen Participation: Evidence from Indonesia, Aix
Marseille School of Economics, February 2012
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22 pri.org.stories/2013-07-17/baloch/women-taking-more-prominent-role-fight-

independance-pakistan, 17.07.2013
23 baluchsarmachar.wordpress.com/2012/08/04/i-joined-politics-to-struggle-for-thr-
liberation-of-my-nation-banuk-hooran-baloch/, 04.08.2012

important positions. As Karima Baloch, about 30-years-old vice-chair of

the Baloch Students Organization, says: And that's what's so striking. In
a region where women are for the most part neither seen nor heard, they
are now not just silent supporters of the separatist movement: they've
become its leaders24. She is paying a high price though, since, having
been tried in absentia for sedition and defiling Pakistani flag for three
years, she has been living hiding. Banuk Hooran Baloch mentions 200
women abducted and detained, like Hanifa Bugti or Zarina Marri, a young
school teacher, abducted in 2005 and allegedly kept in a Karachi cell,
tortured and forced to work as sex slave25.
It is not ascertained whether there are women among the guerrillas in the
mountains, but it does not seem as unimaginable as it could have some
time ago in the segregated society of Balochistan. Dr. Allah Nazar Baloch,
for instance, acknowledges and even wishes for women taking up arms: I
appeal to my sisters. If in Palestine, Leila Khaled can pick up arms then
can't my sisters do the same? [...] They should play their role because this
is a demand of the times. History is not written just for men. Both men
and women make up the history of any nation26. However, these
seemingly ground breaking words raise concern that the womens will to
fight could be abused in order for them to become obedient kamikaze. We
can only hope that these declarations may really trigger a change.
Certainly, it is difficult to see any positive aspects in protracting bloodshed,
extreme poverty, everyday terror, broken families. Emancipation should
not come at price of such suffering, but the sad fact is that sometimes it
Here this grand
does. Women and girls are the most vulnerable in war's terrifying
involvement of women in
consequences but it is also the war that, by striking society as a whole,
nationalist movement
transforms deeply its structure and rearranges roles. When men, fathers,
means a lot. It means
husbands, leaders go missing, who is left has to mobilize, both because of
many chains of patriarchy,
the desperation and rage, and because of a simple need to survive. Here's
breaking many chains of
why Naela Quadri, in exile in Afghanistan since 2010 where she heads the
slavery. It's not just slavery
World Baloch Women's Forum, says: Here this grand involvement of
from Pakistan. Slavery
women in nationalist movement means a lot. It means many chains of
from patriarchal chains
patriarchy, breaking many chains of slavery. It's not just slavery from
also
Pakistan. Slavery from patriarchal chains also27. However, the way

24 pri.org.stories/2013-07-17/baloch/women-taking-more-prominent-role-fight-
independance-pakistan, 17.07.2013
25 baluchsarmachar.wordpress.com/2012/08/04/i-joined-politics-to-struggle-for-thr-

liberation-of-my-nation-banuk-hooran-baloch/, 04.08.2012,
baluchsarmachar.wordpress.com/2010/02/15/afia-siddiqui-zarina-marri-and-dr-shazia-
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khalid/15.02.2010, according to Asian Human Rights commission of Pakistan

26 pri.org.stories/2013-07-17/baloch/women-taking-more-prominent-role-fight-

independance-pakistan, 17.07.2013
27 Ibidem

ahead is still long and tortuous.

The separation from Pakistan has been brought into public debate. The
continuing violence and destruction of the social structures push people to
harden their position28, without taking into account the realistic
capacities and the actual will of Baloch to organize in the state of
Balochistan. What people really want counts less and less, while events
push them toward radicalization.

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